W. W. Norton & Company Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition by Clark Spencer Larsen
Chapter 11 Clark Spencer Larsen Our Origins DISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY C. Milner-Rose Chapter 11 The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo 2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Transition to Genus Homo Hominid Evolution has 2 Phases Apeman in Stage 1 1. PreAustalopithecines 2. Australopithecines Genus Homo in Stage 2 1. Early Homo TRANSITION 2. Homo
Hominid Fossils
Homo habilis transitional, early Homo The Path to Humanness: Bigger Brains, Tool Use, and Adaptive Flexibility First discovered by Louis Leakey at Olduvai Gorge Change took place 3.0 2.5 mya Found in Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa
Figure 11.4c Homo Habilis-KNM-ER 1813
Homo habilis, early homo Homo habilis and Australopithecus: Similar in Body Plan Immediate ancestor unconfirmed Tim White suggests Aust. garhi Lee Berger suggests Aust. sediba Bigger brain, smaller chewing complex Body plan similar to that of australopithecines, shorter legs, barrel chests (large rib cage)
Figure 11.5b Homo Habilis
Figure 11.5a Homo Habilis
Figure 11.4a Homo Habilis-OH 24
Figure 11.4b Homo Habilis-OH 7
Homo habilis, early homo Homo habilis s Adaptation: Intelligence and Tool Use Become Important Anatomical evidence from the hand bones suggests precision grip. Tools becoming fundamental to survival, unlike for australopithecines
Homo habilis, early homo Habitat Changes and Increasing Adaptive Flexibility Spread of warm season grasses and increasing habitat diversity. Skull and tooth morphology suggest dietary variability in Homo habilis. Stone tools important for obtaining food resources as well as for processing foods.
Homo erectus Evolution of Homo erectus Increase in body size with lengthening of legs and brain size is one main difference between H. erectus and H. habilis. The increase took place rapidly, perhaps in as little time as 2.0 1.7 mya. Climate change and its impact on the food supply may be one reason for the change. Most significant impact was likely increased access to animal food sources (protein) from cooperative hunting, better stone tools, and arguably (Wrangham), fire to cook it.
Homo erectus First discovered by Eugène Dubois in Java Fossils date from 1.8 0.3 mya Homo erectus in Africa African fossils dated to 1.8 0.3 mya
Figure 11.1 Eugène Dubois
Figure 11.2 Dutch East Indies
Figure 11.3c Java Man-The Location of his Excavations Along the Solo River
Figure 11.3a Java Man-A Cranium
Figure 11.3b Java Man-A Nearly Complete Femur
Homo erectus Homo erectus in Africa Nariokotome skeleton An 80% complete skeleton Short arms, long legs Likely a young male Would have stood 6 feet tall in adulthood Cranial capacity over 900 cc
Figure 11.8 Nariokotome
Figure 11.7 Australopithecus Boisei vs. Homo Erectus
Figure 11.9 Nariokotome Skull
Figure 11.14 Olduvai Cranium
Figure 11.10a Exposed Surface Showing Numerous Animal and Hominid Footprints
Figure 11.10b Site Drawing Showing just the Hominid Footprints
Homo erectus Homo erectus in Africa Footprints discovered at Ileret and dated to 1.5 mya provide evidence of fully modern walking Bodo skull Stone tool marks on the left cheek, eye orbit, and nasal bones Funerary ritual or cannibalism?
Figure 11.12 Bodo Cranium
Figure 11.15 Ritual Defleshing?
Figure 11.11 Daka Partial Cranium
Figure 11.13a One Million Years Ago: The Daka Landscape of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia
Figure 11.13b One Million Years Ago: The Daka Landscape of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia
Homo erectus Homo erectus in Asia Fossils dated to 1.8 mya 0.3 mya Early Homo evidence outside of Africa found in Dmanisi, Georgia dated to 1.7 mya is transitional to H. erectus Resemblance to East African Homo habilis, 700 cc brain and short legs H. erectus found in Indonesia, Sangiran, and China, indicating a rapid spread through Asia and later, Europe
Figure 11.17 First Migration
Figure 11.6 Homo Erectus Sites
Figure 11.16 Dmanisi
Figure 11.18 Sangiran Homo Erectus
Figure 11.21 Peking Man
Chapter Opener
Figure 11.19 Zhoukoudian
Homo erectus Fire: Expanding the Human World Zhoukoudian cave site in China Dated to 600,000 400,000 ybp Evidence for controlled fire usage Burned stone tools, plants, charcoal, etc. Fire acted as an agent to ease chewing and initial digestion. Some argue that this increased the energy available to early humans.
Figure 11.20 Cave at Zhoukoudian
Homo erectus Homo erectus in Europe Fossils dated to 1,200,000 400,000 ybp Earliest evidence is from Sierra de Atapuerca site of Sima del Elefant Partial human mandible and teeth Animal bones showing cut marks
Figure 11.22b Gran Dolina
Figure 11.23 Atapuerca 3
Homo erectus Homo erectus in Europe Other early evidence from Gran Dolina, dated to 800,000 ybp: Stone tools, animal remains, hominid fossils Stone-tool cut marks on animal and hominid fossils
Figure 11.24a The Cutmarks on this Bone were Made by Stone Tools
Figure 11.22a Gran Dolina
Homo erectus Evolution of Homo erectus Stone tools not limited to genus Homo: dating of stone tools at 2.6mya indicates australopithecines may have been able to butcher animals earlier, Aust. garhi Tool manufacture and the development of social structures to facilitate group cooperation in hunting were critical. Acheulian tools are more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools, 2.6mya Acheulian tool complex is represented by a variety of tools and tool materials, 1.5 mya
Figure 11.25a Olorgesailie-The Acheulian Site in Kenya
Figure 11.25b Olorgesailie-The Stone Tools
Figure 11.26 Butchering
These Side and Frontal Views of the Human Pelvis Show the Planes through which the Infant Passes
In Human Birth, Assistance Generally is Needed to Help Ease the Infant s Large Head out of the Birth Canal
Living Primates
Homo erectus Patterns of Evolution African fossils are the most robust and are similar to Dmanisi forms. Earlier H. erectus forms have smaller brains and shorter legs than those dated later. Cranial capacity ranges from 650 cc to 1200 cc. Skull robusticity declined.
Homo erectus Patterns of Evolution Reliance on the use of tools changed structure of faces and jaws as a result of food processing. Changes in social structure and dispersal patterns, and increasing reliance on culture for survival
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions Homo habilis differs from earlier australopithecines because a) it had a large chewing complex. b) it could walk on two legs. c) it had a larger brain. d) All of the above
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions Evidence for the first hominid species to disperse from Africa, where it originated, was a) A. anamensis. b) A. afarensis. c) H. habilis. d) early H. erectus.
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions H. erectus s change in limb proportions, to a body with short arms and long legs, indicates a) retention of climbing and brachiating abilities. b) fully modern bipedal locomotion. c) a life spent in the trees. d) quadrupedal walking.
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions The rapid spread of H. erectus out of Africa can be attributed in part to a) material culture and tool use. b) environmental degradation in Africa. c) language capabilities. d) All of the above
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions The main reason that H. erectus increased in stature and body size over H. habilis is a) lack of disease. b) access to animal protein & cooked food. c) need to see over tall grasses. d) All of the above
Chapter 11: Clicker Questions If you wanted to know what the landscape was like when Homo erectus walked Earth a million years ago, you might try to find evidence by studying a) the fossilized bones of contemporaneous local animals. b) microorganisms from the ocean floor. c) the plants available for Homo erectus to consume. d) All of the above
Art Presentation Slides Chapter 11
Dental Development Occurs from the Crown to the Root
Visible under magnification, each Horizontal Line on this Australopithecine Tooth is a Growth Increment Representing Eight Nine Days
Figure 11.24b Animal Tooth Marks and Cutmarks are Visible on the Shaft of this Antelope Humerus
Our Origins StudySpace Quizzes Ebook Links Outlines FlashCards Google Earth AnthroTours http://www.wwnorton.com/college/anthro/our-origins2
W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee Owned This concludes the slide set for Chapter 11 Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition by Clark Spencer Larsen