Equivalent Full-Range Temperature Coefficient... 0 ppm/ C 0.-Ω Typical Output Impedance Sink-Current Capability...1 ma to 100 ma Low Output Noise Adjustable Output Voltage...V ref to 6 V Available in a Wide Range of High-Density Packages description The TL41 and TL41A are -terminal adjustable shunt regulators with specified thermal stability over applicable automotive, commercial, and military temperature ranges. The output voltage can be set to any value between V ref (approximately.5 V) and 6 V with two external resistors (see Figure 17). These devices have a typical output impedance of 0. Ω. Active output circuitry provides a very sharp turn-on characteristic, making these devices excellent replacements for Zener diodes in many applications, such as on-board regulation, adjustable power supplies, and switching power supplies. The TL41C and TL41AC are characterized for operation from 0 C to 70 C, and the TL41I and TL41AI are characterized for operation from 40 C to 85 C. The TL41M is characterized for operation over the full military temperature range of 55 C to 15 C. CATHODE CATHODE D PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) 1 4 1 4 8 7 6 5 8 7 6 5 REF JG, P, OR PW PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) PK PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) REF REF CATHODE LP PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) CATHODE REF FK PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) KTP PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) CATHODE REF CATHODE REF 1 0 19 4 5 6 7 18 17 16 15 8 14 9 10 11 1 1 No internal connection Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated On products compliant to MIL-PRF-855, all parameters are tested unless otherwise noted. On all other products, production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565 1
TA 0 C to 70 C 40 C to 85 C 55 C to 15 C SMALL OUTLINE (D) TL41CD TL41ACD TL41ID TL41AID CHIP CARRIER (FK) TL41MFK CERAMIC DIP (JG) TL41MJG AVAILABLE OPTIONS PACKAGED DEVICES PLASTIC FLANGE MOUNT (KTP) TL41CKTPR TO-6AA (LP) TL41CLP TL41ACLP TL41ILP TL41AILP PLASTIC DIP (P) TL41CP TL41ACP TL41IP TL41AIP SOT-89 (PK) SHRINK SMALL OUTLINE (PW) TL41CPK TL41CPW TL41IPK CHIP FORM (Y) TL41Y The D and LP packages are available taped and reeled. Add R suffix to device type (e.g., TL41CDR). The KTP and PK packages are only available taped and reeled. Chip forms are tested at TA = 5 C. symbol REF CATHODE functional block diagram CATHODE REF + _ Vref POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
equivalent schematic CATHODE 800 Ω 800 Ω REF 0 pf 150 Ω.8 kω 4 kω 10 kω.4 kω 7. kω 0 pf 1 kω 800 Ω All component values are nominal. POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
TL41Y chip information This chip, when properly assembled, displays characteristics similar to those of the TL41C. Thermal compression or ultrasonic bonding can be used on the doped-aluminum bonding pads. The chip can be mounted with conductive epoxy or a gold-silicon preform. Bonding Pad Assignments (1) 41 CATHODE (1) () TL41Y () REF () () Chip Thickness: 15 Mils Typical Bonding Pads: 4 4 Mils Minimum TJ(max) = 150 C Tolerances Are ±10%. All Dimensions Are in Mils. Pins,, 6, and 7 Are Connected Together. Pins 4 and 5 Are Not Connected. 51 absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted) Cathode voltage, V KA (see Note 1)........................................................... 7 V Continuous cathode current range, I KA......................................... 100 ma to 150 ma Reference input current range.................................................... 50 µa to 10 ma Continuous total power dissipation............................. See Dissipation Rating Tables 1 and Storage temperature range, T stg................................................... 65 C to 150 C Case temperature for 60 seconds: FK package.............................................. 60 C Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds: D, P, or PW package............ 60 C Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 60 seconds: JG, LP, or PK package.......... 00 C Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under recommended operating conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. NOTE 1: Voltage values are with respect to the anode terminal unless otherwise noted. 4 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
PACKAGE TA = 5 C POWER RATING DISSIPATION RATING TABLE 1 FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE DERATING FACTOR ABOVE TA = 5 C TA = 70 C POWER RATING TA = 85 C POWER RATING TA = 15 C POWER RATING D 75 mw 5.8 mw/ C 464 mw 77 mw FK 175 mw 11 mw/ C 880 mw 715 mw 75 mw JG 1050 mw 8.4 mw/ C 67 mw 546 mw 10 mw KTP 1800 mw 14.5 mw/ C 1147 mw 94 mw LP 775 mw 6. mw/ C 496 mw 40 mw P 1000 mw 8 mw/ C 640 mw 50 mw PK 500 mw 4 mw/ C 0 mw 60 mw PW 55 mw 4. mw/ C 6 mw PACKAGE DISSIPATION RATING TABLE CASE TEMPERATURE TC = 5 C POWER RATING DERATING FACTOR ABOVE TC = 5 C TC = 70 C POWER RATING TC = 85 C POWER RATING PK 15 mw 5 mw/ C 000 mw 165 mw recommended operating conditions MIN MAX UNIT Cathode voltage, VKA Vref 6 V Cathode current, IKA 1 100 ma C suffix 0 70 Operating free-air temperature range, TA I suffix 40 85 C M suffix 55 15 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565 5
electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T A = 5 C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CIRCUIT TEST CONDITIONS TL41C MIN TYP MAX Vref Reference voltage VKA = Vref, 440 495 550 mv VI(dev) Deviation of reference voltage over full temperature range (see Figure 1) UNIT VKA = Vref,, TA = Full range 4 5 mv V Ratio of change in reference voltage VKA = 10 V Vref 1.4.7 ref V to the change in cathode voltage mv KA VKA = 6 V 10 V 1 V Iref Reference current, R1 = 10 kω, R = 4 µa II(dev) Imin Deviation of reference current over full temperature range (see Figure 1) Minimum cathode current for regulation, R1 = 10 kω, R =, TA = Full range 0.4 1. µa VKA = Vref 0.4 1 ma Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 6 V, Vref = 0 0.1 1 µa zka Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1) 1 Full temperature range is 0 C to 70 C for the TL41C. IKA = 1 ma to 100 ma, VKA = Vref, f 1 khz 0. 0.5 Ω The deviation parameters V ref(dev) and I ref(dev) are defined as the differences between the maximum and minimum values obtained over the recommended temperature range. The average full-range temperature coefficient of the reference voltage, α Vref, is defined as: # #.. V I(dev).ppm V at Vref C ref 5 C. 10 6 T A Maximum Vref Minimum Vref TA where: T A is the recommended operating free-air temperature range of the device. α Vref can be positive or negative, depending on whether minimum V ref or maximum V ref, respectively, occurs at the lower temperature. Example: maximum V ref = 496 mv at 0 C, minimum V ref = 49 mv at 0 C, V ref = 495 mv at 5 C, T A = 70 C for TL41C # Vref #. 4mV 495 mv. 10 6 70 C ppm C Because minimum V ref occurs at the lower temperature, the coefficient is positive. Calculating Dynamic Impedance The dynamic impedance is defined as: z KA V KA VI(dev) When the device is operating with two external resistors (see Figure ), the total dynamic impedance of the circuit is given by: z V I z KA.1 R1 R. I KA Figure 1. Calculating Deviation Parameters and Dynamic Impedance 6 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T A = 5 C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CIRCUIT TEST CONDITIONS TL41I MIN TYP MAX Vref Reference voltage VKA = Vref, 440 495 550 mv VI(dev) Deviation of reference voltage over full temperature range (see Figure 1) UNIT VKA = Vref,, TA = Full range 5 50 mv V Ratio of change in reference voltage VKA = 10 V Vref 1.4.7 ref V KA to the change in cathode voltage mv VKA = 6 V 10 V 1 V Iref Reference current, R1 = 10 kω, R = 4 µa II(dev) Imin Deviation of reference current over full temperature range (see Figure 1) Minimum cathode current for regulation, R1 = 10 kω, R =, TA = Full range 0.8.5 µa VKA = Vref 0.4 1 ma Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 6 V, Vref = 0 0.1 1 µa zka Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1) Full temperature range is 40 C to 85 C for the TL41I. IKA = 1 ma to 100 ma, VKA = Vref, f 1 khz 0. 0.5 Ω electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T A = 5 C (unless otherwise noted) TEST TL41M PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNIT CIRCUIT MIN TYP MAX Vref Reference voltage VKA = Vref, 400 495 600 mv VI(dev) Deviation of reference voltage over full temperature range (see Figure 1) VKA = Vref,, TA = Full range mv V Ratio of change in reference voltage VKA = 10 V Vref 1.4 ref V KA to the change in cathode voltage mv VKA = 6 V 10 V 1. V Iref Reference current, R1 = 10 kω, R = 8* µa II(dev) Imin Deviation of reference current over full temperature range (see Figure 1) Minimum cathode current for regulation, R1 = 10 kω, R =, TA = Full range 1 µa VKA = Vref 0.4 1.5 ma Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 6 V, Vref = 0 0.1 µa zka Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1) 1 IKA = 1 ma to 100 ma, VKA = Vref, f 1 khz * On products compliant to MIL-PRF-855, this parameter is not production tested. Full temperature range is 55 C to 15 C for the TL41M. 0. 0.9* Ω POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565 7
electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T A = 5 C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CIRCUIT TEST CONDITIONS TL41AC MIN TYP MAX Vref Reference voltage VKA = Vref, 470 495 50 mv VI(dev) Deviation of reference voltage over full temperature range (see Figure 1) UNIT VKA = Vref,, TA = Full range 4 5 mv V Ratio of change in reference voltage VKA = 10 V Vref 1.4.7 ref V KA to the change in cathode voltage mv VKA = 6 V 10 V 1 V Iref Reference current, R1 = 10 kω, R = 4 µa II(dev) Imin Deviation of reference current over full temperature range (see Figure 1) Minimum cathode current for regulation, R1 = 10 kω, R =, TA = Full range 0.8 1. µa VKA = Vref 0.4 0.6 ma Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 6 V, Vref = 0 0.1 0.5 µa zka Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1) 1 Full temperature range is 0 C to 70 C for the TL41AC. IKA = 1 ma to 100 ma, VKA = Vref, f 1 khz 0. 0.5 Ω electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T A = 5 C (unless otherwise noted) TEST TL41AI PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNIT CIRCUIT MIN TYP MAX Vref Reference voltage VKA = Vref, 470 495 50 mv VI(dev) Deviation of reference voltage over full temperature range (see Figure 1) VKA = Vref,, TA = Full range 5 50 mv V Ratio of change in reference voltage VKA = 10 V Vref 1.4.7 ref V to the change in cathode voltage mv KA VKA = 6 V 10 V 1 V Iref Reference current, R1 = 10 kω, R = 4 µa II(dev) Imin Deviation of reference current over full temperature range (see Figure 1) Minimum cathode current for regulation, R1 = 10 kω, R =, TA = Full range 0.8.5 µa VKA = Vref 0.4 0.7 ma Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 6 V, Vref = 0 0.1 0.5 µa zka Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1) Full temperature range is 40 C to 85 C for the TL41AI. IKA = 1 ma to 100 ma, VKA = Vref, f 1 khz 0. 0.5 Ω 8 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T A = 5 C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CIRCUIT TEST CONDITIONS TL41Y MIN TYP MAX Vref Reference voltage VKA = Vref, 495 mv V Ratio of change in reference voltage VKA = 10 V Vref 1.4 ref V to the change in cathode voltage mv KA VKA = 6 V 10 V 1 V Iref Reference input current, R1 = 10 kω, R = µa Imin Minimum cathode current for regulation UNIT VKA = Vref 0.4 ma Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 6 V, Vref = 0 0.1 µa zka Dynamic impedance Calculating dynamic impedance: IKA = 1 ma to 100 ma, VKA = Vref, f 1 khz The dynamic impedance is defined as: # zka # V KA I KA When the device is operating with two external resistors (see Figure ), the total dynamic impedance of the circuit is given by: z V I z.1 R1. KA R 0. Ω PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION Input VKA Input VKA IKA IKA R1 Iref Vref R Vref V KA V ref.1 R1 R. I ref R1 Figure. Test Circuit for V KA = V ref Figure. Test Circuit for V KA > V ref Input Ioff VKA Figure 4. Test Circuit for I off POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565 9
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Table 1. Graphs FIGURE Reference input voltage vs Free-air temperature 5 Reference input current vs Free-air temperature 6 Cathode current vs Cathode voltage 7, 8 Off-state cathode current vs Free-air temperature 9 Ratio of delta reference voltage to change in cathode voltage vs Free-air temperature 10 Equivalent input noise voltage vs Frequency 11 Equivalent input noise voltage over a 10-second period 1 Small-signal voltage amplification vs Frequency 1 Reference impedance vs Frequency 14 Pulse response 15 Stability boundary conditions 16 Table. Application Circuits FIGURE Shunt regulator 17 Single-supply comparator with temperature-compensated threshold 18 Precision high-current series regulator 19 Output control of a -terminal fixed regulator 0 High-current shunt regulator 1 Crowbar circuit Precision 5-V 1.5-A regulator Efficient 5-V precision regulator 4 PWM converter with reference 5 Voltage monitor 6 Delay timer 7 Precision current limiter 8 Precision constant-current sink 9 10 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Reference Voltage mv V ref 600 580 560 540 50 500 480 460 440 VKA = Vref REFEREE VOLTAGE vs FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE Vref = 550 mv Vref = 495 mv Vref = 440 mv I ref Reference Current µ A 5 4 1 R1 = 10 kω R = REFEREE CURRENT vs FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE 40 400 75 50 5 0 5 50 75 TA Free-Air Temperature C 100 15 Data is applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices. Data is for devices having the indicated value of Vref at, TA = 5 C. Figure 5 0 75 50 5 0 5 50 75 TA Free-Air Temperature C Figure 6 100 15 Data is applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices. 150 15 VKA = Vref TA = 5 C CATHODE CURRENT vs CATHODE VOLTAGE 800 VKA = Vref TA = 5 C CATHODE CURRENT vs CATHODE VOLTAGE Cathode Current ma I KA 100 75 50 5 0 5 50 I KA Cathode Current µ A 600 400 00 0 Imin 75 100 1 0 1 VKA Cathode Voltage V Figure 7 00 1 0 1 VKA Cathode Voltage V Figure 8 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565 11
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS I off Off-State Cathode Current µ A.5 1.5 1 0.5 OFF-STATE CATHODE CURRENT vs FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE VKA = 6 V Vref = 0 V ref V KA mv/v / RATIO OF DELTA REFEREE VOLTAGE TO DELTA CATHODE VOLTAGE vs FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.5 1.5 VKA = V to 6 V 0 75 50 5 0 5 50 75 TA Free-Air Temperature C Figure 9 100 15 Data is applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices. 1.45 75 50 5 0 5 50 75 100 15 TA Free-Air Temperature C Data is applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices. Figure 10 Equivalent Input Noise Voltage nv/ Hz 60 40 0 00 180 160 140 10 EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE vs FREQUEY IO = 10 ma TA = 5 C V n 100 10 100 1 k f Frequency Hz Figure 11 10 k 100 k 1 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
19.1 V Equivalent Input Noise voltage µv V n 6 5 4 1 0 1 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE OVER A 10-SECOND PERIOD 4 5 f = 0.1 to 10 Hz TA = 5 C 6 0 1 4 5 6 t Time s 7 8 9 10 1 kω 500 µf 910 Ω 000 µf TL41 (DUT) 80 Ω 16 Ω 0.1 µf + 160 kω VCC TLE07 AV = 10 V/mV 16 kω 16 kω 1 µf 1 µf kω kω + VCC TLE07 AV = V/V To Oscilloscope µf VEE VEE Figure 1. Test Circuit for Equivalent Input Noise Voltage POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565 1
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Small-Signal Voltage Amplification db 60 50 40 0 0 10 SMALL-SIGNAL VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION vs FREQUEY TA = 5 C Output IKA 15 kω Ω 9 µf + 8.5 kω GND TEST CIRCUIT FOR VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION A V 0 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M f Frequency Hz Figure 1 z KA Reference Impedance Ω 100 10 1 TA = 5 C REFEREE IMPEDAE vs FREQUEY 1 kω Output IKA 50 Ω + GND TEST CIRCUIT FOR REFEREE IMPEDAE 0.1 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M f Frequency Hz Figure 14 14 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS PULSE RESPONSE Input and Output Voltage V 6 5 4 1 TA = 5 C Input Output Pulse Generator f = 100 khz 0 Ω 50 Ω Output GND TEST CIRCUIT FOR PULSE RESPONSE 0 1 0 1 4 t Time µs 5 6 7 Figure 15 Cathode Current ma I KA 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 0 0 STABILITY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS A VKA = Vref B VKA = 5 V C VKA = 10 V D VKA = 15 Vf Stable A B D C TA = 5 C Stable 150 Ω IKA + CL VBATT TEST CIRCUIT FOR CURVE A IKA R1 = 10 kω 150 Ω 10 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 CL Load Capacitance µf The areas under the curves represent conditions that may cause the device to oscillate. For curves B, C, and D, R and V+ were adjusted to establish the initial VKA and IKA conditions with CL = 0. VBATT and CL were then adjusted to determine the ranges of stability. 10 CL + R VBATT TEST CIRCUIT FOR CURVES B, C, AND D Figure 16 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565 15
APPLICATION INFORMATION R (see Note A) VO R1 Vref R TL41 V O.1 R1 R.V ref RETURN NOTE A: R should provide cathode current 1 ma to the TL41 at minimum. Figure 17. Shunt Regulator Input TL41 VIT.5 V VO Von V Voff GND Figure 18. Single-Supply Comparator With Temperature-Compensated Threshold R (see Note A) N 0 Ω N TL41 R 0.01 µf R1 4.7 kω VO V O.1 R1 R.V ref NOTE A: R should provide cathode current 1 ma to the TL41 at minimum. Figure 19. Precision High-Current Series Regulator 16 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
APPLICATION INFORMATION IN ua7805 OUT VO Common TL41 R1 R V O.1 R1 R.V ref Minimum V O V ref 5V Figure 0. Output Control of a -Terminal Fixed Regulator VO R1 V O.1 R1 R.V ref R TL41 Figure 1. High-Current Shunt Regulator VO R1 TL41 R C (see Note A) NOTE A: Refer to the stability boundary conditions in Figure 16 to determine allowable values for C. Figure. Crowbar Circuit POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565 17
APPLICATION INFORMATION IN OUT LM17 8. kω Adjust 4 Ω VO 5 V, 1.5 A TL41 4 Ω Figure. Precision 5-V 1.5-A Regulator Rb (see Note A) 7.4 kω VO 5 V TL41 7.4 kω NOTE A: Rb should provide cathode current 1-mA to the TL41. Figure 4. Efficient 5-V Precision Regulator 1 V 6.8 kω VCC TL41 5 V 10 kω 10 kω 10 kω X Not Used + TL598 Feedback Figure 5. PWM Converter With Reference 18 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
APPLICATION INFORMATION R (see Note A) R1A TL41 R1B R4 (see Note A) Low Limit.1 R1B RB.V ref High Limit.1 R1A RA.V ref RA RB LED on When Low Limit < < High Limit NOTE A: R and R4 are selected to provide the desired LED intensity and cathode current 1 ma to the TL41 at the available. Figure 6. Voltage Monitor 1 V 650 Ω R kω TL41 Delay R C I n. 1 V 1 V V ref. Off On C Figure 7. Delay Timer RCL IO I out V ref R CL I KA R1 TL41 R1 V I(BATT) I O h FE I KA Figure 8. Precision Current Limiter POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565 19
APPLICATION INFORMATION IO TL41 RS I O V ref R S Figure 9. Precision Constant-Current Sink 0 POST OFFICE BOX 6550 DALLAS, TEXAS 7565
IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make changes to their products or to discontinue any product or service without notice, and advise customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information to verify, before placing orders, that information being relied on is current and complete. All products are sold subject to the terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, including those pertaining to warranty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability. TI warrants performance of its semiconductor products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are utilized to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Specific testing of all parameters of each device is not necessarily performed, except those mandated by government requirements. CERTAIN APPLICATIONS USING SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS MAY INVOLVE POTENTIAL RISKS OF DEATH, PERSONAL INJURY, OR SEVERE PROPERTY OR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ( CRITICAL APPLICATIONS ). TI SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED, AUTHORIZED, OR WARRANTED TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN LIFE-SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS OR OTHER CRITICAL APPLICATIONS. ILUSION OF TI PRODUCTS IN SUCH APPLICATIONS IS UNDERSTOOD TO BE FULLY AT THE CUSTOMER S RISK. In order to minimize risks associated with the customer s applications, adequate design and operating safeguards must be provided by the customer to minimize inherent or procedural hazards. TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or process in which such semiconductor products or services might be or are used. TI s publication of information regarding any third party s products or services does not constitute TI s approval, warranty or endorsement thereof. Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated