Developed in Consultation with Tennessee Educators

Developed in Consultation with Tennessee Educators

Table of Contents Letter to the Student............................................. 5 Test-Taking Checklist............................................ 6 Tennessee Correlation Chart...................................... 7 Performance Indicators Chapter 1 Industrial Development of the United States (1870-1900).. 11 Lesson 1 Growth of Industrialism.................. 12 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.12 Lesson 2 American Immigration................... 18 6.4, 6.5 Lesson 3 Politics and Corruption.................. 22 6.10, 6.11 Lesson 4 Primary Sources....................... 26 6.6 Chapter 1 Review................................ 30 Chapter 2 Emergence of Modern America (1890-1930)........... 35 Lesson 5 American Imperialism................... 36 7.1, 7.2, 7.10 Lesson 6 The Progressive Era..................... 40 7.3, 7.6, 7.9 Lesson 7 World War I........................... 44 7.4 Lesson 8 The Roaring Twenties................... 48 7.5 Lesson 9 Economic Collapse..................... 52 7.7 Lesson 10 Primary Sources....................... 56 7.8 Chapter 2 Review................................ 60 Chapter 3 The Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945).... 65 Lesson 11 The Great Depression................... 66 8.2, 8.4 Lesson 12 The New Deal......................... 70 8.6, 8.9, 8.11 Lesson 13 Causes of World War II.................. 74 8.1, 8.3 Lesson 14 World War II........................... 78 8.5, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10 Chapter 3 Review................................ 82 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 3

Chapter 4 Post-World War II Era (1945-1970s).................. 87 Lesson 15 Post-War Culture....................... 88 9.2, 9.4, 9.12, 9.13 Lesson 16 The Cold War.......................... 92 9.1, 9.3, 9.5, 9.6, 9.9 Lesson 17 Civil Rights............................ 96 9.7, 9.8, 9.10 Lesson 18 Primary Sources...................... 102 9.11 Chapter 4 Review............................... 106 Chapter 5 The Contemporary United States (1968-present)...... 111 Lesson 19 Involvement in Southeast Asia........... 112 10.3 Lesson 20 Modern Politics....................... 116 10.2, 10.4 Lesson 21 New Economy........................ 120 9.14, 10.1, 10.5 Chapter 5 Review............................... 124 Glossary..................................................... 129 Pretest....................................................... 135 Posttest...................................................... 161 4 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

1 Growth of Industrialism 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.12 Aspects of Civil War s modern warfare led to the growth of industrialism in the United States. The Industrial Revolution, begun approximately 200 years earlier in Europe, developed into technological and socioeconomic changes in the 19th century. Invention of new machines and processes increased production and stimulated developments in transportation, communication technologies, farming, ranching, and mining. From Farms to Factories Before the Industrial Revolution, the U.S. was predominently rural farm areas. The nation was agrarian, or a society based on agriculture. However, once the factory system developed in the cities, rural farm workers moved to urban areas. By the end of the Industrial Revolution, many people had migrated to cities and worked mostly in factories. The Industrial Revolution also popularized mass production and, ultimately, the assembly line in the early 1900s. On an assembly line, each worker repeated the same task and production increased. In the South, there were no longer slaves to work on the plantations, and the cost of hiring people cut deeply into profits. Also, many fields had been decimated by war, making traditional farming a difficult endeavor. In response, technological innovations led to improvements such as the mechanization of plows, threshers, drills, mowers, and harrows. More farmers began using these machines, thus increasing their output and profit, while using a smaller workforce. Mining and Railroads People moved from rural to urban areas, and they also moved from east to west. Individuals abandoned their covered wagons and traveled by railroad instead. Railroads were built as coal mining increased. Coal powered the steam engines. In 1848, the discovery of gold in California brought thousands of hopeful miners west. Along the way, towns sprouted and grew to supply the miners with supplies. In 1862, Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act. The legislation allowed the Central Pacific Railroad to lay railroad track eastward from Sacramento, California, and the Union Pacific Railroad to lay railroad track westward from Omaha, Nebraska. The rugged terrain west of the Mississippi was a difficult place to lay track and the railroads were granted federal land to sell as an incentive. The railroad companies resold the land to settlers at a profit. In return, the railroads had to transport goods for the federal government at a discount. The transcontinental railroad was completed at Promontory, Utah, on May 10, 1869. Goods, cattle, and farm products crisscrossed the country. By the 1870s, railroad tracks stretched from coast to coast. 12 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

Lesson 1: Growth of Industrialism As the railroads expanded, Congress also promoted the growth of the West by passing the Homestead Act in 1862. Each adult head of a household was given land if he or she lived on and developed it for five years. The increase in steel production nation-wide led to the popularity of barbed wire. Farmers were more easily able to contain livestock using barbed wire. Post-Civil War Agricultural and Urban Areas Buffalo Boston Key San Francisco Chicago St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati New York Philadelphia Baltimore Corn Peanuts Cotton Soybeans Forest Products Wheat Tobacco Ranching Robber Barons, Corporations, Trusts, and Monopolies Growth of railroads increased migration to the West, and those with a keen eye looked to railroads for profit. In 1874, Jay Gould purchased control of the Union Pacific Railroad. He bought up smaller railroads and quickly gained control of much of the railway industry west of the Mississippi River. To the east, Cornelius Vanderbilt acquired control of the railway lines leading into New York City and Chicago. Gould and Vanderbilt were among a group of wealthy businessmen called robber barons. The goal of the robber barons was to eliminate competition and create a monopoly, or total control of an industry. As industry grew so did business organization. Wealthy industrialist robber barons like Andrew Carnegie, owner of Carnegie Steel, and John D. Rockefeller, head of the Standard Oil Trust, consolidated power over certain markets by forming corporations, trusts, and monopolies through mergers. Corporations had existed for a long time. The concept was executed in the thirteen colonies using joint-stock companies. Yet, Standard Oil was the first trust of its kind, placing control of the company s stock under a board of trustees. Carnegie also pioneered the technique of vertical integration, in which every stage of production is controlled by one company. Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 13

Industrialization was also financed by another type of robber baron, the bankers and stockbrokers. J.P. Morgan financed mergers that created General Electric, International Harvester, and U.S. Steel, when Morgan bought Carnegie Steel and added it to his industrial roster. Jay Gould, also an unscrupulous stock speculator, bought large amounts of stock in companies like the Union Pacific Railroad, manipulated the stock s worth, and then moved on to invest his earnings in another project. By using fraudulent financial practices to amass wealth, Gould typified the worst characteristics of the robber barons. Economic Disparity Though most people moved to the city with high hopes for a better life, many earned a paltry $1 to $1.50 for a ten-hour day. Many worked six days a week. An accident often meant loss of employment. Women and children joined immigrants to become a significant part of the labor force. By 1900, factories employing more than a thousand people were common in industrial centers. The growth of industrialism led to an increase in the disparity of income and living conditions between the industrialists and the wage earners. The industrialists led a sumptuously lavish and opulent lifestyle, one reason this time period is referred to as the Gilded Age. Poor Working Conditions Labor unions, or organized labor, such as the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, and the Congress of Industrial Organizations, sought to improve unregulated working conditions. Conflicts between organized labor and management led to violent strikes including the Railroad Strike, the Haymarket Square Riot, and the Homestead Steel Strike. Government did little to regulate unjust labor conditions, opting instead for a laissez-faire (no government interference) approach to big business. The 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, intended to break up monopolies, was often used against unions during labor disputes. In 1880, George Pullman built a plant and a company town outside of Chicago. The employees of his plant were required to live in this town, which came equipped with its own churches and entertainment. Civil liberties were suppressed as the employees were not allowed to have independent papers, meetings, and their houses were subject to inspection. In 1894, wages were decreased and jobs were cut; however, Pullman did not decrease the rents in the company town. A violent protest strike ensued and President Grover Cleveland sent in troops to break it up. 14 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

Lesson 1: Growth of Industrialism Inhuman working conditions caused needless tragedy in the deadly Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire. This sweatshop was located in the upper floors of a building in New York City and employed nearly 500 seamstresses, mainly Jewish and Italian immigrants, some as young as fourteen. One late afternoon in 1911, a fire erupted. The women panicked and fled to the fire escape. The owners did not maintain the fire escape and it broke under their weight, plunging the women to their deaths. Doors that would have allowed them to escape down the stairwells were locked. The owners later explained that the doors were kept locked so the women would not leave for breaks. More than 145 women fell, jumped, or were burned to death one of the worst workplace disasters since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. After the tragedy, reformers lobbied even more extensively for workplace safety regulations. Technological Innovations Technical advances and innovations of railroads and cars helped industrialization spread. In the 1860s, George Pullman developed a railroad sleeping car, and later a hotel on wheels, so people could travel in comfort. George Westinghouse invented and patented an air brake for trains in 1869. The air brake eventually made its way onto all American trains, and improved the railroad system. In addition to the air brake, Westinghouse developed a railway signaling system. He is responsible for hundreds of patents throughout his lifetime, as well as helping the U.S. adopt the alternating current (AC) form of electricity. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell received a patent for the telephone, which allowed people to connect with each other like never before. In 1880, Thomas Edison received a patent for the incandescent lightbulb. Edison was a prolific inventor. Along with the electric light, Edison is credited with the invention of the cylinder phonograph and the kinetoscope, a machine designed to capture moving pictures, eventually giving rise to the motion picture industry. The DuPont family has a long history of innovation, which began with a gunpowder company. The family moved from France to escape the French Revolution and ended up supplying much gunpowder during the Civil War in America. After the war, the DuPonts went on to develop dynamite and smokeless powder before going into materials development. As new technologies were invented, industries grew, and many cities grew along with them. Some of these technological advances helped people living in cities. The electric streetcar and the automobile let cities expand and enabled easier travel, while the electric lightbulb lit homes, streets, and businesses. The development of the skyscraper followed the invention of a safe elevator and a new method of building with steel beams. As a result of the lack of available land in cities like New York, engineers built up as well as out. Many competed to build the tallest skyscraper in the early 1900s, resulting in creations like the Woolworth Building and the Chrysler Building in Manhattan. Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 15

Processed Foods The growth of industrialism also led to the popularity of processed foods, originally developed and used during war to feed soldiers. During the Industrial Revolution, food was treated, canned, and mass produced. Milton S. Hershey used mass production to bring milk chocolate to the public. Gustavus Franklin Swift was a pioneer in meat-packing and refrigeration. His methods made beef cheaper and easily transported. Following in Swift s footsteps, Philip Armour dominated the meat-packing industry and developed a large fleet of refrigerator cars. The availability of processed foods allowed people to eat a larger variety of foods at their convenience, especially if they were out of season. A Growing Middle Class Though the upper classes found opportunities to create incredible wealth, often at the expense of overworked and underpaid laborers, industrialization offered an improved standard of living for a growing middle class. Public education, prepared foods, and leisure activities like sports, music, and theater became more available and popular. By the 1920s, ready-to-wear clothes, canned soup, and houses ordered from a catalog had become part of the American way of life. In the space below, write about three ways in which the Industrial Revolution changed the life of Americans. 16 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.

Lesson Practice DIRECTIONS Circle the letter next to the best answer for each question. 1. In what way did railroads and advances in communication affect geographic patterns in the United States? A. They stalled the need for new inventions. B. They assisted in maintaining cultural traditions in the area. C. They changed the physical characteristics of a region. D. They stalled migration. Telegraph wires were strung along railroad tracks connecting towns across the United States. Railroads were used to transport people and goods from trade centers east of the Mississippi River to areas in the West. Workers needed to blast through mountainous areas to build the transcontinental railroad in order to connect the Union Pacific Railroad in the East to the Central Pacific Railroad in the West. 2. Which major societal transformation occurred in America in the 1870s? A. The nation shifted from an agrarian to an industrial society. B. The nation shifted from an industrial to an agrarian society. C. People moved in large numbers from the West to the East. D. People moved in large numbers from cities to farms. Jobs changed at this time. 3. How did the growth of industrialism affect wages across the nation? A. Everyone became rich once the factory system grew. B. Industrialists became rich while workers and farmers received little pay. C. Farmers and industrialists became captains of industry while workers suffered. D. The growth of industrialism lowered wages for everyone. 4. Which of the following innovators had a large impact on the railroad system and cars? A. George Westinghouse B. Thomas Edison C. Alexander Graham Bell D. Milton S. Hershey Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 17