MEDIA_Part 1 (2-D) Learning How Art is Made Drawing, Painting, Printmaking,
Henri Matisse, The Red Studio, oil on canvas, 1911
Medium Technologies Each of the materials in Matisse s work-the paintings, sculptures, ceramics, drawing materials- is what we call a medium. The history of the various media used to create art is, in essence, the history of various technologies that artists have employed.
DRAWING- One of the oldest forms of art making, it is seems innate since drawn marks are the first marks a toddler makes...in the form of scribbles and doodles.
Dry media for drawing often comes in some kind of stick form. Pencil, sanguine chalk, pastel, and silverpoint are examples of dry media used in drawing. Antonio Lopez Garcia, Maria, pencil on paper, 1972
History of the Pencil...
Graphite, a soft form of carbon similar to coal, was discovered in 1564 in Borrowdale, England. As good black chalk became more and more difficult to obtain--- the lead pencil---graphite enclosed in a cylinder of soft wood---increasing became one of the most common of all drawing tools.
Charcoal is a carbon stick created from burnt wood. It is capable of producing rich, deep, dark areas and a range of lighter tones as well. Types: Willow Vine Powder is bound with gum or wax Kathe Kollwitz, Self-portrait, Drawing, Charcoal on paper, 1933
Metalpoint and Silverpoint- these drawings are produced by a thin stylus made of silver or metal that leaves marks on paper or wood coated with layers of gesso as ground. Gesso is a common ground made of very fine powdered white chalk suspended in glue (traditional) or an acrylic medium (modern) Raphael, Saint Paul Rending His Garments, metalpoint heightened with gouche, 1514-1515
Chalk and Pastels are colored materials (pigments) held together by wax or glue and shaped into sticks. Sticks with more color and less wax produce soft smudgy lines. Edgar Degas, At the Milliner s, Pastel on Paper, 1882
In drawing, wet media are in liquid form. Ink is the most common wet medium, and it can be used with either brush or pen. Jean Dubuffet, Corps de Dame, ink on paper, 1950
New Genres_Computer Drawing David Hockney, Yosemite 1 (detail), 2012, ipad drawing/painting
PRINTMAKING Printmaking is the process of making multiple artworks or impressions, usually on paper, using a printing plate, woodblock, stone or stencil. Some types of printmaking are: relief, intaglio, lithography, serigraphy, and silkscreen.
Woodblock = relief printing. A design is drawn on wood, parts that print white (in this case positive space) are cut away. Emile Nolde, Prophet, woodcut, 1912
Intaglio comes from the Italian verb meaning to cut into Artists cut into a metal plate and rub away ink, the result are highly detailes prints with a range of values. After JMW Turner, Snow Storm: Steamboat off a Harbor s Mouth (1842), 1891, engraved by R. Brandard
Lithographs are the print that resemble drawings the most. It starts with an oily drawing made on a limestone slab with gum arabic applied which resists the drawn marks. Oil based ink is applied then the plate or stone is pressed. Kiki Smith, Born, Lithograph, 2002.
Silkscreen, pushing ink through a stencil and screen Andy Warhol, Marilyn, silkscreen print, 1962
PAINTING Painting media generally consist of two basic components, pigment and binder. Pigments are intense colors in powder form, derived from animals, plants, minerals and synthetic chemicals. A binder is the substance that holds them together. Binders can be egg yolk, wax, glue, drying oils, and acrylic mediums.
ENCAUSTIC= pigment + wax Faiyum, Mummy portrait of a Man, Encaustic on wood, 160-170
Fresco= pigment + plaster Still life with Eggs and Thrushes, Villa of Julia Felix, Pompeii, before ce. 79
Tempera= pigment + egg yolk Sandro Botticelli, Primavera, tempera, 1482
Watercolor= pigment + gum arabic Andrew Wyeth, not plowed, watercolor on paper, 1985
Oil Painting= Pigment + Oil (linseed oil) Willem De Kooning, Door to the River, oil on canvas, 1960.