Fast Charge Controller for Drained NiCd/NiMH Batteries Description The fast-charge battery controller circuit, U2405B, uses bipolar techlogy. The IC enables the designer to create an efficient and ecomic charge system. The U2405B incorporates intelligent multiple-gradient batteryvoltage monitoring and mains phase control for power management. With automatic top-off charging, the Features integrated circuit ensures that the charge device stops regular charging before the critical stage of overcharging is achieved. It incorporates an additional algorithm for reactivating fully drained batteries especially after longtime storage. It has two LED driver indications for charge and temperature status. Applications Preformation algorithm for drained batteries Multiple gradient monitoring Temperature window (T min /T max ) Exact battery voltage measurement without charge Phase control for charge-current regulation Top-off and trickle charge function Two LED outputs for charge status indication Portable power tools Laptop/tebook personal computer Cellular/cordless phones Emergency lighting systems Hobby equipment Camcorder Disabling of d 2 /dt 2 switch-off criteria during battery formation Battery-voltage check Package: DIP18, SO20 18 (20) 17 (19) 16 (18) 14 (15) 13 (14) 12 (13) 11 (12) Sync C Phase control R Ref 6.5 / ma Oscillator Status control 3 (3) i 4 (4) Scan path 1 (1) Trigger output Control unit Gradient d 2 /dt 2 and d Battery detection Ref = 5 (11) Power - on control Batt Monitor 0.1 to 4 15 (17) 2 (2) Power supply S = 8 to 26 160 m Ref Temp. control T max Sensor Charge break output 94 8585 5 (5) 6 (6) 7 (8) 8 (9) 9 () Figure 1. Block diagram ( ) SO 20, Pins 7 and 16 NC 1 (17)
Pin Description Package: DIP18 Pin Symbol Function 1 Output Trigger output Output 1 18 sync 2 GND Ground 3 LED2 Display output Green GND 2 17 C 4 i Phase angle control input voltage 5 OP O Operational amplifier output LED2 3 16 R 6 OP I Operational amplifier input 7 T max Maximum temperature i 4 15 S 8 Sensor Temperature sensor 9 t p Charge break output OP O OP I 5 6 14 13 Ref Osc Batt Battery voltage 11 LED1 LED display output Red 12 S TM. Test mode switch (status control) T max 7 12 S TM. 13 Osc Oscillator 14 Ref Reference output voltage Sensor t p 8 9 93 7723 e 11 LED1 Batt 15 S Supply voltage 16 R Ramp current adjustment resistance 17 C Ramp voltage capacitance 18 sync. Mains synchronization input Package: SO20 Pin Symbol Function Output 1 20 sync 1 Output Trigger output 2 GND Ground GND 2 19 C 3 LED2 Display output Green 4 i Phase angle control input voltage LED2 3 18 R 5 OP O Operational amplifier output 6 OP I Operational amplifier input i 4 17 S 7 NC Not connected 8 T max Maximum temperature OP O 5 16 NC 9 Sensor Temperature sensor t p Charge break output OP I 6 15 Ref 11 Batt Battery voltage 12 LED1 LED display output Red NC 7 14 Osc 13 S TM. Test mode switch (status control) 14 Osc Oscillator T max 8 13 S TM. 15 Ref Reference output voltage 16 NC Not connected Sensor t p 9 12 11 LED1 Batt 17 S Supply voltage 18 R Ramp current adjustment resistance 19 C Ramp voltage capacitance 94 8594 20 sync. Mains synchronization input 2 (17)
Mains D 4 D 5 D 2 Th1 D 3 Th2 R B2 C 7 4.7 F 16 k R B3 Battery (4 cells) DC 160 m Rsh 0.2 94 8674 R R 8 D 6 2x R 11 560 D 1 T 1 BC 308 R1 R 9 R 7 R B1 C 1 Ich 470 F NTC 0 k R 3 2.2 k R 2 R 13 0.1 F C 6 560 k 0.22 F C 3 R 4 nf C 2 From R T1 / R T2 R 0 270 k From Pin 15 D 7 D 8 nf Red Green C 0 S R 5 18 17 16 14 13 12 11 Sync ϕ ϕ C R Phase control ϕ i To Pin 4 Ref 6.5 / ma Oscillator Status control Scan path 3 S 1 15 2 Trigger output Power supply S = 8 to 26 Control unit Gradient d 2 /dt 2 & d Battery detection Ref = 5 Batt Monitor 0.1 to 4 Power on control 160 m Ref Temp. control Tmax Sensor Charge break output R 6 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 F 1 F R T1 12 k To Ref (Pin 14) C R C 4 R T3 24 k C 8 R T2 0 k 0.1 F Figure 2. Block diagram with external circuit (DIP pinning) 3 (17)
General Description The integrated circuit, U2405B, is designed for charging Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) and Nickel-Metal-Hydride (NiMH) batteries. Fast charging results in voltage lobes when fully charged (figure 3). It supplies two identifications (i.e., + d 2 /dt 2, and ) to end the charge operation at the proper time. As compared to the existing charge concepts where the charge is terminated after voltage lobes according to and temperature gradient identification, the U2405B takes into consideration the additional changes in positive charge curves, according to the second derivative of the voltage with respect to time (d 2 /dt 2 ). The charge identification is the sure method of switching off the fast charge before overcharging the battery. This helps to give the battery a long life by hindering any marked increase in cell pressure and temperature. Even in critical charge applications, such as a reduced charge current or with NiMH batteries where weaker charge characteristics are present multiple gradient control results in very efficient switch-off. An additional temperature control input increases t only the performances of the charge switching characteristics but also prevents the general charging of a battery whose temperature is outside the specified window. A specific preformation algorithm is implemented for reactivating fully drained batteries especially in the case of batteries that have been stored for a long time. A constant charge current is necessary for continued charge-voltage characteristic. This constant current regulation is achieved with the help of internal amplifier phase control and a simple shunt-current control technique. All functions relating to battery management can be achieved with DC-supply charge systems. A DC-DCconverter or linear regulator should take over the function of power supply. For further information please refer to the applications. Battery voltage 5 Battery insertion Fast charge stop d2 dt 2 Top-off charge stop without charge control preformation 1.6 d2 dt 2, 95 616 I (R B1) Fast charge rate I O Top-off charge rate 1/4 I O Trickle charge rate 1/256 I O t 1 = 5 min t 2 = 20 min t Figure 3. Charge function diagram, f osc = 800 Hz 4 (17)
Flow Chart Explanation, f osc = 800 Hz (Figures 2, 3 and 4) Battery pack insertion disables the voltage lock at battery detection input Pin. All functions in the integrated circuit are reset. For further description, DIP-pinning is taken into consideration. Battery Insertion and Monitoring After battery insertion fast charge I o begins when the input voltage Batt is higher than 1.6. For the first 5 minutes the d 2 /dt 2 -gradient recognition is suppressed, monitoring is activated. In case the detected Batt voltage is less then 1.6, the special preformation procedure will be activated. The reference level with respect to the cell voltage can be adjusted by the resistor R B3 (see figure 2). Preformation Procedure Before fast charge of fully drained or long time stored batteries begin, a reactivation is necessary. The preformation current is dependent on pull-up resistor R B1. The fast charge starts only after the Batt is higher than 1.6 level. During the first minutes the green LED2 is blinking. If, after minutes, Batt voltage has t reached the reference level, the indication changes to red blinking LED1. The charge will continue with preformation rate I (R B1 ). In case Batt increases to 1.6 reference level, the fast charge rate current, I o, is switched-on and the green LED2 is blinking. Cut-Off (Monitoring) When the signal at Pin of the DA converter is 12 m below the actual value, the comparator identifies it as a voltage drop of. The validity of cut-off is considered only if the actual value is below 12 m for three consecutive cycles of measurement. d 2 /dt 2 -Gradient If there is charge stop within the first 5 minutes after battery insertion, then d 2 /dt 2 monitoring will be active. In this actual charge stage, all stop-charge criteria are active. When close to the battery s capacity limit, the battery voltage curve will typically rise. As long as the +d 2 /dt 2 stop-charging criteria are met, the device will stop the fast charge activities. Top-Off Charge Stage By charge disconnection through the +d 2 /dt 2 mode, the device switches automatically to a defined protective top-off charge with a pulse rate of 1/4 I O (pulse time, t p = 5.12 s, period, T = 20.48 s). The top-off charge time is specified for a time of 20 minutes @ 800 Hz. Trickle Charge Stage When top-off charge is terminated, the device switches automatically to trickle charge with 1/256 I O (t p = 5.12 s, period = 13.72 s). The trickle continues until the battery pack is removed. Basic Description Power Supply, Figure 2 The charge controller allows the direct power supply of 8 to 26 at Pin 15. Internal regulation limits higher input voltages. Series resistance, R 1, regulates the supply current, I S, to a maximum value of 25 ma. Series resistance is recommended to suppress the ise signal, even below 26 limitation. It is calculated as follows. R 1min max 26 25 ma R 1max min 8 I tot where I tot = I S + I RB1 + I 1 max, min = Rectified voltage I S = Current consumption (IC) without load I RB1 = Current through resistance, R B1 I 1 = Trigger current at Pin 1 5 (17)
Start Power on reset LED1,2 off *) 70 m > Batt < 5 Batt. inserted *) Temp. range? Reset Charge stop LED1 on LED2 blinking Temp. range? Preformation current I RB1 LED1 blinking Fast charge begins Batt > 1.6 LED2 blinking t ch > min Batt 4 Charge time t 1 >5 min? LED1 blinking LED2 off LED1 off LED2 blinking Batt. inserted *) d switch off d and d 2 /dt 2 monitoring activated Batt temp range? Batt. inserted *) LED1 on d disconnect d 2 /dt 2 disconnect? LED2 on LED2 on Trickle charge 1/256 I O Top off charge 1/4 I O Batt. inserted *) t 2 > 20 min 95 625 Figure 4. Flow chart 6 (17)
Battery oltage Measurement The battery voltage measurement at Pin (ADCconverter) has a range of 0 to 4, which means a battery pack containing two cells can be connected without a voltage divider. If the AD converter is overloaded ( Batt 4 ) a safety switch off occurs. The fast charge cycle is terminated by automatically changing to the trickle charge. Precaution should be taken that under specified charge current conditions, the final voltage at the input of the converter, Pin, should t exceed the threshold voltage level of the reset comparator, which is 5. When the battery is removed, the input (Pin ) is terminated across the pulled-up resistance, R B1, to the value of 5 -resetthreshold. In this way, the start of a new charge sequence is guaranteed when a battery is reinserted. If the battery voltage exceeds the converter range of 4, adjusting it by the external voltage divider resistance, R B2 and R B3 is recommended. alue of the resistance, R B3 is calculated by assuming R B1 =, R B2 =, as follows: R B3 R B2 max Bmax max The minimum supply voltage, smin, is calculated for reset function after removing the inserted battery according to: smin 0.03mA R B3. R B1 R B2. 5.R B1 R B2 R B3. R B3 where: max = Max voltage at Pin Smin = Min supply voltage at the IC (Pin 15) Bmax = Max battery voltage The voltage conditions mentioned above are measured during charge current break (switch-off condition). 15 S B I ch Battery R B1 R B2 Batt Ref = 12 m = DAC DAC + - d Recognition DAC control comparator + 6 R sh R B3 7 Ref = 4.3 + Reset comparator 95 174 Reset Ref = 0.1 Figure 5. Input configuration for the battery voltage measurement Table 1. valid when max = 3.5 Cell No. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 Smin () 8 8 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 R B3 (k 51 16 7.5 5.6 4.7 3.9 3.3 3 2.7 7 (17)
Analog-Digital-Converter (ADC), Test Sequence A special analog-digital-converter consists of a five-bit coarse and a five-bit fine converter. It operates by a linear count method which can digitalize a battery voltage of 4 at Pin in 6.5 m steps of sensitivity. In a duty cycle, T, of 20.48 s, the converter executes the measurement from a standard oscillation frequency of f osc = 800 Hz. The voltage measurement is during the charge break time of 2.56 s (see figure 6), i.e., -load voltage (or currentless phase). Therefore it has optimum measurement accuracy because all interferences are cut-off during this period (e.g., terminal resistances or dynamic load current fluctuations). After a delay of 1.28 s the actual measurement phase of 1.28 s follows. During this idle interval of cut-off conditions, battery voltage is stabilized and hence measurement is possible. An output pulse of ms appears at Pin 9 during charge break after a delay of 40 ms. The output signal can be used in a variety of way, e.g., synchronising the test control (reference measurement). Plausibility for Charge Break There are two criterian considered for charge break plausibility: Cut-Off When the signal at Pin of the DA converter is 12 m below the actual value, the comparator identifies it as a voltage drop of. The validity of cutt-off is considered only if the actual value is below 12 m for three consective cycles of measurement. d 2 /dt 2 Cut-Off A four bit forward/ backward counter is used to register the slope change (d 2 /dt 2, Batt slope). This counter is clocked by each tracking phase of the fine AD-counter. Beginning from its initial value, the counter counts the first eight cycles in forward direction and the next eight cycles in reverse direction. At the end of 16 cycles, the actual value is compared with the initial value. If there is a difference of more than two LSB-bit (13.5 m) from the actual counter value, then there is an identification of slope change which leads to rmal charge cut-off. A second counter in the same configuration is operating in parallel with eight clock cycles delay, to reduce the total cut-off delay, from 16 test cycles to eight test cycles. 94 8693 Status Charge break 2.56 s Charge T= 20.48 s t charge break output ms t 40 ms ADC conversion time (internal) 1.28 s 1.28 s t Figure 6. Operating sequence of voltage measurements 8 (17)
Temperature Control, Figure 7 When the battery temperature is t inside the specified temperature windows, the overal temperature control will t allow the charge process. Sensor short circuit or interruption also leads to switch-off. Differentiation is made whether the battery exceeds the maximum allowable temperature, T max, during the charge phase or the battery temperature is outside the temperature window range before battery connection. A permanent switch-off follows after a measurement period of 20.48 s, if the temperature exceeds a specified level, which is deted by a status of a red LED 1. A charge sequence will start only when the specified window temperature range is attained. In such a case, the green LED 2 starts blinking immediately showing a quasi charge readiness, even though there is charge current flow. NTC sensors are rmally used to control the temperature of the battery pack. If the resistance values of NTC are kwn for maximum and minimum conditions of allowable temperature, then other resistance values, R T1, R T2 and R T3 are calculated as follows: suppose R T2 = 0 k, then R T1 R Ref 4 NTCmax 4 R T3 R NTCmin R T2 R T1 Ref Ref 14 R T2 R T1 R T3 T max 7 7 + High temperature Ref = 4 NTC sensor Sensor 8 7 + Low temperature 94 8682 Figure 7. Temperature window 9 (17)
Current Regulation ia Phase Control (Figure 8) Phase Control An internal phase control monitors the angle of current flow through the external thyristors as shown in figure 2. The phase control block represents a ramp generator synchronized by mains zero cross over and a comparator. The comparator will isolate the trigger output, Pin 1, until the end of the half wave (figure 8) when the ramp voltage, ramp, reaches the control voltage level, i, within a mains half wave. Charge Current Regulation (Figure 2) According to figure 2 the operational amplifier (OpAmp) regulates the charge current, I ch (= 160 m / R sh ), average value. The OpAmp detects the voltage drop across the shunt resistor (R sh ) at input Pin 6 as an actual value. The actual value will then be compared with an internal reference value (rated value of 160 m). The regulator s output signal, 5, is at the same time the control signal of the phase control, i (Pin 4). In the adjusted state, the OpAmp regulates the current flow angle through the phase control until the average value at the shunt resistor reaches the rated value of 160 m. The corresponding evaluation of capacitor C R at the operational amplifier (regulator) output determines the dynamic performance of current regulation. sync (Pin 18) f mains = 50 Hz 0m Internal zero pulse Ramp voltage (Pin 17 ) 6 i i i Trigger output (Pin 1) 0ms ms 20ms 30ms Current flow angle 93 7697 e Figure 8. Phase control function diagram (17)
Status Control U2405B Status control inside and outside the charging process are designated by LED 1 and LED 2 outputs given in the table below: LED1 (red) LED2 (green) Status OFF ON Top-off charge, trickle charge OFF Blinking Quick charge ON OFF Temperature out of the window Blinking OFF Drained battery (0.1 < Batt > 1.6, if t > min.) Battery break, short circuit ON Blinking Temperature out of window before battery insertion or power on OFF OFF No battery ( Batt > 5 ) The blink frequency of LED outputs can be calculated as follows: Oscillator Time sequences regarding measured values and evaluation are determined by the system oscillator. All the technical data given in the description are with the standard frequency 800 Hz. It is possibe to alter the frequency range in a certain limitation. Figure 9 shows the frequency versus resistance curves with different capacitance values. f (LED) Oscillator frequency, f osc 24 Oscillation Frequency Adjustment Recommendations: 0.5C charge 0.5 500 Hz = 250 Hz 1C charge 500 Hz 2C charge 2 500 Hz = 00 Hz 3C charge 3 500 Hz = 1500 Hz 000 00 C O =2.2nF R O ( k ) 0 C O =nf C O =4.7nF 0.1 1 95 11408 f O ( khz ) Figure 9. Frequency versus resistance for different capacitance values 11 (17)
Absolute Maximum Ratings Reference point Pin 2 (GND), unless otherwise specified Parameters Symbol alue Unit Supply voltage Pin 15 S 26 oltage limitation I S = ma 31 Current limitation Pin 15 I S 25 ma t < 0 s 0 oltages at different pins Pins 1, 3 and 11 26 Pins 4 to, 12 to 14 and 16 to 18 7 Currents at different pins Pin 1 Pins 3 to 14 and 16 to 18 I 25 Power dissipation T amb = 60 C P tot 650 mw Ambient temperature range T amb to +85 C Junction temperature T j 125 C Storage temperature range T stg 40 to +125 C Thermal Resistance Junction ambient Parameters Symbol alue Unit DIP18 SO20 Electrical Characteristics R thja 80 R thja 0 S = 12, T amb = 25 C, reference point Pin 2 (GND), unless otherwise specified ma K/W K/W Parameters Test Conditions / Pins Symbol Min. Typ. Max. Unit Power supply Pin 15 oltage range S 8 26 Power-on threshold ON OFF S 3.0 4.7 3.8 5.7 Current consumption without load I S 3.9 9.1 ma Reference Pin 14 Reference voltage I Ref = 5 ma I Ref = ma Ref 6.19 6.14 Reference current I Ref ma Temperature coefficient TC 0.7 m/k Operational amplifier OP Output voltage range I 5 = 0 Pin 5 5 0.15 5.8 Output current range 5 = 3.25 Pin 5 ±I 5 80 A Output pause current Pin 5 I pause 0 A Non-inverting input voltage Pin 6 6 0 5 Non-inverting input current Pin 6 ±I 6 0.5 A Comparator or temperature control Input current Pins 7 and 8 ±I 7, 8 0.5 A Input voltage range Pins 7 and 8 7, 8 0 5 Threshold voltage Pin 8 8 3.85 4.15 6.5 6.5 6.71 6.77 12 (17)
Parameters Test Conditions / Pins Symbol Min. Typ. Max. Unit Charge break output Pin 9 Output voltage High, I 9 = 4 ma 9 8.4 Low, I 9 = 0 ma 0 m Output current 9 = 1 I 9 ma Battery detection Pin Analog-digital converter Conversion range Full scale level Batt 0 3.85 4.0 Input current 0.1 Batt 4.5 I Batt 0.5 A Input voltage for reset Batt 4.8 5.0 5.3 Input current for reset Batt 5 I Batt 8 35 A Battery detection Maximum voltage Batt 80 120 m Hysteresis Maximum voltage hys 15 m Mode select Pin 12 Treshold voltage Testmode 12 4.7 Input current I 12 20 A Input current Normal mode Pin 12 open 0 Sync. oscillator Pin 13 Frequency R = 150 k f osc 800 Hz C = nf Threshold voltage High level T(H) 4.33% Low level T(L) 2.23% Input current I 13 0.5 0.5 A Phase control Ramp voltage R = 270 k Pin 16 16 2.9 3.9 Ramp current I 16 0 0 Ramp voltage range 17 0 5 Ramp discharge current I 17 3.3 8 ma Synchronisation Pin 18 Minimum current sync 80 m I sync 2 A Maximum current sync = 0 I sync 15 30 A Zero voltage detection sync 83 0 135 m Hysteresis hys 15 m Charge stop criteria (function) Pin Positive gradient-turn-off threshold f osc = 800 Hz d 2 /dt 2 4.8 m/ min 2 -turn-off threshold 12 m 13 (17)
+ 8 to 26 C F D 1 BY27/50 BD646 T1 D 3 BY27/50 x) L 1 200 H 1 A R 2 R 1 R 3 R B1 C 5 47 F R 13 R 0 0 sh k k 8 0.2 / 1 W R + / S 14 I ch = 0.16 /R sh R 12 0 k 4 LM358 R 15 R 6 R B2 R B3 16 k Battery 0 k R 17 1k C 4 1 F C 8 0.1 F NTC x) Manufacturer Pikatron R 5 Output Green Ready LED2 TLHG5400 Red Temp LED1 TLHR5400 Batt C 7 4.7 F OP I Sensor R T1 12 k S 1 3 11 6 8 C 1 220 F GND 15 2 16 17 18 14 4 5 7 13 9 12 t p S TM ϕ R R 4 22 k C 3 1 nf R 7 R 8 T2 T3 ϕ C BC237 sync Ref R 9 T4 ϕi BC308 C OP R O 1 F T max R T2 R T3 24 k 0 k Osc R O C O nf 270 k R R 11 4.7 k C 2 0.22 F R 16 D 2 1N4148 94 8733 Figure. Car battery supplied charge system with high side current detection for 4 NiCd/NiMH cells @ 800 ma 14 (17)
15 (17) Figure 11. Standard application with predischarge for 8 NiCd/NiMH cells @ 1600 ma Sensor (Pin 8) Mains Batt (Pin ) R 29 4148 C 0.1F D 4148 D 11 4148 D 2 D 3 BYT86 R 23 D 12 T 3 R 28 R 27 BC 547 BC 558 T 4 T 5 BC 547 D 13 D 14 R 26 D 13, D 14 = 1N4148 S1 Th1 D 4 D 5 4148 Th2 R 22 R 24 R 25 6.2 k T 6 BC 308 R 21 R 11 560 4148 R 20 / 4 W T 2 R 560 T 1 R 8 BC 308 D 6 4148 R 9 R 7 BD 649 I ch Battery NTC R sh = 0.16 /I ch 0.1 4148D1 R 1 R 2 0 k C 6 R 0.1F 13 R 3 2.2 k C 7 4.7 F R B2 C 8 R 0.1 F 6 C 4 1 F R 5 Green Ready Red Temp R B1 R B3 16 k R T1 12 k LED2 TLHG5400 LED1 TLHR5400 sync 18 Output Batt Sensor OP I 1 S 3 11 8 6 15 C 1 220 F 2 S 16 17 5 4 14 7 13 9 12 t p GND R C OP O i Ref T max R T3 24 k Osc C O nf R 4 560 k C 3 nf C R 4.7F C 2 0.22F R T2 0 k R O 270 k 94 8734 U2405B
Package Information Package DIP18 Dimensions in mm 23.3 max 7.77 7.47 4.8 max 0.5 min 3.3 6.4 max 0.36 max 1.64 1.44 20.32 0.58 0.48 2.54 9.8 8.2 18 technical drawings according to DIN specifications 1 9 13019 Package SO20 Dimensions in mm 12.95 12.70 9.15 8.65 7.5 7.3 2.35 0.4 1.27 11.43 0.25 0..50.20 0.25 20 11 technical drawings according to DIN specifications 13038 1 16 (17)
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