Pefomance Compaison of Mulihop Wieless ADHOC Rouing Poocols AODV, OLSR & TORA Mahesh Chanda Gupa Aal Bihai Vajpayee Indian Insiue of Infomaion Technology & Managemen Gwalio 474015, M.P., India Lakhan Dev Shama Lovely Pofessional Univesiy, Jalandha 144411, Punjab, India Absac A mobile adhoc newok can be defined as he collecion of nodes which can move fom one place o ohe and he newok can be fomed wihou any pe-exising newok infasucue. Since nodes ae mobile so pimay objecive of he ouing poocol is o ceae and mainain oues fo he coec and efficien daa ansfe beween he nodes in a imely manne. The nodes use adio fequency communicaion among hem fo any ype of daa ansmission. The daa ansmission beween hese mobile nodes is caied ou wihou any cenalized wok saion. The flexibiliy wih which he fomaion of hese mobile adhoc newoks (MANET) can be seeed, makes hem highly desiable fo he pesen day mulimedia communicaions. This pape is a compehensive pefomance evaluaion of newok paamees houghpu, end o end delay and packe delivey aio on he basis of mobiliy of nodes, numbe of nodes, ansmission powe of nodes and size of he daa packes using hee commonly used MANET ouing poocols Adhoc On- Demand Disance Veco (AODV), Opimized Link Sae Rouing(OLSR) and Tempoay Odeed Rouing Algoihm(TORA). OPNET ve 14.0 simulao has been used fo he exensive pefomance compaison of above menioned poocols. Index Tems AODV, OLSR, TORA, Thoughpu, Roue Discovey Time, MANET I. INTRODUCTION The ea of wieless newok came ino exisence in 1970 when compues wee vey bulky and any communicaion used o happen by wied newok. Duing 90`s when lapop evoluionize he compue indusy, he necessiy of a new newok infasucue being fel in which nodes ae ligh weigh and can move fom one place o ohe, wihou depending on any cenal eniy fo bi-diecional daa ansmission. This ype of newok [1] in which nodes ae mobile and can be se up wihou any wies, wihou any communicaion infasucue and no adminisaive inevenion is equied is called mobile adhoc newok(manet). The main challenging issue [2] in designing a MANET ae: (i) Dynamic opology of he newok (ii) Enegy consain of nodes (iii) Pone o eavesdopping (iv) Newok paiion (scalabiliy) So designing a ouing poocol fo such ype of highly vulneable envionmen is a cumbesome ask as compaed o wied newok. Recenly moe aenion is being paid o incease he qualiy of sevice (QoS) paamees [3], [4] of he newok like houghpu, aveage end o end delay and packe delivey aio. Many ouing poocols ae available fo he daa ansmission in MANET. An exensive eseach is being done o selec he bes ouing poocol egading dynamic opology change, mobiliy of nodes, ansmission powe of nodes and numbe of nodes in he newok wih easonable degadaion of newok paamees. Mobile Adhoc Newok: The opology of adhoc newok can be well undesood by gaph heoy [5] G = (N,L) hee N epesens no. of mobile nodes in MANET, L = se of wieless connecion beween any wo nodes. Each node has a wieless ansmission ange depending on he wieless channel chaaceisic as well as on he ansmission powe of node. Any wieless connecions ( i, j) L beween wo nodes (X,Y) will exis if and only if d( N, N ) All he neighbos of node n can be defined mahemaically N ( n) { N d( n, x ), n x, p N, p N } n p Whee d is a disance funcion and fo wo dimensional plane d 2 ( X i X j ) ( Yi Yj Any pah [6] beween wo nodes i, j is a sequence of nodes P ij = (n i,n 1,n 2,..n j ) whee (n i,n 1 ), (n 1,n 2 ).. and (n y,n y+1 ) fo 1 y K 1 ae wieless connecion, wih no node being epeaed moe han once. Due o he mobiliy of nodes, se of wieless links beween any wo nodes and he disance change wih ime, so always new links ae eplaced by olde one o povide conneciviy. Pape Ouline The es of he pape is oganized as follows: Secion II povides he boad classificaion of he MANET ouing poocols. Secion III descibes he elevan lieaue suvey of he poocols and hei opeaion. Review of he pape shows ha no deailed analysis and compaison of he poocols aken fo simulaion have been done so fa. Secion IV gives he oveview of he ouing i p j ) 2 1609
poocols used fo simulaion. Secion V has he simulaion saisics and he esuls obained fo vaious scenaios. Finally secion VI concludes he pape and pesens he findings of he whole eseach in a lucid manne achieved hough exensive sudy and simulaion. II. ROUTING PROTOCOLS Rouing Poocols: Rouing poocols fo MANET can be boadly classified ino hee caegoy: A. Poacive o Table Diven Rouing Poocols In poacive ouing, evey node mainains a lis of pah fo evey desinaion available in newok in advance. Nodes send Hello message peiodically o check he conneciviy infomaion via inemediae nodes. So if a oue aleady exis beween any wo nodes, daa communicaion can sa wihou any delay ohewise affic packe should wai in buffe unil node finds a pah fo concened desinaion. A lo of newok esouces like bandwidh and enegy of nodes consume only in mainaining oues. So his appoach is no suiable fo highly dynamic newok scenaio. e.g. Desinaion Sequence Disance Veco (DSDV) [16], Fisheye Sae Rouing (FSR), Wieless Rouing Poocol (WRP), Opimized Link Sae Rouing(OLSR) [10] and Cluse Head Gaeway Swich Rouing (CGSR). B. On Demand Rouing Poocols (Reacive) In conas o poacive appoach, on demand ouing [7] is based on oue acquisiion heoy only when a node wans o communicae wih ohe node. Souce node iniiaes pah discovey pocess by boadcasing oue eques (RREQ) packe o is neighbos which in un eansmi RREQ packe up o final desinaion node. Once oue discovey pocess is compleed, i is mainained unil daa ansfe is complee eihe desinaion o any inemediae node changes is locaion. A oue discovey pocess is needed fo evey unknown desinaion. So communicaion ovehead is educed a he cos of laency in pah finding pocess. e.g. Adhoc On Demand Disance Veco (AODV) [8], Dynamic Souce Rouing (DSR), Cluse Based Rouing Poocol (CBRP), Assosciaiviy Based Rouing (ABR), Locaion Aided Rouing(LAR). C. Hybid Rouing Poocols In his secion we discuss he woking of ouing poocols emed as hybid ouing poocols. Hee each node mainains he newok opology infomaion upo m hops. In his ype of ouing poocol, node can simulaneously suppo boh souce iniiaed on-demand ouing fo some desinaion and desinaion iniiaed poacive ouing fo ohe desinaions. e.g. Zone Rouing Poocol(ZRP), Zone Based Hieachical Link Sae Rouing(ZHLS), Tempoay Odeed Rouing Algoihm(TORA) [12], Coe Exacion Disibued Adhoc Rouing (CEDAR). III. LITERATURE REVIEW In [1] Inene Engineeing Task Foce(IETF) has defined mobile adhoc newok in is vey oiginal fom and is popeies. In [5] Gupa e al. have compaed MANET poocols AODV, DSR and TORA fo newok chaaceisic aveage end o end delay and packe delivey aio fo diffeen pause ime duaion. 50 node model has been deployed in he simulaion wih numbe of souce vaies in he newok fom 10, 20 and 50. In [8] C.E.Pekins and E.M.Roye poposed a new eacive algoihm which ceaes oue on demand by boadcasing he RREQ packe o all neighbos. Now a days his ouing poocol is consideed as he base fo on demand ouing poocols. To maximize he life ime of adhoc mobile newok, he powe consumpion ae of each node mus be evenly disibued and oveall ansmission powe fo each connecion eques mus be minimized. In [10] Opimized Link Sae Rouing (OLSR) poocol has been discussed fom he RFC 3626 published by Inene Engineeing Task Foce (IETF). Pape [11] discusses he willingness feaue of he OLSR poocol fo maximally using he bae powe lef of souce by inceasing he willingness of node fo caying daa affic. In [13] mobile adhoc ouing poocol Adhoc on Demand Disance Veco(AODV), Dynamic Souce Rouing(DSR) and Tempoay Odeed Rouing Algoihm(TORA) have been compaed fo wieless LAN houghpu vs. simulaion esul. TORA povides modeae houghpu esul as compaed AODV and OLSR. In [14] OPNET simulao has been sudied which is a open souce sofwae wih is modules and given poocols and hei aibues. In [15] mobiliy models have been discussed o exploe how newok chaaceisic changes wih mobiliy. Eniy mobiliy model and goup mobiliy model have been used fo he simulaion pupose. [16] is he desinaion sequence veco ouing whee oue able is mainained fo all he nodes in he newok. [18] is based on he enegy elaed infomaion of he node. Inemediae nodes wih low esidual enegy will no be seleced in pah discovey pocess beween souce and desinaion node. Residual enegy will be calculaed by fee space pah loss model. This algoihm will no give good esul if newok opology changes fequenly due o highe mobiliy of nodes. In [19] Jamali e al. has modified Adhoc on demand disance veco(aodv) algoihm fo obaining sable qualiy of sevice based on oue life ime ha is calculaed using mobiliy infomaion, esidual enegy and he hop coun. In [20] Naseian e al. have Focused on how o educe ouing ovehead and povided a new mahemaical famewok fo quanifying he ovehead of eacive ouing poocols such as Dynamic Souce Rouing (DSR) and Ad hoc On-Demand Disance Veco Rouing (AODV) in wieless ad hoc newoks wih andom locaion of he nodes. In [21] Locaion Aided Rouing(LAR) has been discussed fom wo pospecs. In wos case LAR assumes ha coodinaes and he velociy of desinaion node is known. Souce node pedics he locaion of desinaion node based on he velociy of node and is movemen duaion of ime, wih his infomaion i makes a squae expeced zone. LAR disance elies on he disance beween inemediae node and desinaion o deemine if an RREQ message will be boadcased o no. In second case, each node knows only is own coodinaes and 1610
does no have any infomaion egading velociy and coodinae of desinaion node. Expeced zone is defined by flooding angle α. Inemediae nodes make an angle wih desinaion node and based on he compaison beween α and, RREQ packes will be eboadcased. IV. OVERVIEW OF THE PROTOCOLS The shoes pah is one of he mos common cieia adoped by he convenional ouing poocols in MANET bu he nodes along shoes pah may be used ofen fo elaying daa fo diffeen oues esuling in exhausion of is baey fase so newok may become disconneced leaving dispaiy in he enegy and evenually disconneced sub newok. Wih he help of pefomance compaison of ouing poocols one can selec opimum bes available poocol fo one`s equiemen. As each poocol has is advanages and limiaions, so none of hem can give bes pefomance unde evey condiion. To see how on vaying he diffeen newok paamees, he qualiy of sevice of newok affecs, hee MANET poocols have been seleced fo sudy each unde above menioned caegoy - Adhoc On-Demand Disance Veco(AODV), Opimized Link Sae Rouing(OLSR) and Tempoay Odeed Rouing Algoihm(TORA). 1) Adhoc On-Demand Disance Veco (AODV) This ouing poocol is an enhanced vesion of DSDV(Desinaion Sequenced Disance Veco) which iniiae oue discovey pocess on demand [8] and mainains he pah ill daa compleion. I can suppo unicas, boadcas and mulicas ouing scheme. AODV boadcas he RREQ packe o all is neighbos and he desinaion unicas he oue eply (RREP) message o he souce via inemediae nodes. The coun o infiniy poblem has been solved by assigning sequence numbe o each oue eques and oue eply message. The significan advanage of AODV is ha i adds vey less ovehead o he ansmiing daa packe o incease houghpu. AODV elies on dynamically mainaining ouing able a each inemediae node which consis of following deails [9] : Desinaion Addess Nex Hop Addess No. of hops (meic) Desinaion sequence numbe Acive neighbos fo he oue Expiaion ime fo oue able eny 2) Opimized Link Sae Rouing (OLSR) OLSR is a able diven and poacive ouing poocol paiculaly suied fo lage and dense newoks whee a lage subse of nodes ae ansmiing daa o ohe subse and souce desinaion pai is changing ove ime. OLSR is bee han ohe able diven poocol because of is muli-poin- Relay(MPR) key feaue. Each node in he newok chooses a se of nodes among is symmeic 1-hop neighbos which is called mulipoin elay (MPR) se fo his node. Only MPR node can fowad he conol affic. If any opological change occus anywhee in he newok MPR [10] idea educes he flooding of opological infomaion in he newok. The neighbos of any node X which have no been seleced in is MPR se eceive and execue conol affic bu do no eansmi hese message so ovehead of he flooding message and size of conol message deceases. OLSR uses wo ypes of conol messages [11] (i) Hello Message (ii) Topology Conol Message. Each node sends hello message o all one hop neighbos and based on he link saus eceiving fom nodes pepaes A lis of addess of neighbos o which hee exis a symmeic link A lis of addess of neighbos which have asymmeic link saus A lis of neighbos which have been seleced as MPR. Topology conol message is used fo opology declaaion and i adveises he link saes of he nodes. 3) Tempoay Odeed Rouing Algoihm (TORA) This ouing poocol is a membe of class link evesal algoihm which can suppo boh ypes of ouing on demand and poacive simulaneously. TORA [12] is well suied fo spase affic paens in which nodes changes hei locaion fequenly so souce node mainains muliple oues fo he same desinaion. The conol messages ae confined o he node which change is locaion fo disseminaing he opology change infomaion. TORA uses hee ypes of conol messages [13] : quey(qry), updae(upd) and clea (CLR). Souce node sends quey packe o he neighboing nodes o discove he pah fo he desinaion. Updae message is used duing oue building and oue mainenance pocess in which each node assigns meic value (heigh) o ohe nodes and daa packes can be send fom uppe meic node o lowe meic node i.e. downseam flow of packes owads desinaion. The significance of heigh concep is ha i povides a loop fee, mulipah ouing sucue fo daa ansmission. Clea packes ae used o ease old and invalid oues occuing in he newok due o node movemen. Table 1 povides he compaison of hee MANET ouing poocols fo diffeen paamees of execuion: Chaaceisic AODV OLSR TORA Rouing Philosophy Reacive Poacive Boh poacive and Reacive Roue Laency When Always Boh Needed Available Communicaion Low High Medium Ovehead Fequency of Updaes Wos Case As needed Peiodically Based on mode of opeaion Full Pue Link Full Flooding Flooding Sae Table 1: Compaison of MANET Rouing Poocols 1611
V. SIMULATION AND RESULT Simulaion of above menioned poocols have been done in OPNET [14] (Opimized Newok Engineeing Tool) ve 14.0 which is objec oiened modele ool developed in C language. The andom way poin mobiliy model [15] has been used fo he movemen of nodes in which node moves fom one place o ohe wih a consan velociy hen sops fo a fixed pause ime and again changes is locaion. The ansmission ange is calculaed by fee space pah loss model [18]. By his model eceived powe a any node can be calculaed by he fomula P PG G 4 R Hee p = Tansmission powe of wieless device ha is ansmiing daa in dbm. g = Tansmiing anenna gain in dbi g = Receiving anenna gain in dbi f = fequency of wieless signal in MHz = ansmission ange in km In moe compac fom afe aking logaihmic, he above menioned fomula can be conveed fo calculaing he ange of oues wih he help of ansmie powe, eceive sensiiviy and hei anenna gain. The newok aea dimension mus be compaable o ansmission ange of oue so ha sufficien inemediae hops should be avesed beween he souce and desinaion fo daa ansmission and he simulaed envionmen maches he ealisic newok scenaio as close as possible. ( p g g p ) / 20 10 41.88 f Tem Noaion Value Fequency F 2442 MHz (all IEEE 2 802.11b devices) Tansmission powe P 7dBm (0.005W) T/x Anenna Gain G 1 dbi R/x Anenna Gain G 1 dbi Receive Sensiiviy P -90 dbm Table 2: Fo a sandad wi-fi oue, paamees values Paamee Value Simulao OPNET ve 14.0 Poocol Sudied Simulaion Time Tansmission Range Simulaion Aea Pause Time Bandwidh AODV, OLSR & TORA 600 sec 876 m 1500mX1500m 10 sec 11Mbps Table 3: The main chaaceisics of he simulaion 1) Thoughpu: I is defined as he oal amoun of daa eceived fom he sende o ime aken fo he eceive o ge he las packe in bis pe sec. In case of houghpu wih change in velociy, i has been ploed in Fig.1 fo 10 nodes wih consan packe size of 1024 byes. The houghpu of AODV inceases gadually as we incease he velociy of nodes. The houghpu of OLSR and TORA always lag behind AODV a highe velociy. A lowe velociy OLSR due o is able diven naue povides oue in advance so less conol packe ae ansmied so houghpu is highe han AODV and TORA. As we incease he numbe of nodes in he newok keeping he mobiliy of nodes consan 30m/s, (Fig.2) houghpu inceases consisenly in case of all hee ouing poocols, since moe numbe of packes ae geneaed fo each node and hey conibue o lage numbe of daa bis ansmied pe sec. Thoughpu wih vaying ansmission powe has been ploed in fig 3. Wih highes ansmission powe of 40mW,ange comes ou o be 2456m so newok aea is consideed o be 3000m X 3000m and consan node velociy of 30m/s. As ansmission powe of node inceases, less numbe of hops ae needed beween souce and desinaion so less packe ovehead is ansmied and moe daa bis is eceived a desinaion node, houghpu inceases wih incease in ansmission powe of all hee ouing poocols. (7 7 7 90) / 20 10 872m 41.88 f Fig 1: Thoughpu vesus mobiliy of nodes Taking he paamees values of a sandad wi-fi oue used in he simulaion [17] menioned in able 2, ange of he oue comes ou o be 876 m and he newok aea fo he simulaion has been aken ino consideaion is 1500x1500m 2. The sandad paamees ha have been used fo he expeimen have been lised in able 3. 1612
Fig 2: Thoughpu vesus numbe of nodes Fig 5: End o End Delay Vesus mobiliy of nodes Fig 3: Thoughpu vesus Tansmission powe of nodes Fig 4: Thoughou vesus packe size of daa Thoughpu wih vaying packe size has been ploed in Fig. 4 On hoizonal axis packe size is dawn in logaihmic scale. As packe size incease, lage numbe of daa bi will be ceaed fom souce physical laye and moe daa bis will be eceived a he eceive`s applicaion laye. 2) End o End Delay I is aveage delay beween he ime a which he daa packe is oiginaed on he souce and he ime packe eaches a he desinaion. Los packe ae no couned fo measuing end o end delay. When any daa packe oiginaes a he souce, ime consumes in following hee pocess o each o he desinaion: Roue Discovey Phase Queuing o buffeing a he inemediae nodes Reansmission of packes due o TTL (Time o Live) ime ou Fig 6: End o End Delay vesus numbe of nodes End o end delay is ploed in fig. 5 wih vaying velociy. The aveage end o end delay fo TORA lies beween AODV and OLSR due o is poacive and on demand naue simulaneously. As we incease he velociy, AODV ouing poocol akes moe ime fom he ceaion of MANET packes a is souce o he execuion a desinaion. Change in mobiliy causes fequen change in opology so moe ime consumes in finding new oues and easing olde oues enies a inemediae nodes. In fig. 6 when hee is moe affic in he newok due o highe numbe of nodes, mobiliy causes highe oue discovey pocess. AODV opeaes on full flooding echnique fo finding pah in he newok wih high ovehead. OLSR involves link sensing and neighbo deecion algoihm fo oue discovey pocess. Link sensing is accomplished by peiodically geneaing hello message ove he inefaces and assigning nodes symmeic and asymmeic links. TORA`s pefomance is no as compeiive as poacive poocols because clea (CLR) conol packes ae esponsible fo subsanially easing oues which become invalid and old due o newok paiion. Wih incease in ansmission powe ange of he oue (fig. 7) inceases so less numbe of hops ae needed beween souce and desinaion duing pah discovey pocess, aveage end o end delay decease wih incease in ansmission powe. Fig 8 povides he compaison beween end o end delya fo vaying daa packe size. As pe he esul, end o end delya fo AODV and TORA always emain highe han OLSR. Fo OLSR maximum end o end delay is 0.06 sec and fo AODV i is 0.233 sec. 1613
Fig 7: End o End Delay vesus Tansmission Powe of node Fig 10: Packe Delivey Raio vesus numbe of nodes Fig 8: End o End Delay vesus Daa Packe Size 3) Packe Delivey Raio: Packe Delivey Raio is defined as he numbe of packes successfully eceived a he applicaion laye o he numbe of packes send fom souce applicaion laye. Fo he bes esul, packe delivey aio should be as close as o uniy. Due o packe loss in daa ansmission he oal numbe of packes eceived a he eceive is always less han he oal numbe of packes sen fom he souce. As pe ou esuls (fig. 9) AODV delives almos 85 pecen of packes a he eceive applicaion laye while he packe delivey aio fo he OLSR decease as we incease he velociy. A highe velociy AODV and TORA ouing poocol delives faily same numbe of packes a he eceive applicaion laye. Wih highe numbe of nodes in he newok (fig.10) AODV and OLSR show consisen fall in packe delivey aio. Poacive ouing poocols have fewe packe dops as compaed o AODV and TORA as alenae ouing able enies can be assigned in siuaion of link failue. In fig. 11 packe delivey aio smoohly inceases wih incease in ansmission powe. Wih highe ansmission powe daa packes ae elayed by less inemediae hops so buffeing of daa packes while oue discovey in pogess has likely effec in impoving pefomance of AODV, OLSR and TORA. Wih incease in packe size floaing in he newok (fig.12) wosen he numbe of packes eceiving a he desinaion. AODV dops consideably less amoun of packes in compaison o OLSR and TORA because of high expiaion ime of he oue a he inemediae nodes. Fig 11: Packe Delivey Raio vesus Tansmission powe Fig 9: Packe Delivey Raio vesus mobiliy of nodes Fig 12: Packe Delivey Raio vesus Daa packe size 1614
VI CONCLUSION This is a compehensive pefomance evaluaion of hee commonly used MANET ouing poocols AODV, OLSR and TORA. Qualiy of sevice has been deemined of he newok by measuing houghpu, end o end delay and packe delivey aio a packe level using OPNET simulao. In MANET hee is no adhoc ouing algoihm which akes cae of each paamee like ansmission powe, numbe of nodes, packe size and mobiliy of nodes and povide bes esul in each cicumsances. Followings ae he main conclusion ha can be summaized fom he expeimenal esuls: Incease in he densiy of he nodes leads o incease in houghpu. Incease in he packe size of he daa packes causes incease in houghpu. Inceasing he nodes in he newok incease aveage end o end delay. Incease in he ansmission powe of he souce node yields decease in aveage end o end delay Incease he size of daa packe size educes he packe delivey aio a he desinaion node. OLSR shows moe flucuaion in houghpu as compaed o AODV and TORA a highe velociy while TORA always gives modeae esul as compaed o AODV and OLSR fo vaying mobiliy of nodes and he numbe of nodes in he newok. Wih incease in ansmission powe, all he hee poocols AODV, OLSR and TORA show shap decease in end o end delay bu packe delivey aio fo he simila newok scenaio keeping all ohe newok paamee consan show gadual ise in pefomance. FUTURE WORK This eseach wok is dedicaed o compaing mane ouing poocols unde vaious newok condiion and he esuls can be used in designing he new ouing algoihm wih impoved newok qualiy of sevice. Fuhe moe in deph analysis of he ouing poocols can be done on he basis of ohe ouing paamees. REFERENCES [1] www.ief.og/hml.chae/mane chae.hml, Inene engineeing ask foce (ief)," Mobile Adhoc Newoks Woking Goup Chae. [2] N. Nikaein, H. Labiod, and C. 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