Name: Date: Section 13-1: The Industrial Revolution and America Chapter 13 Section Review Packet 1. Industrial Revolution 2. Textiles 3. Richard Awkwright 4. Samuel Slater 5. Technology 6. Eli Whitney 7. Interchangeable parts 8. Mass production a. Pioneered the use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing b. Goods made from cloth or fiber c. Describes parts of machines and manufactured goods that can be mass produced and changed out rapidly d. Term that describes the tools used to produce items or to do work e. Opened a textile mill in Pawtucket, RI f. Invented a large spinning machine that could spin multiple threads at once using waterpower g. Production of goods on a large scale using large amounts of labor h. Period when manufacturing gradually shifted from small workshops and homes to factories and machines 9. a-c) What factors led to the Industrial Revolution? b) What industry experienced the first major change in manufacturing, and c) where did this initially occur? a) New inventions/processes (spinning jenny, interchangeable parts, mass production) that increased the speed and efficiency of manufacturing, growing urban populations, increased demand for manufactured goods b) Began primarily in the textile industry c) Great Britain 10. a) How did the Industrial Revolution gradually reach the United States? b) How were early factories powered? a) Men like Samuel Slater, familiar with manufacturing processes in Great Britain, came to the United States and built textile factories b) Factories were located next to moving streams of water such as rivers to provide power through water wheels 11. Explain the concept of a) interchangeable parts and b) mass production. c) Who is given credit for these important innovations, and d) how did they change the way goods were manufactured? a) Interchangeable parts is the concept that manufactured products were made from identical parts using machinery, so the products were easier to assemble, fix, etc at a much lower cost than goods that were made by hand b) Mass production is the production of manufactured goods in large quantities by machine, much cheaper than hand made goods c) Eli Whitney given credit for these innovations d) Goods manufactured faster, easier, cheaper
12. a-c) Why did manufacturing in the United States develop more slowly than in Great Britain? d-e) What, in particular, led Americans to place an emphasis on the development of American industry? a) Developed more slowly because there was an emphasis on agriculture, owning land, etc in America b) Not a large labor force to find workers c) Most Americans got their manufactured goods from Britain at a relatively cheap price d) Acts such as the Embargo Act of 1807 and Non-Intercourse Act of 1808 forced American manufacturers to industrialize because trade with foreign countries was cut off e) War of 1812 and resulting blockade of American ports also forced industrialization so that Americans could have manufactured goods
Section 13-2: Changes in Working Life 13. Rhode Island System 14. Francis Cabot Lowell 15. Lowell System 16. Trade unions 17. Strikes 18. Sarah Bagley a. Groups that tried to improve pay and working conditions for their members b. A refusal to work until workers demands are met c. Founder of the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association d. The practice of hiring young, unmarried women from farms to work in water-powered factories e. Businessman from New England that created a new model for factories and manufacturing f. Samuel Slater s practice of hiring entire families and delegating simple tasks 19. a) How did men like Samuel Slater fulfill their labor needs in mills and factories? b) What did this system come to be known as? c) What kinds of wages were these laborers paid? a) Samuel Slater hired entire families to work in his textile mills b) Rhode Island System because he built his factory in Pawtucket, RI c) Workers paid very low wages 20. a) How did Francis Lowell s hiring of labor differ from Slater s? b) Why was Lowell s textile mill considered a desirable place to work? c) What were some disadvantages for women working in these mills? a) Lowell only hired young, unmarried women (practice known as the Lowell System) b) Better wages than other factories such as Slater s; opportunity to work and earn money, as opposed to simply working on a family farm c) Disadvantages: long working hours, daily life controlled, as production increased employees forced to work harder and faster, factory conditions often caused health problems 21. a) What factors led workers to organize trade unions? b) What was one practice at the disposal of trade unions in order to get management to recognize the workers concerns? a) Desire for better wages, shorter working hours, better working conditions led to formation of trade unions b) Trade unions could strike, or walk off of the job, in order to get their demands met 22. a) What were the primary concerns of activists such as Sarah G. Bagley? b) What kind of change was made thanks to her efforts? a) Concerned with long working hours, poor working conditions, etc. b) Helped get state laws passed to gradually shorten working hours
Section 13-3: The Transportation Revolution 23. Transportation Revolution 24. Robert Fulton 25. Clermont 26. Gibbons v. Ogden 27. Peter Cooper 28. Tom Thumb a. Early steam powered locomotive b. Court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that federal law superseded state law, and that Congress alone has the power to regulate interstate commerce c. First full size commercial steamboat d. Inventor of the steamboat e. Inventor of the locomotive f. Period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel 29. a) What were the two most important forms of transportation invented during the Transportation Revolution, and who is credited with their introduction? b) What invention allowed this to happen? a) Two most important forms of transportation invented during T.R. were the steamboat, introduced by Robert Fulton, and railroad locomotive (train), introduced by Peter Cooper b) Invention of steam engine led to these innovations 30. a) How did the steamboat change river travel? B) How did the locomotive change travel over land? a) Steamboat changed river travel by making transportation of goods and people faster, cheaper, and allowed for fast travel in either direction on a river (downstream and upstream) b) Locomotive changed travel over land by making transportation of goods and people faster, cheaper, etc., also encouraged westward expansion 31. a) What were the dangers associated with steamboat travel? b) What dangers were associated with travel by train? a) Steam engines were not safe; could explode if too much pressure built up in boiler of engine b) In locomotives, threat of explosion from steam engines as well as derailments from travelling too fast (conductors trying to stay on schedule) 32. a) Explain the effects of the Transportation Revolution on commerce and travel. b) How did it contribute to the nation s economic and territorial growth? a) Overall, increased commerce and growth of the economy; made manufactured goods more available to the lower and middle classes; travel now faster and cheaper b) Encouraged westward expansion; new settlements, towns, cities, etc would be built along rail line; would open new markets for manufactured goods in the west; allowed western farmers to more easily ship goods back to markets in the east
Section 13-4: More Technological Advances Match the following terms with the correct answer: 33. Samuel F. B. Morse 34. Telegraph 35. Morse code 36. John Deere 37. Cyrus McCormick 38. Isaac Singer a. Inventor of the mechanical reaper b. Made improvements to the sewing machine c. Language made up of dots and dashes representing letters of the alphabet d. Inventor of the telegraph e. Designer of a steel plow f. Device that allowed electrical signals to be sent over great distances through wires 39. a) How did the telegraph change how Americans communicated? b) What other technological innovation allowed the use of the telegraph to expand across the country? a) Telegraph made communication almost instantaneous; no longer took days or weeks to communicate b) Spread of railroads allowed use of telegraph to expand because telegraph lines were often built along the same route as railroads to quickly put new towns and cities in contact with eastern parts of the country 40. a) How did the development of the steam engine affect industrialization in the United States? b) How did this change the way goods were produced? a) Steam engine was introduced as form of power for factories; Factories no longer had to be built along rivers or streams for power, could now be built everywhere; Factories were now built in urban areas and could take advantage of growing urban populations and cheap source of labor; also shortened distances between factories and the markets where goods were sold b) Greatly increased number of factories and the manufacturing output of the United States 41. a-b) Describe two major agricultural inventions and who invented them. b) How did these inventions affect agricultural production? a) Steel plow, invented by John Deere, allowed fields to be plowed and planted much faster and more efficiently b) Mechanical reaper, invented by Cyrus McCormick, allowed crops to be harvested much faster and more efficiently c) Led to decreased need for labor on farms; this excess labor led to population moving from rural to urban areas, thus increasing the supply of labor for factories and industry 42. a-e) List various inventions and advancements that made life easier and more efficient in the homes of average Americans. a) Sewing Machine, improved and produced by Isaac Singer, allowed people to make/mend their clothing at home faster and more efficiently b) Ice box, which allowed Americans to store and keep food for longer periods of time c) Iron stove, which replaced cooking fires in homes, now a dedicated way of preparing food and heating home d) Improved water systems, which allowed for indoor plumbing to be used in multi-story buildings e) Americans could now afford manufactured items such as clocks because of interchangeable parts and mass production; goods now cheaper because they no longer had to be handmade (an expensive process)