Cranfield University Alumni Event and Defence Education Conference «Integrated Air Defence Systems - Countering Low Observable Airborne Threats» JUNE 2017
World War I
Battle of Britain Scramble Dogfight over Britain
Battle of Britain Observer Corps Radar System
Battle of Britain Air Chief Marshal Dowding
Battle of Britain Sensors (Inputs) Control Effectors Integrated Air Defense System
Integrated Air Defence System Identification (Sensor or Procedures Based) Assessment Detection (Sensors) Kill Chain Reaction Selection (Rules of Engagement) Selection of Weapon System Engagement Tracking Weapons Release
Centralized Command and Control Tracking Required for Engagement Integrated Air Defence System Networked Operation Layered Structure
Technologies affecting IADS Performance Low Observability Aircraft - Stealth Network Centered Warfare
Low Observability Aircraft Stealth A-6 Intruder Stealth Signature
Low Observability Aircraft Stealth
Low Observability Aircraft Stealth
Low Observability Aircraft Stealth
Estimated RCS for the F-35 Aircraft, front sector (-45 to +45 in azimuth, -15 to +15 in elevation): 0.01 m² (with RAM) Using the POFACETS code Reminder: 0.0015 m² is the RCS value leaked by USAF
Operational Aspects
Low Observability Aircraft Stealth Operational Aspects
Low Observability Aircraft Stealth Operational Aspects First Shot Advantage
Low Observability Aircraft Stealth Operational Aspects Weapons Effective Range (i.e 25 Miles) Radar Weapons Quality Track Range First Shot Advantage
Low Observability Aircraft Stealth Operational Aspects Data Link First Shot Advantage
Integrated Air Defence System - STEALTH Detection Early Warning Engagement (Air/Ground Based) Tracking Weapons Kill Probability Tactics Weapon Effectiveness
Integrated Air Defence System - STEALTH Eliminating Stealth Advantage Restore Early Warning Capability Ensure maximum weapon guidance capability (Both Air Based and Ground Based) Exploitation of spectrum Maximization of Information Flow
Countering Stealth Technology Low Frequency Radars VHF Radars 1-3 meters wavelegth High RCS Very large Antennas Big Resolution Cell (Low Accuracy) Reflections from wings tail Resonance Scatter Low Scattering from shaping features Low effectiveness of RAM
Countering Stealth Technology Low Frequency Radars
Countering Stealth Technology Low Frequency Radars NEBO SVU System MEADS
Countering Stealth Technology Multistatic and Passive Radars Bistatic Multistatic (MIMO)
Countering Stealth Technology Multistatic and Passive Radars Passive
Passive Radar Principles of Operation Countering Stealth Technology
Countering Stealth Technology Passive Radar Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Lack of emission Undetectable Difficult to jam Emplacement without restrictions no licensing needs for operation (crucial in radiation crowded places) Anti-stealth capability Different frequency bands usage than conventional systems Possible better S/N due to distance Multistatic RCS Low construction and operation cost (no transmitter) Disadvantages Increased complexity High dependence on space geometry Dependence on uncooperative source Unpredictable source signal Emplacement & coverage restrictions Source emission power Bandwidth Limited detection altitude, due to lack of exploitable emissions in high altitudes Forward Scattering Specular Reflection Unknown Aspect Angle
Theoretical Operation Antennas Emplacement DSI
Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation
Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation
Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation 2α: constant distances summary 2γ: focal points distance (= γ 1 )
Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation
Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation
Theoretical Operation Target Velocity Calculation
Implementation of a Passive System RTL2832U LNA RTL2832U 10,37 USB data connection
Results Testing - Measurements - Evaluation Target distance estimation capability assessment
Capabilities of Implemented System Range resolution 2000-2500 m Velocity resolution 0.50673 mach Noise tolerance SNR = 5 10-5 = -43.0103 db (with velocity calculation) SNR = 10-6 = -60 db (without velocity calculation) Research Systems NetRad by University College London
Commercial Systems Silent Sentry (LM Aero) Homeland Alerter (THALES) AIRBUS DEFENCE Silent Guard Era (Chech Republic)
AESA RADARS Electronic Scanning Independent Elements for transmittion and reception. Lobe forming by changing the phase of the antenna elements
AESA RADARS Almost iminent lobe location (especially usefull in combined modes like Track while Scan Increased reliability (no mechanical parts)
AESA RADARS Main disadvantage the reduction of Antenna Gain (and the range of the radar) while scanning off boresight
AESA RADARS Off boresight Angle 44
AESA RADARS
Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST)
Infrared Bands Windows
Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) Aerodynamic heating
Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) 100 100 80 60 40 20 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 80 60 40 20 0 30 60 90 AZIMUTH ANGLE (DEGREES OF NOSE) 120 150 180 0 Wavelength (microns) 0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.0
Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) Rafale OSF: IRST, FLIR, TV, Laser. Eurofighter PIRATE: IRST, FLIR. Gripen Skyward: IRST
Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) F-35 electro-optical systems AN/AAQ-37 EODAS AN/AAQ-40 EOTS
Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) SU-35 IRST Su-27ULB with OLS-27 PAK-FA IRST
Engine Emissions F-35 Data 3D CAD Model Atmosphere Absorption/scattering/ Refraction Beer s Law E=exp(-a R) Background Radiation Sky Radiation clouds Sensor Model (PIRATE) Array size, optics Sensitivity Different Modes Detection Probability Range Estimation
Simulation Results Excellent Performance in Drought or Clean Atmosphere Moderate Performance in Rain or Haze Detection Tracking Threats Warning Receiver Passive Sensor Integrated Combat System (IRST, RADAR, EWS)
Conclusions
Conclusions Improve Detection Improve Engagement Improve Kill Probability VHF Radars Passive Radars OTH Radars (?).. Weapon range based Tracking Sensor Fusion (IRST, Radar) Situation Awareness (Network Centric) Tactics
Thank you!