Polymer modified bitumen Properties and characterisation Edited by Tony McNally WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
Contents Contributor contact details ix Introduction to polymer modified bitumen (PmB) T. McNALLY, Queen's University Belfast, UK 1.1 Bitumen 1 1.2 Polymer modified bitumen 8 1.3 Introduction to Polymer modified bitumen: properties and characterisation 14 1.4 References 15 Part I Types of polymer modified bitumen 23 2 Polymer modified bitumen emulsions (PMBEs) 25 D. LESUEUR, Lhoist R&D, Belgium 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Manufacturing polymer modified bitumen emulsions (PMBEs) 26 2.3 Uses of PMBE 35 2.4 Conclusions 38 2.5 References 40 3 Modification of bitumen using polyurethanes 43 P. PARTAL and F. J. MARTINEZ-BoZA, Universidad de Huelva, Spain 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Bitumen modification by polymers 44 3.3 Modification by isocyanate-based reactive polymers 46 3.4 The role of the bitumen colloidal nature 49 3.5 Polyurethane/urea-based modified bitumen 55 3.6 Bitumen foaming and future trends 59 3.7 Sources of further information and advice 67 3.8 References 68 Woodhead Publishing Limited. 2011
vi Contents 4 Rubber modified bitumen 72 I. GAWEL, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland, J. PUAT, P. RADZISZEWSKI, K. J. KOWALSKI and J. B. KR6L, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Waste rubber recycling 73 4.3 Shredding of scrap rubber from tyres 75 4.4 Methods of bitumen modification with crumb rubber 76 4.5 Rubber-bitumen interactions 78 4.6 Properties of rubber modified bitumen 84 4.7 Properties of asphalt-rubber mixture 87 4.8 Performance of pavement with asphalt-rubber mixture 90 4.9 Economic benefits 92 4.10 Conclusions 93 4.11 References 93 5 The use of waste polymers to modify bitumen 98 F. J. NAVARRO DOMfNGUfZ and M. GARCfA-MoRALES, Universidad de HueIva, Spain 5.1 Introduction 98 5.2 Processing of waste polymer modified bitumens 100 5.3 Thermomechanical properties of waste polymer modified bitumens III 5.4 Future trends 132 5.5 Sources of further information and advice 133 5.6 References 133 6 Polypropylene fiber-reinforced bitumen 136 S. TAPKIN, Ü. U~AR and S, ÖZCAN, Anadolu University, Turkey and A. CEVIK, University of Gaziantep, Turkey 6.1 Introduction to polypropylene modification of asphalt concrete 136 6.2 Using polypropylene fibers to improve the fatigue life of asphalt concrete 138 6.3 Experiments used to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber-reinforced asphalt mixtures 139 6.4 Analysing the fatigue life of bituminous concrete 145 6.5 Analysing the repeated creep behaviour of bituminous concrete by utilising wet basis modification 152 6.6 Using artificial neural networks to predict physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene-modified dense bituminous mixtures 161
Contents vii 6.7 Determining the optimal polypropylene fiber modification of asphalt concrete utilising static creep tests, Marshal1 tests and f1uorescence microscopy analyses 181 6.8 Conclusions 189 6.9 References 190 Part 11 Characterisation and properties 195 7 Rheology of polymer-modified bitumens 197 C. GALLEGOS and M. GARCIA-MoRALES, Universidad de Huelva, Spain 7.1 Introduction 197 7.2 Rheological characterisation of polymer-modified bitumen at in-service temperatures 200 7.3 Case studies 218 7.4 Conclusions and future trends 231 7.5 Sources of further information and advice 232 7.6 References 232 8 Factors affecting the rheology of polymer modified bitumen (PMB) 238 G. D. AIREY, University of Nottingharn, UK 8.1 Introduction 238 8.2 Polymer modification 239 8.3 Conventional physical property tests 243 8.4 Advanced rheological characterisation 248 8.5 Ageing 251 8.6 Asphalt mixture performance 256 8.7 Conclusions 260 8.8 Sources offurther information and advice 261 8.9 References 262 9 Ageing of polymer modified bitumen (PMB) 264 J.-Y. Yu, Z.-G. FENG and H.-L. ZHANG, Wuhan University of Technology, P. R. China 9.1 Introduction 264 9.2 Main causes of ageing for polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) 265 9.3 Simulative ageing methods of polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) 269 9.4 Ageing performance and characterization of polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) 272
viii Contents 9.5 Methods for improving the ageing resistance of polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) 292 9.6 Future trends in research on polymer modified bitumen (PMB) ageing 293 9.7 Sources of further information and advice 294 9.8 References 295 10 Natural weathering of styrene-butadiene modified bitumen 298 J-F. MASSON, P. COLLINS, J. R. WOODS and S. BUNDALO-PERC, National Research Council of Canada, Canada and I. L. AL-QADI, University of IIIinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA 10.1 Introduction 298 10.2 Background 299 10.3 Bituminous sealants and methods of analysis 300 10.4 Weathering of bituminous sealants 309 10.5 Future trends 330 10.6 References 332 11 Fuel resistance of bituminous binders 336 G. POLACCO, S. FILlPPI, M. PACI and S. MARKANDAY, University of Pisa, Italy and F. MERUSI and F. GIULlAN1, University of Parma, Italy 11.1 Introduction 336 11.2 Solubility of bituminous binders 338 11.3 Bitumen modification to enhance fuel resistance 340 11.4 Conclusions 362 11.5 References 363 12 Physico-chemical techniques for analysing the ageing of polymer modified bitumen 366 v. MOUILLEf, Centre d'etudes Techniques de I'Equipement-Mediterranee, France and F. FARCAS and E. CHAILLEUX, Institut Francais des Seiences et Technologies des Transports, de I' Amenagernent et des Reseaux, France 12.1 Introduction 366 12.2 Usual methods for physico-chemical characterization of polymer modified bitumen (PmB) ageing 367 12.3 Investigation at the microseopie scale of polymer modified bitumen (PmB) ageing 382 12.4 Conclusions 389 12.5 Acknowledgements 392 12.6 References 392 Index 396