Lecure 1: Augus 27, 2012 Inroducion o Power Elecronics ECEN 4797/5797 Rober W. Erickson Universiy of Colorado, Boulder Fall 2012 1 Inroducion o Power Elecronics ECEN 4797/5797 Insrucor: Prof. Bob Erickson Of ce: ECOT 356 Telephone: (303) 492-7003 Email: rwe@colorado.edu Of ce hours: MW 3:00-4:00 pm Telephone of ce hours: M 3:00-4:00 pm Course web sie: hp://ece.colorado.edu/~ecen5797 Includes lecure slides, handous, homework assignmens, links o online lecure les Texbook: Erickson and Maksimovic, Fundamenals of Power Elecronics, second ediion, Springer, ISBN 0-7923-7270-0. Prerequisie: A 3-4 semeser sequence of undergraduae EE circuis and elecronics courses (a Univ. of Colorado: ECEN 3250) 2
Coursework in Power Elecronics a he Universiy of Colorado Power elecronics courses ECEN 4797/5797 (his course): Inro o power elecronics (Fall) ECEN 5807 Modeling and Conrol of Power Elecronics Sysems (Al Spring semesers, including S 13) ECEN 5817 Resonan and Sof-Swiching Techniques in Power Elecronics (Al Spring semesers, including S 14) ECEN 4517/5517 Power Elecronics Laboraory (Spring) Professional Ceri cae in Power Elecronics ECEN 5797, 5807, and 5817 Formas for his course On-campus, for senior or graduae credi Web-based lecures: recorded wih ECHO 360 sysem, wih viewing hrough he Flash viewer. For echnical help, conac help@cuengineeringonline.colorado.edu (CAETE) 3 Grading Homework Due a beginning of class on dae lised on Lecure Schedule web page Submi online via D2L dropbox; lae homework no acceped Homework couns 50% of grade You may speak wih ohers abou he homework, bu urn in your own work Homework and exam problems of addiional deph and complexiy for hose earning graduae credi; separaely graded Exams Miderm exam: one-week ake-home exam, 17% of grade Final exam: ve-day ake-home exam, 33% of grade See course schedule page for daes See course vials page for deails 4
Desire-2-Learn (D2L) Sie learn.colorado.edu Log on wih your campus IdeniKey Dropbox for submission of homework and exams Scan, save as pdf, hen upload o he D2L dropbox For on-campus sudens: a scanner is available wihin he SRC Auomaic deadline a beginning of class A log of your grades for all assignmens When grading is complee, your grade will appear online Running oal of your overall course grade Grader will pos commens and annoaions online Homework soluions Posed wihin D2L afer submission deadline Suden discussion forum You can pos quesions and discussions wih your classmaes Normally quesions will no be answered by Prof. Erickson Posing of homework soluions in he forum is prohibied 5 Off-campus sudens Viewing of lecures Lecures are normally available online by he end of he day of he oncampus lecure Assignmens Use he D2L sie o upload your pdf le: same as for on-campus sudens Generally, by Friday he lecures will nish covering he maerial needed for he homework assignmen due he following Friday. So you can work he homework over he weekend. Professor Erickson will be available for elephone of ce hours on Monday afernoon, o answer any quesions. Check ou he D2L suden forums Due daes are he same as for he on-campus sudens Educaional Of cers No needed See course vials page Link o academic calendar for CAETE sudens, including add/drop deadlines 6
Key daes Drop deadlines Sepember 12: las day o drop he course and receive full uiion refund, wih no W grade appearing on ranscrip Ocober 10: las day o drop he course wihou peiioning he Dean s of ce Tenaive exam daes Miderm exam: 1 week ake-home exam. Available hrough D2L on Oc. 19, due on Oc. 26. Final exam: Four day ake-home exam. Available hrough D2L on Dec. 14, due on Dec. 18. Grades assigned in May appear on your permanen universiy ranscrip Campus holidays Labor day: Sep. 3 Fall break / Thanksgiving holiday: Nov. 19-23 7 Chaper 1: Inroducion 1.1. Inroducion o power processing 1.2. Some applicaions of power elecronics 1.3. Elemens of power elecronics Summary of he course 7
1.1 Inroducion o Power Processing Power inpu Swiching converer Power oupu Conrol inpu Dc-dc conversion: Change and conrol volage magniude Ac-dc reci caion: Possibly conrol dc volage, ac curren Dc-ac inversion: Produce sinusoid of conrollable magniude and frequency Ac-ac cycloconversion: Change and conrol volage magniude and frequency 8 Conrol is invariably required Power inpu Swiching converer Power oupu feedforward Conrol inpu Conroller feedback reference 9
High ef ciency is essenial 1 = P ou P in 0.8 P loss = P in P ou = P ou 1 1 High ef ciency leads o low power loss wihin converer Small size and reliable operaion is hen feasible Ef ciency is a good measure of converer performance 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.5 1 1.5 P loss / P ou 10 A high-ef ciency converer P in Converer P ou A goal of curren converer echnology is o consruc converers of small size and weigh, which process subsanial power a high ef ciency 11
Devices available o he circui designer DT s T s 12 Devices available o he circui designer Linearmode Swiched-mode Resisors Capaciors Magneics Semiconducor devices Linearmode Swiched-mode Resisors Capaciors Magneics Semiconducor devices DT s T s Signal processing: avoid magneics 13
Devices available o he circui designer Linearmode Swiched-mode Resisors Capaciors Magneics Semiconducor devices DT s T s Power processing: avoid lossy elemens 14 Power loss in an ideal swich Swich closed: v() = 0 Swich open: i() = 0 In eiher even: p() = v() i() = 0 Ideal swich consumes zero power v() i() 15
A simple dc-dc converer example 100V Dc-dc R converer 5 I 10A V 50V Inpu source: 100V Oupu load: 50V, 10A, 500W How can his converer be realized? 16 Dissipaive realizaion Resisive volage divider 100V P in = 1000W 50V P loss = 500W R 5 I 10A V 50V P ou = 500W 17
Dissipaive realizaion Series pass regulaor: ransisor operaes in acive region 50V I 10A 100V P in 1000W linear amplifier R and base driver 5 P loss 500W V ref V 50V P ou = 500W 18 Use of a SPDT swich 1 I 10 A 100 V 2 v s () R v() 50 V v s () DT s (1 D) T s swich posiion: 1 2 1 19 0 V s = D
The swich changes he dc volage level v s () V s = D D = swich duy cycle 0 D 1 DT s (1 D) T s swich posiion: 1 2 1 0 T s = swiching period f s = swiching frequency = 1 / T s DC componen of v s () = average value: V s = 1 T s 0 T s v s () d = D 20 Addiion of low pass ler Addiion of (ideally lossless) L-C low-pass ler, for removal of swiching harmonics: 100 V 1 i() L 2 v s () C R v() P in 500 W P P loss small ou = 500 W Choose ler cuoff frequency f 0 much smaller han swiching frequency f s This circui is known as he buck converer 21
Addiion of conrol sysem for regulaion of oupu volage Power inpu Swiching converer Load i v g v H(s) Sensor gain () Transisor gae driver Pulse-widh modulaor v c G c (s) Compensaor Error signal v e Hv dt s T s Reference inpu v ref 22 The boos converer 2 L 1 C R V 5 4 V 3 2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 23 D
A single-phase inverer 1 v s () 2 2 v() load 1 v s () H-bridge Modulae swich duy cycles o obain sinusoidal low-frequency componen 24 1.2 Several applicaions of power elecronics Power levels encounered in high-ef ciency converers less han 1 W in baery-operaed porable equipmen ens, hundreds, or housands of was in power supplies for compuers or of ce equipmen kw o MW in variable-speed moor drives 1000 MW in reci ers and inverers for uiliy dc ransmission lines 25
A lapop compuer power supply sysem Inverer Display backlighing v ac () i ac () Charger PWM Recifier Buck converer Microprocessor Power managemen ac line inpu 85265 Vrms Lihium baery Boos converer Disk drive 26 Power sysem of an earh-orbiing spacecraf Dissipaive shun regulaor Solar array v bus Baery charge/discharge conrollers Dc-dc converer Dc-dc converer Baeries Payload Payload 27
An elecric vehicle power and drive sysem ac machine ac machine Inverer Inverer conrol bus 3øac line 50/60 Hz Baery charger baery v b DC-DC converer Low-volage dc bus P sysem conroller Vehicle elecronics Inverer Inverer Variable-frequency Variable-volage ac ac machine ac machine 28 A sandalone phoovolaic power sysem The sysem consruced in ECEN 4517/5517 Power Elecronics and Phoovolaic Sysems Laboraory 29
1.3 Elemens of power elecronics Power elecronics incorporaes conceps from he elds of analog circuis elecronic devices conrol sysems power sysems magneics elecric machines numerical simulaion 30 Par I. Converers in equilibrium Inducor waveforms Averaged equivalen circui v L () V R L D Ron D' V D D' R D D' : 1 DT s D'T s V swich posiion: 1 2 1 I V R i L () I i L (0) V L i L (DT s ) V L 0 DT s T s i L Prediced ef ciency 100% 90% 80% 70% 0.02 0.01 0.002 60% 0.05 50% R L /R = 0.1 Disconinuous conducion mode Transformer isolaion 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 31 D
Swich realizaion: semiconducor devices The IGBT collecor Swiching loss ransisor waveforms i A () Q r gae v A () i L emier 0 0 n Gae p n Emier n p n diode waveforms i L 0 area Q r i B () v B () 0 n - minoriy carrier injecion r p Collecor p A () = v A i A area ~Q r area ~i L r 0 1 2 32 Par I. Converers in equilibrium 2. Principles of seady sae converer analysis 3. Seady-sae equivalen circui modeling, losses, and ef ciency 4. Swich realizaion 5. The disconinuous conducion mode 6. Converer circuis 33
Par II. Converer dynamics and conrol Closed-loop converer sysem Power inpu Swiching converer Load Averaging he waveforms gae drive v g () v() R feedback connecion ransisor gae driver () () pulse-widh modulaor v c () compensaor v c G c (s) volage reference v ref v acual waveform v() including ripple averaged waveform <v()> Ts wih ripple negleced dt s T s Conroller Small-signal averaged equivalen circui v g () Id() V L g V d() 1 : D D' : 1 Id() C v() R 34 Par II. Converer dynamics and conrol 7. Ac modeling 8. Converer ransfer funcions 9. Conroller design 10. 11. Inpu ler design Ac and dc equivalen circui modeling of he disconinuous conducion mode 12. Curren-programmed conrol 35
Par III. Magneics ransformer design i 1 () n 1 : n 2 i M () i 2 () L M R 1 R 2 i k () he proximiy effec 3i 2i 2i i i curren densiy J layer 3 layer 2 layer 1 d : n k R k ransformer size vs. swiching frequency Po core size 4226 3622 2616 2213 1811 1811 2213 2616 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 B max (T) 25kHz 50kHz 100kHz 200kHz 250kHz 400kHz 500kHz 1000kHz Swiching frequency 0 36 Par III. Magneics 13. Basic magneics heory 14. Inducor design 15. Transformer design 37