10GBASE-T T Tutorial IEEE 802.3 Kauai, Hawaii November 11, 2002 Communications Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 1
Agenda Introduction, Cabling & Challenges - George Zimmerman, Ph.D. CEO & CTO Founder Implementation & Performance - Bill Jones, Ph.D. Director, Systems Engr. Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 2
10G on UTP Possible or Not? The Problem Characterization vs. Specification Cabling & Impairments Limitations Capacity How to pick the right bandwidth? Challenges Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 3
Applications Overview 10-Gb/s Ethernet connections </= 100m Utilize installed base of structured Cat 5e UTP Upgrade from 1000BASE-T MAC 10GBase-T Transceiver Wallplate or Patch Panel Cat5e UTP (4 pairs) Wallplate or Patch Panel 10GBase-T Transceiver MAC up to 5m up to 90m up to 5m 11/4/2002 Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 4
Ethernet Evolution New Model Shannon Speed Conventional Wisdom Shannon 1000BASE-T 10GBASE-T Perceived Shannon Perceived Shannon 100BASE-T 10BASE-T 1 bit/s/hz Analog Linear >1 bit/s/hz Analog & Digital Non-Linear >>1 bit/s/hz Divide & Conquer DSP, Coded AFE+DSP MIMO/Multiuser Channel-Optimized Time Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 5
What Makes Shannon Limits? NOT modulation-specific Signal Attenuation (assumed usable bandwidth) Assumed irreducible noise sources Background Crosstalk Crosstalk from other pairs in our sheath Alien crosstalk coming from other bundled 4-pair sheaths Device noise from transceiver Change the assumptions & change the limit! (to a point ) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 6
Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 7 Channel Impairments Channel Impairments R T H Y B R I D R T H Y B R I D R T H Y B R I D R T H Y B R I D R T H Y B R I D R T H Y B R I D R T H Y B R I D R T H Y B R I D NEXT14 NEXT12 NEXT13 FEXT14 FEXT13 FEXT12 Far Echo Near Echo Alien Crosstalk, EMI
Characterization vs. Specification Cat 5/5e cable must be high quality with minor structural variations to meet TIA-568 requirements 100 MHz (or 250 MHz) limit imposed by TIA qualification requirements not the physical limitations of the cable Cable properties stable beyond 500 MHz depends mainly on transmission line geometry and construction materials Minor structural variations and connector discontinuities affect channel transmission, but not catastrophically Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 8
Cat 5e Channel: Insertion Loss Measured Cat 5e 100 Meter Channel Insertion Gain at 20 C 0-10 Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Cat 5e limit Extended limit Insertion gain (db) -20-30 -40-50 -60 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Frequency (MHz) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 9
Cat 5e Channel: NEXT Measured Pair-to-pair NEXT Coupling into Cat 5e Pair 1 0-10 -20 Insertion gain (db) -30-40 -50-60 NEXT12 NEXT13-70 NEXT14 Cat 5e limit Extended limit -80 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Frequency (MHz) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 10
Cat 5e Channel: FEXT Measured Pair-to-pair FEXT Coupling into Cat 5e Pair 1-40 -50 FEXT12 FEXT13 FEXT14 Insertion gain (db) -60-70 -80-90 -100 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Frequency (MHz) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 11
Alien NEXT Cat 5e Power Sum Alien NEXT vs. Patch Panel Position -20 Single (4-pair cable) disturber, 40 meter length unbundled -30 Insertion gain (db) -40-50 -60-70 Adjacent connector Non-adjacent connector Cat 5e NEXT limit Extended limit -80 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Frequency (MHz) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 12
EMI - Emitted >100 MHz on Cat 5e can meet FCC Class A ~12 dbm launch power limitation Worst-Case Radiated Emissions at 3 Meters - Cat 5e UTP 60 55 Electric field (dbuv/m) 50 45 40 35 30 25-80 dbm/hz signal FCC Class A limit FCC Class B limit 20 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Frequency (MHz) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 13
Overall Environment Sources require significant cancellation Extensions from 1000BASE-T Significantly greater NEXT + FEXT + Equalization challenge -70 Power Spectral Density (dbm/hz) -80-90 -100-110 -120-130 -140 XmtPSD RcvPSD SelfNEXT SelfFEXT Alien NEXT -150 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Frequency (MHz) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 14
Strawman Improvements Baseline Requirements: ~40 db Echo & NEXT Cancellation, ~20 db FEXT Cancellation Alien NEXT suppression for crowded installations Received Signal & Residual Noise Terms -80.00 60.0 PSD ref to Input (dbm/hz) -90.00-100.00-110.00-120.00-130.00-140.00-150.00 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0-10.0 SNR (db) Rcv Sig Res Echo Res NEXT Res FEXT Res ANEXT Bkgnd SNR -160.00 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Frequency (MHz) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 15-20.0
Capacity 100m Cat 5e, with cancellers 20 14.4 Gbps on 100m at 10dBm launch, 600 MHz 10 Gbps @ 8.9 db Margin, 430 MHz bandwidth Bit Capacity 18 16 14 Bits/Sec/Hz 12 10 8 BitCap (Bkgd) Bit Cap (all residuals) 6 4 2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Frequency (MHz) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 16
Conclusion: It CAN be done, but HOW? Bandwidth required 400-500 MHz 40+ db Echo & NEXT reduction 20+ db FEXT reduction 10-12 dbm launch power > 8 bits (ENOB) signal processing A/D performance, or analog noise performance if analog circuits used Shannon limits say Not Impossible, just hard! It s up to us engineers! Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 17
Realizing 10GBASE-T Addressing communication system challenges Modern signal processing algorithms Low power, high speed digital circuit design High linearity, wideband analog circuit design Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 18
Communication System Challenges High frequency multiple twisted pair media characterization Line attenuation, NEXT, FEXT, Alien Xtalk & EMI Cat 5e specification out to 100MHz Sufficient for 1000BASE-T Utilizing frequencies beyond cable s initial intended objective is not new Case in point: xdsl Installation designed for 20kHz max Measurements converted for use in system evaluation No assumptions or short cuts taken Scaled to worse case specifications (when they exist) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 19
Line Code Selection Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Evolution Of 1000BASE-T Builds on proven technology Lower AFE requirements De-stressing an already stressed requirement Utilizing an optimal DFE achieves capacity Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 20
PAM-10 Coding Given the characteristics of the channel/disturbers, capacity is maximized with an analog bandwidth around 400MHz 10Gbps is achieved with a baud rate of 833MHz and 12 bits/baud or 3 bits/pair (4 pairs) Minimum requirement of PAM8 for uncoded operation PAM9 may be sufficient for Ethernet control symbols PAM10 needed for both control and Trellis coding Extension of 1000BASE-T 4D, 8-state Trellis code (one dimension per pair) 6 db coding gain relative to uncoded 10PAM Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 21
Comparison With 1000BASE-T 1000BASE-T Multilevel coded PAM signaling (2- bits/symbol) 5-level with Trellis code across pairs Full duplex echo-cancelled transmission 125 Mbaud, ~80 MHz used bandwidth Moderate NEXT cancellation No specified FEXT cancellation Straw Man 10GBASE-T Multilevel coded PAM signaling (3- bits/symbol) 10-level with Trellis code across pairs Full duplex echo-cancelled transmission 833 Mbaud, ~400 MHz used bandwidth High-Performance NEXT cancellation High-Performance FEXT cancellation Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 22
PCS SER & BER Straw Man Goal 10 0 Coded PAM10 simulation SER 10-2 Coded PAM10 Theory SER Coded PAM10 Theory BER 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 1000BASE-T Reqm t 10-12 10-14 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Slicer Input SNR (db) 25.3 db Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 23
PMD Performance Straw Man Goal TSB 67 Channel MAC 10GBASE-T Transceiver Wallplate or Patch Panel Cat 5e UTP (4 pairs) Wallplate or Patch Panel 10GBASE-T Transceiver MAC up to 5m up to 90m up to 5m 11/7/2002 Consider an aggregate slicer SNR of 25.3 db with five dominating noise terms requires individually around 32 db SNR Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 24
Channel Impairments- ISI Pre- & Post-Cursor Interference from limited Bandwidth Post-Cursor Dominates (>100 terms) Feedforward & Decision Feedback Equalization Solution FeedForward Equalizer _ + Slicer Decision Feedback Equalizer Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 25
Echo Full duplex needed for limited BW Compromise hybrid for Tx/Rx isolation Impedance mismatches require residual echo cancellation > 40 db rejection Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 26
NEXT High-level interference from transmitters Very long response time > 40dB NEXT cancellation Tx Channel 0 Rx Channel 0 (victim rcvr) wireline Next Coupling wireline Rx Channel 1 (target rcvr) Tx Channel 1 (interfering xmtr) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 27
FEXT Impairment Pre- and post-cursor elements of interference Based on an equal-level FEXT (ELFEXT) model Uncompensated in 1000BASE-T H fext = H Must be cancelled in 10GBASE-T > 20 db cancellation elf H chan Tx Channel 0 Rx Channel 0 (victim rcvr) wireline Fext Coupling wireline Tx Channel 1 (interfering xmtr) Rx Channel 1 (target rcvr) Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 28
Challenging Implementation A new approach to problem solving needed to meet SNR requirement (>25.3 db) Efficient reuse of resources in MIMO modeling Utilization of parallel structures Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 29
Traditional Signal Processing Echo & NEXT cancellation T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO SISO ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ R 4 16 Single Input Single Output (SISO) processing elements (scalar filters) With canceller taps on the order of several hundred 10 Tera Operations (TOps)! Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 30
Modern Signal Processing Echo & NEXT Cancellation T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 MIMO R 4 One Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) processing element (matrix filter) Exploits correlation to reduce interference common to all received channels Enables massive reuse of computing resources Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 31
Modern Signal Processing Data recovery & Fext cancellation d 1 d 1 T 1 H 1 R 1 F 21 d 2 d 2 T 2 F 31 R 2 MUD d 3 T 3 F 41 R 3 d 3 d 4 T 4 MIMO CHANNEL R 4 d 4 Multiuser Detector (MUD) of MIMO channel provides simultaneous data decisions & interference removal Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 32
Parallelizing FIRs One high rate N tap filter x(n) H(z) y(n) H ( z) = H 2 1 2 ( z ) + z H ( ) 0 1 z x(n) 2 H 0 (z) + 2 H 1 (z) Z -1 Z -1 Z -1 H 1 (z) 2 H 0 (z) + 2 + y(n) Good for clock limited or high speed applications Four half rate N/2 tap filters Equivalent number of operations per unit time Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 33
Efficient Parallelization x(n) 2 H 0 (z) + 2 Z -1 + H 0 (z)+h 1 (z) + Z -1 Z -1 + 2 + y(n) 2 H 0 (z) Four filters reduced to three 25% improvement in efficiency Greater efficiency with greater parallelism Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 34
Digital Circuit Straw Man Goals Puts total DSP requirements at 1.5 Tera Operations (TOps) Quad 1000BASE-T requires 1.0 TOps CMOS technology 150% increase in possible aggregation with 50% increase in complexity today! Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 35
Analog Circuit Straw Man Goals Transmitter: DAC & Line driver >40 db Linearity 450 MHz Bandwidth Receiver: Hybrid, LNA & ADC >8 bits ENOB 833 MSPS PLL & Clock recovery 833 MHz CMOS technology Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 36
ISI Impairment- After Equalization Cat 5e cable T x MAG MAG R x ENFX EQ Spectrum (db) 10 0-10 -20-30 -40-50 Equalized Signal Residual ISI FFE scales to produce unit variance hard decisions -60-70 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Frequency x 10 8 Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 37
T x ISI Impairment- Symbol Stream Cat 5e cable MAG MAG R x ENFX EQ 2 a) Rx Far End Signal b) Slicer Input Vs. time a b 1 a) 0-1 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x 10 4 2 1 b) 0-1 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x 10 4 Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 38
Echo Impairment- After Cancellation Cat 5e cable T x MAG MAG R x ENFX EQ 20 (a) 20 a b (b) 0 Rx far end signal 0 Rx Echo Spectrum (db) -20-40 -60 Rx echo Spectrum (db) -20-40 -60 Cancelled Echo -80-80 -100 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Frequency x 10 8-100 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Frequency x 10 8 Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 39
Echo Impairment- SNR @ Detector Cat 5e cable T x MAG MAG R x ENFX EQ 10 0 Equalized Signal Spectrum (db) -10-20 -30-40 -50 Residual Echo FFE scales to produce unit variance hard decisions -60-70 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Frequency x 10 8 Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 40
NEXT Impairment- After Cancellation Cat 5e cable T x MAG MAG R x ENFX EQ 20 0 Rx far end signal (a) 20 0 a Rx Next(3) b (b) -20-20 Spectrum (db) -40-60 -80 Rx Next(3) Spectrum (db) -40-60 -80-100 -100 Cancelled Next(3) -120-120 -140 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Frequency 4.5 8 x 10-140 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Frequency x 10 8 Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 41
NEXT Impairment- SNR @ Detector Cat 5e cable T x MAG MAG R x ENFX EQ Spectrum (db) 10 0-10 -20-30 -40-50 Equalized Signal Residual Next(3) FFE scales to produce unit variance hard decisions -60-70 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Frequency x 10 8 Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 42
FEXT Impairment- After Cancellation Cat 5e cable T x MAG MAG R x ENFX EQ (a) (b) a b Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 43
FEXT Impairment- SNR @ Detector Cat 5e cable T x MAG MAG R x ENFX EQ FFE scales to produce unit variance hard decisions Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 44
Total Slicer SNR Cat 5e cable T x MAG MAG R x ENX EQ 10 0 Equalized Signal Spectrum (db) -10-20 -30-40 -50 Total Noise Power Goal (-25.3) Total Noise FFE scales to produce unit variance hard decisions -60 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Frequency x 10 8 Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 45
Eye Diagram Slicer input, including all noise sources vs. time 2 1.5 1 0.5 0-0.5-1 -1.5-2 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 46
Sequenced Startup MASTER N E, P F DONE SLAVE N E, T F DONE N = ECHO/NEXT Canceller Convergence E = Equalizer Convergence F = FEXT Canceller Convergence T = Timing Acquisition P = Phase Adjustment Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 47
Summary: Realizing 10GBASE-T Careful attention to media characterization beyond 100MHz Evolution of 1000BASE-T Modern signal processing methods Feasible CMOS realizations of digital & analog circuits Q&A Communications 10GBASE-T IEEE Tutorial, 11/11/2002 48