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526 References 19. T. H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, 2ndedition, Cambridge University Press, 2004. 20. K. K. Clarke and D. T. Hess, Communication Circuits: Analysis and Design, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1971. 21. N. M. Nguyen and R. G. Meyer, Si IC-compatible inductors and LC passive filters, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, pp. 1028-1031, Aug. 1990. 22. J. R. Long, Monolithic transformers for silicon RF design, IEEE J. Solid- State Circuits, pp. 1368-1382, Sept. 2000. 23. W. H. Hayt and J. E. Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 5th edition, 1993. 24. M. H. Rashid, Introduction to PSpice Using OrCAD for Circuits and Electronics, Pearson Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2004. 25. B. van der Pol, A theory of the amplitude of free and forced triode vibrations, it Radio Review, vol. 1, pp. 701-710 and 754-762, Nov. 1920. 26. B. van der Pol, The nonlinear theory of electric oscillations, Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 22, pp. 1051-1086, Sept. 1934. 27. G. R. Boyle, D. O. Pederson, B. M. Cohn, and J. E. Solomon, Macromodeling of integrated circuit operational amplifiers, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, pp. 353-364, Dec. 1974. 28. T. Okanobu, T. Tsuchiya, K. Abe, and Y. Ueki, A complete single chip AM/FM radio integrated circuit, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, pp. 393-408, Aug. 1982. 29. K. Mayaram and D. O. Pederson, Analysis of MOS transformer-coupled oscillators, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, pp. 1155-1162, Dec. 1987. 30. K. Mayaram, Output voltage Analysis for the MOS Colpitts oscillators, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems - I, pp. 260-263, Feb. 2000. 31. M. A. Unkrich and R. G. Meyer, Conditions for start-up in crystal oscillators, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, pp. 87-90, Feb. 1982. 32. R. G. Meyer and D. C.-F. Soo, MOS crystal oscillator design, IEEE J. Solid- State Circuits, pp. 222-228, April 1984. 33. E. A. Vittoz, M. G. R. Degrauwe, and S. Bitz, High-performance crystal oscillator circuits: theory and application, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, pp. 774-783, June 1988. 34. A. Lienard, Etude des oscillations entretenues, Rev. Gen. Elect., vol. 23, pp. 901-946, 1928. 35. H. Schmitt, A thermionic trigger, J. Sci. Instrum., vol. 15, pp. 24-26, Jan. 1938. 36. W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan, A trigger relay utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes, Radio Rev., vol. 1, pp. 143-146, Dec. 1919. 37. B. Gilbert, A precise four-quadrant multiplier with subnanosecond response, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, pp. 365-373, Dec. 1968. 38. J. N. Babanezhad and G. C. Temes, A 20-V four-quadrant CMOS analog multiplier, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, pp. 1158-1168, Dec. 1985. 39. K. L. Fong and R. G. Meyer, Monolithic RF active mixer design, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems - II, pp. 231-239, March 1999. 40. A. Bilotti, FM detection using a product detector, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp. 755-757, April 1968. 41. F. M. Gardner, Phaselock Techniques, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.
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Index AGC, see Automatic gain control AM, see Amplitude modulation AM demodulation, 457, 461, 462 AM demodulator multiplier based, 457 peak detector, 462 synchronous detection, 461 Amplifier power series, 43 Amplitude modulation, 1, 2, 436 Analog multipliers, 417, 429, 431 Astable circuit, 377, 390, 394, 397, 403 Automatic gain control, 4, 471 Autotransformer, 184 B-H curve, 183 Balance-to-unbalance converter, 135 Balanced modulator, 448 Bandpass amplifiers, 221, 247, 251, 266 circuits, 229, 259 Bandwidth bandpass circuits, 221, 224, 227 shrinkage, 258 shrinkage factor, 261 Basic oscillator equation, 337 339, 342, 357, 367 Bessel functions, modified, 49, 52 54, 347, 441, 444 Bias shift in oscillators, 331, 337, 343 Bilotti scheme, FM demodulation, 480 Bipolar transistor circuit symbol, 6 large-signal model, 6 small-signal model, 6, 7 BJT, see Bipolar transistor Capture range, 508, 510 CCO, see Current-controlled oscillator Center frequency, 221, 228 Class-A output stage, 139, 156, 194, 205 Class-AB output stage, 159, 163, 169, 213 Class-B output stage, 164, 167 Class-C output stage, 167 Closed-loop gain, 101, 106, 109, 111 CM, see Cross modulation, see Cross modulation CMOS relaxation oscillator, 397 Coefficient of coupling, 191 Colpitts oscillator, 359, 362, 368 Common-emitter configuration, 45 distortion, 48, 51, 82, 149 emitter feedback, 116 large sinusoidal input, 49 shunt feedback, 113 with R S,73 Common-mode input, 15, 417 Common-source configuration, 59 distortion, 61 Complementary output stages, 159, 168 Composite transistors, 168 Compression points, 68 Conversion efficiency, 152, 164, 197 Conversion transconductance, 443, 447 Core loss, 183 Coupled coils, 181 D.O. Pederson and K. Mayaram, Analog Integrated Circuits for Communication, DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-68030-9, c 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 529
530 Index Cross modulation, 68, 273 Crossover distortion, 165 Crystal circuit model, 369 Crystal-controlled oscillators, 368 Current-controlled oscillator, 400 Demodulation, 2 AM, 457, 461, 462 FM, 473, 477, 480, 500, 518 Differential error calculation, 145 Differential input, 15, 417 Discriminators, 477 Distortion, 9 cross modulation, 68, 273 crossover, 165 differential error, 145 due to nonlinear beta, 88, 96, 149 failure-to-follow, 469 five-point calculation, 56 generation, 10 intermodulation, 62 reduction due to R S,75 due to feedback, 103, 104 second-harmonic, 10, 28, 39, 45, 48, 54, 58, 61, 82, 97, 104, 105, 147, 458 Spice simulation, 11, 67 third-harmonic, 10, 28, 39, 45, 48, 54, 82, 87, 104, 105, 127, 147 three-point calculation, 58 total harmonic, 10, 28 triple beat, 68 Double-tuned circuits, 235 Emitter follower, 139 conversion efficiency, 152 distortion, 147 power dissipation, 154 push-pull circuit, 159 Emitter-coupled pair, 15 active load, 135 analog multiplier, 417 bandpass amplifier, 251 distortion, 22, 27, 84 emitter feedback, 125 internal feedback, 128, 262 large-signal performance, 17, 24 oscillator, 305, 315 with R S,84 Failure-to-follow distortion, 469 Faraday s law, 182 Feedback closed-loop gain, 101, 106, 109, 111 effect on distortion, 103, 104 general amplifier, 105 internal, 128, 262 loading effect, 111 loop gain, 102, 108, 122 negative, 101 positive, 108, 249, 250, 295, 386 series-series, 116 shunt, 113 shunt-shunt, 109 FM, see Frequency modulation FM demodulation, 473, 477, 480, 500, 518 FM demodulator Bilotti scheme, 480 discriminator, 478 Foster-Seeley, 478 multiplier based, 480 off-peak detection, 473 PLL, 518 ratio detector, 480 Foster-Seeley discriminator, 478 Fourier analysis, 10 Fourier series characterization, 54 Free-running frequency, 487 Frequency modulation, 1, 3 Gilbert cell, 429, 431 Harmonic distortion, 9 factors, 10 total, 10 Harmonic-balance method, 12, 67, 80, 347 Hartley oscillator, 360, 368 HD 2, see Second-harmonic distortion HD 3, see Third-harmonic distortion Hysteresis, 183 Ideal electronic oscillator, 282 Ideal transformer, 187 IF, see Intermediate frequency IM, see Intermodulation IM 2, see Second-order intermodulation
Index 531 IM 3, see Third-order intermodulation Impedance transformation, 239 L-match circuit, 242, 243 Inductance coil, 183 mutual, 184, 186 self, 186 Inductive two-port parameters, 189 Instabilities in amplifiers, 281 Intercept points, 68, 69 Intermediate frequency, 4, 434 Intermodulation distortion, 62 second-order, 65 third-order, 65 Internal feedback, 128, 262 IP, see Intercept points IP 2, see Second-order intercept IP 3, see Third-order intercept L-match network, 242, 243 Large-signal model Bipolar transistor, 6 MOS transistor, 8 Large-signal transconductance, 358 Leakage inductance, 186 Lenz s law, 182 Lienard plane, 384 Linearization, due to R S,73 Load line, 154, 196 Local oscillator, 4, 434 Lock range, 507 Loop gain, 102, 108, 122, 498 Macromodel 741 Opamp, 303 PLL, 488, 500, 518 VCO, 490 Magnetizing inductance, 188 Magnetomotive force, 182 Maximally flat magnitude, 238 Maximum power transfer, 204 MFM, see Maximally flat magnitude Mixer, 4, 434, 439 BJT, 440 double-balanced, 436 fully balanced, 436, 439 MOSFET, 445 Spice simulation, 439 MMF, see Magnetomotive force Modified Bessel functions, 49, 52, 53, 347, 441, 444 asymptotic values, 54 Modulation, 1, 434 amplitude,1,2,436 frequency, 1, 3 index, 2, 3, 276, 519 Modulators, 448 balanced, 448 MOS transistor circuit symbol, 8 large-signal model, 8 small-signal model, 8, 9 MOSFET, see MOS transistor Multiplier analog, 417, 429, 431 coefficient, 419 four-quadrant, 424, 429, 436 fully balanced, 424 Multistage bandpass circuits, 259, 266 Mutual inductance, 184, 186 Negative feedback, 101 effect on distortion, 103, 104 Negative-conductance oscillator, 282, 284, 291, 322 Noise, 12 Nonlinear beta, 88, 96 distortion due to, 88, 96, 149 models, 92, 94, 95 Spice parameters, 90, 95 Off-peak detection, 473 Opamp 741, 301 macromodel, 303 Open-circuit parameters, 117 Oscillators astable, 377, 390, 394, 397, 403 basic equation, 337 339, 342, 357, 367 Colpitts, 359, 362, 368 crystal-controlled, 368 current-controlled, 400 EC pair, 305, 315 graphical analysis, 381 Hartley, 360, 368 ideal, 282 Lienard-plane analysis, 384
532 Index negative-conductance, 282, 284, 291, 322 phase-shift, 359 Pierce, 370 relaxation-mode, 377, 390, 394, 397, 403, 412 SC pair, 315 single-device BJT, 339 MOSFET, 352 starting conditions, 286 state-plane analysis, 381 transformer-coupled, 305, 339, 352 tunnel-diode, 287, 291 van der Pol analysis, 287 voltage-controlled, 400, 406 Wien-type, 295, 296, 339 Output stages Class-A, 139, 156, 194, 205 Class-AB, 159, 163, 169, 213 Class-B, 164, 167 Class-C, 167 complementary, 159, 168 emitter follower, 139 push-pull, 159, 169, 170, 205, 213 requirements, 139 source follower, 156 totem-pole circuit, 172 Parallel-to-series transformation, 239 Parallel-tuned circuit, 222 Peak detectors, 462 Phase comparator, 487, 491, 512 Phase detector, 487 Phase noise, 12 Phase-locked loop, 485 560B, 516 applications, 485 block diagram, 486 capture range, 508, 510 circuit model, 488 design example, 515 dynamics, 499 FM demodulation, 500, 518 frequency synthesizer, 487 lock range, 507 macromodel, 488, 500, 518 operation, 493 phase comparator, 487, 491, 512 phase detector, 487 small-signal analysis, 495 Spice analysis, 488 Phase-shift oscillators, 359 Pierce oscillator, 370 PLL, see Phase-locked loop Positive feedback, 108, 249, 250, 295, 386 Power series analysis, 43, 54 Power-conversion efficiency, 139, 152, 164 Push-pull output stages, 159, 169, 170, 205, 213 Q, see Quality factor Quad mixer, 436, 439 Quality factor, 224 Ratio detector, 480 Receiver, superheterodyne, 3, 434 Relaxation-mode oscillators, 377, 390, 394, 397, 403, 412 recovery analysis, 390 regenerative switching, 386 Schmitt circuit, 403 Second-harmonic distortion, 10, 28, 39, 45, 48, 54, 58, 61, 82, 97, 104, 105, 147, 458 Second-order intercept, 69 Second-order intermodulation, 65 Self inductance, 186 Series-series feedback, 116 Series-to-parallel transformation, 239 Series-tuned circuit, 226 Short-circuit parameters, 109 Shunt-shunt feedback, 109 Single-device oscillators, 339, 352 Single-tuned circuits, 222, 228, 229 Small-signal model Bipolar transistor, 6, 7 MOS transistor, 8, 9 Sony oscillator, 319 Source follower, 156 conversion efficiency, 159 distortion, 158 push-pull circuit, 169 Source-coupled pair, 30 analog multiplier, 431
Index 533 distortion, 37 internal feedback, 128 oscillator, 315 Squegging, 355 Stagger tuning, 259 State plane, 381 Super-heterodyne receiver, 4 Superheterodyne receiver, 3, 434 Synchronous AM detection, 461 Synchronous tuning, 258 THD, see Total harmonic distortion Third-harmonic distortion, 10, 28, 39, 45, 48, 54, 82, 87, 104, 105, 127, 147 Third-order intercept, 69 Third-order intermodulation, 65 TOI, see Third-order intercept Total harmonic distortion, 10, 28 Totem-pole circuit, 172 Transformer, 181 circuit model, 189 frequency response, 201 ideal, 187 Spice simulation, 194 Transformer-coupled oscillators, 305, 315, 339, 352 output stages, 194, 205, 213 tuned circuits, 228, 229, 235 Triple beat distortion, 68 Tuned circuit, 222 bandwidth, 224, 227 double-tuned, 235 frequency response, 224 impedance transformer, 242 parallel, 222 quality factor, Q, 224 series, 226 single-tuned, 222, 228, 229 transformer-coupled, 228, 229, 235 Tunnel-diode oscillator, 287, 291 van der Pol approximation, 287, 288, 293 equation, 289 oscillator analysis, 287 parameter, 289 VCO, see Voltage-controlled oscillator Voltage-controlled oscillator, 400, 406 macromodel, 490 Wien-type oscillator, 295, 296, 339 Spice simulation, 301 y-parameters, 109 z-parameters, 117