Antenna 5% Wave length 300 000 Km/s 066 velocity factor RG-58 = C = = F : 120
Impedance 50 50 50 VSWR and Reflected Power SWR VSWR VSWR 2:1 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio VSWR 15:1 15:1 VSWR 100 Watt 1:1 4 Watt 96 Watt 42 Band Width SWR 121
150 MHz : 825 MHz 450 MHz : Band Width 150 156MHz 39% BW = 100 X Fh Fl Fc BW = 100 X 156 150 153 = 39 % Decibel 122
A B gain loss B B A A Isotropic dbi -1 214 dbi = 0 dbd dbd -2 dbq -3 dbc -4 side band peak power dbm 50-5 v 0dB v 50 db v -6 1 v 0 db 500 600 dbold -7 6mv mv1 VU 123
dbm - 30dBw = 0 0dBw = +30dBm dbw -8 1 0775 V VRMS dbu -9 1 V dbv -10 Milivolt 0dBmv dbmv -11 1mv 75 1mv snow 20 micropascals 1 µpa Sound Pressure Level dbspl -12 Sound Intensity level dbsil / 10^ -12-13 Sound Power Level 10^ -12 dbswl -14 20 µpa dbspl dbc / dbb dbc / dba -15 / 1 = 1 0dBj =0dBw/Hz Noise Density dbj -16 1 µv / m / 1 dbµ -17 1 femtowatt dbf -18 124
1Kilowatt dbk -19 0dBfs Digital system dbfs 1-20 analog system overload dbfs dbo -21 1 bandwidth db-hz -22 20dB-Hz = 100Hz Link budget calculation isometric circular dbic -23 reference noise dbrn -24 Directivity and Gain 100 100 G = x D G D = = = 125
Gain measurement { 215 dbi = 0dBd SHF Standard UHF 2 1 VHF } 5 Horn 5W 10 db 144 MHz 37 dbm 95 db 4 dbi 5dBi 8dB 67 dbm cable losses http://wwwocarcca/coaxhtm calculation free space losses http://wwwterabeamcom/support/calculations/free-space-lossphp#calc 126
10 Km 4 dbi 5 dbi antenna antenna 37 dbm TX 10 db losses cable Free space losses - 95 db 8 db losses cable - 67 dbm RX transmiter receiver Tx power = 37 dbm = 5 watt Tx Cable losses = 10 db Tx antenna Gain = 4 dbi Free space losses = 20 * Log 10 frequency in MHz + 20 * Log 10 Distance in Miles + 366 = -95 db Rx antenna Gain = 5 dbi Rx cable losses = 8 db Rx power = - 67 dbm according to the equation below :- 37 dbm 10 db + 4 dbi 95 db + 5 dbi 8 db = - 67 dbm This equation is used to calculate the losses power From transmitter to receiver through cable & antenna 6-1 System Gain receiver output power sensitivity System Gain = output power + receiver sensitivity 127
-113 dbm @ BER 10-6 37 + 113 = 150 db 37 db -: Fade margin 20 db Fade Margin = received power - receiver sensitivity 67 dbm - 67-113 = 46 dbm : -: -113dBm : Vertical omni direction dipole yagi -1-2 - 3 UHF VHF %5 / 095 285000 / 300000 VE3SQB ELEMENT 128
Vertical omni direction : Vertical antenna with ground plane 5/8 Multi bands antenna j pole Supper j pole Slim Jim antenna 1 1\4 Collener Discone Marconi vertical antenna Bazooka antenna - 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9-10 dipole isotropic Dipole antenna Multy dipole antenna Inverted V dipole antenna Trap dipole antenna Circular dipole antenna Folded dipole antenna Loop Skye wire antenna Egg Beater antenna Liquid metal antenna / 2-1 - 2-3 - 4-6 - 7-8 - 9-10 129
SHF HF yagi antenna Cubical quad antenna Log periodic antenna Helical antenna horn antenna Dish antenna Sectoral antenna Moxon antenna Curtain Quad antenna - 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 -7-8 -9 Vertical antenna : element Ground plane 50 45 / 4 = 214 dbi 0 dbd 145MHz http://wwwiraqi-arsorg VHF & UHF project - 1 = 300000000 X 095 145000000 = 196 cm Radiation 49 cm 4 = 49 cm 49 cm / 4 Antenna 4 Ground plane y 45 Hold er coxil Groun d plane 6-2 130
Matching coil ground 5/8-2 plane 5/8 122cm y 50ohm coxil 5/8 y Vertical antenna 145MHz 6 12 3 10 35 SWR VHF UHF 5/8 3/4 8/5 122 6-3 2 9 ' 3 8 M H z T r a p 6 3 ' 28MHz Trap 28MHz - 3 1 4 M H z T r a p 2 1 M H z T r a p 2 3 ' 28MHz 57' 21MHz 2 8 M H z T r a p 1 8 ' 57' 18' 5 7 ' 5 B a n d v e r tic a l a n te n n a 6-4 131
38' 19' ¾ 5' 3' 1' L T Ground 3' SWR 144MHz J pole - 4 3/4' plane 50 ohm Coxil J pole antenna J Pole 6-5 38 inch Tuning section 3 inch gup 38 inch J pole Supper j pole - 5 38' U 60 inch 144MHz 3' 19inch 50 ohm Coxil Supper j pole 6-6 Supper J pole antenna 132
cup Slim jim 1 1/4-6 Ground plane 38 19' ¾ pipe Teflon 05mm wire 58' 35' 1' pipe 1 35 9 1 5/6 3/4 1 SWR 05 20 3 45 dbi 125 1 PL259 145MHz Slim jim antenna VHF / http://wwwiraqi-arsorg Slim jim 6-7 collener - 7 24GHz RG-213 Velocity factor 8 24 GHz 066 133
/ 9 dbi %80 http://wwwiraqi-arsorg 50 24GHz 400 collener 6-8 3 07 feed point 50 Discone 40 25-8 07 x /4 y screw Insulator Disck 25 to 40 y /4 Coaxial cable PL259/N type Conical Discone Antenna 6-9 134
Marconi antenna 9 Ground 2MHz \4 plane 75m 2MHz 2MHz 75m \4 6-10 135
Bazooka antenna 10 Velocity 145MHz 25 mm PVC tube RG-8 RG-213 066 factor 49cm RG- 213 Core 7105 145 = 49 CM 1 49cm PVC 34cm feed point 30cm 25mm RG- 213 shield 4930 145 = 34 CM RG- 213 7105 145 = 49 CM Mast 30 CM PL259 connector 145MHz Bazoka Antenna 6-11 136
/ 2-1 6 1 Insulator / 4 / 4 Copper wire Copper wire / 4 cable 4 = 715 f MHz Meter / 2 6-12 137
- 2 21 MHz 50 ohm RG213 or RG8 SWR 14 MHz 28 MHz RG58 6-13 inverted V 3 90 %4 138
Insulator /4 45º 45º /4 /4 Insulator Insulator Earth 6-14 Trap antenna - 4 58-RG 28 MHz & 21 MHz & 14 MHz 21 MHz 28 MHz 139
28 MHz /4 21 MHz 14 MHz L1 + L2 + L3 503 m L1 28 MHz L1 + L2 6-15 5 HF Matching 140
16-16 circular dipole antenna 6 VHF & UHF 144 MHz 122 cm 10 cm matching 15 pf 5 40 Variable Capacitor 15 PF Copper pipe 10 mm 122 mm 5 mm Matching 40 mm PL 219 or N type 6-17 141
VHF & UHF Folded dipole 7 4:1 6:1 balun 300 75 50 6:1 50 300 50 75 coaxial cable 4:1 300 75 RG- 59 6-18 142
Loop Skye wire antenna - 8 /4 DX Omni direction MFJ 28 MHz 7MHz 300 Balun RG59 10m 21 MHz 14MHz 10m 5m 300 50 HF Antenna tuner 6:1 4:1 75 25mm Insulator /4 /4 /4 /4 300 cable /4 Must 6-19 143
Egg Beater antenna - 9 pattern Vertical Vertical %10 VHF ground plane 4% + UHF F5VIF ON6WG http://pagesperso-orangefr/on6wg/doc/antenne%20eggbeater-engl-part1-fullpdf : Nawa 1376 MHz 300 / 1376 = 218 cm + 8 = 226cm 10 mm 72 cm = 545 cm = 1/4 = ground plane 2725 cm = 1/8 = 90 = ¼ x 066 = 36 cm Velocity factor 066 RG58 150 cm 40 mm PVC -1-2 3-4 -5-6 -7-8 RG58 1/8 100 rink 4 50 1/4 144
145 6-20
Liquid metal antenna -10 LM Antenna Mike Lake KD8CIK SWR Galinstan Galnnistan L Ground plane Compress air Coaxial cable Liquid metal antenna 6-21 146
Directional antenna HF Trap Trap Yagi boom radiation element 300 75 4:1 6:1 50 Balun 50 Folded Dipole boom HF 147
1 145 MHz 15 SWR DL6WU & VK5DJ http://vk5djmountgambierorg/yagi/yagihtml 64 deg = 3 db 30 mm 444 mm 444 mm 155 mm 372 mm 1 445 mm 2 1446mm 145 MHz 10dBi = 2088 cm = beam width 25 mm = 10 mm = 1446 mm = 1015 mm = 974 mm = 993 mm = 915 mm = 1 599 mm 906 mm = 2 971 mm 897 mm = 3 1415 mm 30 mm = 148
: 2019 mm = 1009 mm = 25 mm = 50 mm = 459 mm = GF = HI 498 mm = GE = HA 538 mm = HB = GD 1009 mm = HC = GC 50mm 1015mm 993mm 915mm 906mm 897mm 30mm reflector 444mm 155mm 372mm 1446 mm radiator 445mm 1 2 3 directors 5 Element 10dB! Folded Dipool Yagi 30mm 6-22 149
Cubical quad antenna - 2 2m VHF & UHF gamma tuner SWR 70 cm http://wwwcsgnetworkcom/antennae5q2calchtml 6-23 150
Log periodic antenna - 3 180 HF & VHF & UHF broad band insulator Coaxial cable Log periodic antenna log periodic 6-24 151
VHF & UHF & Micro wave Helical antenna - 4 Anti Clock wise polarization Clock wise polarization PVC 40mm 150mm 40mm : 18dBi 42mm 07mm PVC 24GHz 550mm 130mm 12 1mm U ARRL /http://wwwwirelessorgau/~jhecker/helix Helical 6-25 152
VHF& UHF microwave A horn antenna - 5 185dBi 10GHz 6-26 153
Dish antenna - 6 Parabolic : LNB LNB LNB LNB Offset antenna LNB = F = D = d FOCUS D d F = D² 16 d X Y 6-27 154
Sect oral antenna -7 3 120 15 8 600 x 62mm 2 mm 10mm RG-213 41mm RG-58 50 200 Mobil 360 90 24 GHz PCB PVC N type Balun 4:1 62 mm 6-28 155
Moxon antenna 8 Les 360 Forward to back 11 HF Moxon G6XN ratio emition SWR : 55dBi KD6WD http://wwwmoxonantennaprojectcom/designhtm : 145 MHz : PVC 156
55 dbi 145 MHz VHF 6-29 157
Curtain Quad antenna - 9 foil 17dBi Ross Anderson W1HBQ 1 17dBi 24GHz 6-30 158
159 6-31
VHF & UHF 1/4 5/8 1/2 6-30 160