Ilmenau, 27.-30.09. 2004 49th IWK Eckehard Lorenz, DLR Berlin Klaus Briess, TU Berlin Astro- und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof GmbH Systematic Image Processing of the Small Satellite Mission BIRD Optical Information Systems Global Fire Monitoring Center 1
Rationale 4 Every year burn h Ca. 10 9 ha savannah area h Ca 10 7 ha tropical rain forest h Ca. 10 6 ha Mediterranean vegetation h Ca. 10 8 ha boreal forests 4 The impacts on h atmosphere (green house effect, ozone, aerosol, relation CO/CO 2 ), h climate h global carbon cycle are poorly investigated 4 Up to now - there exists no system in orbit dedicated to fire observation 2
Mission Objectives (BIRD = Bi-spectral Infra-Red Detection) 4 Test of a new generation of infrared sensors dedicated for fire investigation from space 4 Remote sensing of fires and of the land surface 4 Space demonstration of new micro-satellite technologies 3
Signatures of Vegetation Fire and Background 4 Spectra contain information on land surface, atmospheric gases and aerosols 4 The second atmospheric window (MIR) is the optimum for the hot spot detection 4
BIRD Payload Segment WAOSS-B MWIR TIR Wavelength 600-670nm 840-900nm 3.4-4.2µm 8.5-9.3µm Focal length 21.65mm 46.39mm 46.39 mm Detector CCD CdHgTe CdHgTe Ground pixel size 185m 370m 370m Ground sampling 185m 185m 185m distance Swath width 533km 190km 190km 1 at 572km Orbit altitude Payload platform of the flight model with assembling tools Total mass: 30.2 kg 5
Geometrical Calibration of the Payload Platform Manipulator Koordinatensystem Alpha Achse Pixel 5184 Pixel 2633 OA Pixel 2623 Pixel 2615 Beta Achse Pixel 2592-185µm -0.28 Zeile 1 Zeile 2 Pixel 1 Zeile 3 koxynafs kbxylwfs kbxymwfs koxylwfs koxymwfs testlm6 testlm6b Alpha Arcmin +0.0-5.0-10.0-15.0 A,C B,D A,C B,D LWIR MWIR HORUS Abschattung durch HORUS -20.0-25.0-30.0 Nadir -35.0-40.0-25.0-20.0-15.0-10.0-5.0 +0.0 +5.0 +10.0 +15.0 +20.0 +25.0 Beta 6
BIRD Launch: 22. October 2001 Launcher: PSLV-C3 (India) Launcher payloads: TES (ISRO), PROBA (ESA), BIRD (DLR) Orbit: 568km circ., i = 97.8 (sunsynchronous) 7
Mission Architecture and Ground Segment space segment DLR h Mission operations by German Space Operation Center (GSOC) of DLR reception and pre-proc. of scientific data science data ground station Neustrelitz low-cost ground station Berlin-Adlershof science team mission operations Weilheim German Space Operations Center Oberpfaffenhofen h Data reception, processing, storage and distribution by German Remote Sensing Data Center, Ground Station Neustrelitz of DLR h Coordination of the scientific team by Berlin-Adlershof airborne experiments field experiments ground truth measurements h Experimental ground station in Berlin-Adlershof 8
Level of BIRD Data Products Level 0 unprocessed instrument/payload data in combination with spacecraft data, communication frames/headers removed Level 1A time-organized decompressed single sensor raw data with an appendix of - instrument housekeeping data, - radiometric and geometric calibration coefficients, - geo-referencing parameters (ephemeris data), - other ancillary information Level 1B radiometric and geometric processed level1a data to sensor units (radiometric and geometric calibrated data) Level 2 interpreted geophysical parameters (hot spot temperatures, hot spot extension, vegetation indices, cloud parameters) 9
Level 0 Systematic Data Processing of BIRD Spaceborne Data Sat HK Level 1A GPS attitude WGS-84 Level 1B Level 2 MIR L1A MIR HK MIR R-CAL MIR G-CAL MIR L1B raw data decommutation decompression TIR L1A decompression WAOSS L1A decompression HK HK HK TIR HK WAOSS HK TIR R-CAL WAOSS R-CAL MIR radiometric calibration TIR radiometric calibration WAOSS rad. calibration MIR TIR NIR RED (fw) NIR (nw) TIR G-CAL WAOSS G-CAL PL G-CAL pixel co-registration and geometric calibration TIR L1B WAOSS L1B Processing of geophysical parameters 10
BIRD-Highlight: Hot-Spot-Detection Within the Sub-Pixel Range (Dozier, 1981: Bi-spectral Technique for retrieving temperature and area of sub-pixel hot spots) q - relative area of the hot spot T F - absolute temperature of the hot spot 1-q - relative area of the background T bg - absolute temperature of the background L MIR (T F, q) = q B MIR (T F ) + (1-q) L MIR-bg L TIR (T F, q) = q B TIR (T F ) + (1-q) L TIR-bg B MIR/TIR - integral Planck-Function within each channel L MIR/TIR-bg estimated radiance of background from the surroundings 11
Fire colour coded BIRD-image, MIR-channel 5.Jan.2002 10:08 local time Fire colour coded BIRD-image, MIR-channel 4.Jan.2002 10:08 local time First Fire Evaluation From Space BIRD gives temperature and area extent of Australian bush fires Optical Information Systems 12
Detail from the BIRD-image at 04. Jan. 2002 1. NIR-channel 2. TIR- channel 3. MIR- channel 4. Fire fronts and temperature distribution 5. Fire fronts and temperature distribution from the image at 05.Jan.2002 6. Fire fronts and temperature distribution from the image at 09.Jan.2002 13
Typical characteristics of fire fronts (BIRD, Australia, January 5, 2002) No Eq. fire temp., K 1 815 Eq. fire area, Ha 0.48 Front length, km 4 Energy release, MW 130 Front strength, kw/m 30 2 715 2.3 7.5 310 40 3 893 0.59 3 210 70 4 >670 <0.78 5 79 15 5 852 0.92 10 300 30 6 957 1.0 9 530 60 7 >690 <0.51 4 62 15 8 796 0.39 3 96 30 14
Senzig Energetische Bewertung der Feuer auf dem IR-Hintergrund Bild bei 3.4-4.2 µm, siehe Farbskala Berlin 0.1 1 15 10 MW Osterfeuer in Senzig bei Königs Wusterhausen Osterfeuer (BIRD - Aufnahme, Region Berlin-Süd, 17. April 2003, 22:35 MEZ) Optical Information Systems
Semi-operational data transfer and processing scenario within the ESA project FUEGOSAT 16
Conclusions 1. Temperature and area extent of vegetation fires or other hot spots can be evaluated from space. 2. The new infrared array sensor system is suitable for small satellite missions. 3. Micro-satellites are interesting tools for scientific and technological missions open because of the low mission costs and the flexibility and could be part of an operational system. 4. The systematic data processing chain works autonomously. 5. The maximum delay time from data reception to the high-level data product is 30min. 6. BIRD has demonstrated the capability of the on-board data processing to a high-level data product. 17