Construction Process Improvement

Construction Process Improvement

Construction Process Improvement Edited by Brian Atkin, Jan Borgbrant & Per-Erik Josephson Blackwell Science

2003 Blackwell Science Ltd, a Blackwell Publishing Company Editorial Offices: Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL, UK Tel: +44 (0)1865 206206 Blackwell Science, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018, USA Tel: +1 781 388 8250 Iowa State Press, a Blackwell Publishing Company, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA Tel: +1 515 292 0140 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel: +61 (0)3 9347 0300 Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag, Kurfürstendamm 57, 10707 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 (0)30 32 79 060 The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available ISBN 0-632-06462-5 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10/13 pt Palatino by Sparks Computer Solutions Ltd, Oxford http://www.sparks.co.uk Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall For further information on Blackwell Science, visit our website: www.blackwell-science.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Contents Preface Acknowledgements Contributors xi xiii xv 1 Introduction 1 Brian Atkin, Jan Borgbrant & Per-Erik Josephson Recognising the importance of process 1 Creating an effective response 1 Balancing concern for the product with the process 2 The process to be improved 3 Aims of this book 5 Topics addressed 6 Scope and content 7 2 Modularisation in the Customisation of Manufactured Housing 15 Carina Johansson Introduction 15 State-of-the-art review 16 Research project 25 Research results and industrial impact 27 Conclusions 28 References 29 3 Application of Integrated Life Cycle Design to Housing 31 Mats Öberg Introduction 31 State-of-the-art review 32 Research project 37 Case study: research results and impact 38 Conclusions 41 References 41 v

vi Contents 4 Life Cycle Costs of Commercial Buildings a Case Study 44 Eva Sterner Introduction 44 Methodological considerations 45 Case study description 46 Energy conservation 48 Life cycle cost analyses 50 Conclusions 54 References 55 5 A Life Cycle Cost Approach to Optimising Indoor Climate Systems 56 Dennis Johansson & Anders Svensson Introduction 56 State-of-the-art review 56 Research project 62 Research results and industrial impact 64 Conclusions 65 References 66 6 Performance Indicators as a Tool for Decisions in the Construction Process 68 Veronica Yverås Introduction 68 State-of-the-art review 68 Research project 74 Research results and industrial impact 77 Conclusions 79 References 80 7 Reducing the Risk of Failure in Performance within Buildings 82 Stephen Burke Introduction 82 State-of-the-art review 82 Research project 89 Research results and industrial impact 90 Conclusions 91 References 91 8 Physical Status of Existing Buildings and their Components with the Emphasis on Future Emissions 93 Torbjörn Hall Introduction 93

Contents vii State-of-the-art review 94 Research project 101 Research results and industrial impact 103 Conclusions 104 References 104 9 Co-ordination of the Design and Building Process for Optimal Building Performance 106 Niklas Sörensen Introduction 106 State-of-the-art review 107 Research project 111 Conclusions 115 References 116 10 New Concrete Materials Technology for Competitive Construction 118 Markus Peterson Introduction 118 State-of-the-art review 118 Research project 124 Research results and industrial impact 125 Conclusions 127 References 127 11 Competitiveness in the Context of Procurement 130 Fredrik Malmberg Introduction 130 State-of-the-art review 131 Research project 140 Conclusions 141 References 141 12 Encouraging Innovation through New Approaches to Procurement 143 Kristian Widén Introduction 143 State-of-the-art review 143 Research project 149 Research results and industrial impact 150 Conclusions 151 References 151

viii Contents 13 Public-Private Partnerships Conditions for Innovation and Project Success 154 Roine Leiringer Introduction 154 State-of-the-art review 155 Research project 160 Research results and industrial impact 163 Conclusions 165 References 166 14 Pros and Cons in Partnering Structures 168 Anna Rhodin Introduction 168 State-of-the-art review 168 Research project 176 Research results and industrial impact 178 Conclusions 180 References 180 15 Importance of the Project Team to the Creation of Learning Within and Between Construction Projects 183 Fredrik Anheim Introduction 183 State-of-the-art review 184 Research project 188 Research results and industrial impact 190 Conclusions 192 References 193 16 Refurbishment of Commercial Buildings: the Relationship between the Project and its Context 195 Åsa Engwall Introduction 195 Theoretical framework 196 The case study of Oxenstiernan 201 Discussion and conclusions 208 References 209 17 Improving Project Efficiency through Process Transparency in Management Information Systems 211 Christian Lindfors Introduction 211 State-of-the-art review 212 Research project 221

Contents ix Conclusions 222 References 223 18 Improvement Processes in Construction Companies 225 Peter Samuelsson Introduction 225 State-of-the-art review 226 Research project 230 Research results and industrial impact 232 Conclusions 237 References 238 19 Design Research and the Records of Architectural Design: Expanding the Foundations of Design Tool Development 240 Robert Fekete Introduction 240 State-of-the-art review 240 Conclusions 253 References 253 20 Communicating Project Concepts and Creating Decision Support from CAAD 255 Jan Henrichsén Introduction 255 State-of-the-art review 255 Research project 260 Research results and industrial impact 264 Conclusions 264 References 265 21 Using 4D CAD in the Design and Management of Vertical Extensions to Existing Buildings 266 Susan Bergsten Introduction 266 State-of-the-art review 267 Research project 274 Research results and industrial impact 275 Conclusions 275 References 276 22 Importance of Architectural Attributes in Facilities Management 278 Ulf Nordwall Introduction 278

x Contents State-of-the-art review 279 Research project 285 Research results 287 Conclusions 290 References 290 23 Conclusions 292 Brian Atkin, Jan Borgbrant & Per-Erik Josephson Ways forward to construction process improvement 292 Index 299

Preface Over the past few years, researchers and sponsors have increasingly turned their attention to finding ways of improving the construction process. After decades of neglect, construction process is high on the agenda and will remain so, because of the realisation that the scope for improvement is considerable and the time to make a difference in practice is long. Indeed, there are no quick fixes. Sustained improvement can come about only through well-conceived plans that find acceptance among practitioners, not least clients. Moreover, concern for the process has to be matched by concern for the product. Considering one without the other is unlikely to lead to breakthroughs. In this connection, new management thinking and actions that ignore the underlying technology and how it is designed, produced, delivered, incorporated in a building and then maintained will have limited impact. Inevitably, some new thinking will prove to be lacking, with the risk of a legacy of failed buildings. For these reasons, the subjects covered by this book are an attempt to ensure that product-related questions are not overlooked in the search for answers to improvement in the construction process. Twenty-one chapters cover many different aspects of the construction process and, in most cases, explicitly cover their product-related implications. Even so, they represent a fraction of the subjects that could or might have been included. The problems to be solved are too numerous to mention, but, at least, some important steps have been taken and are described by the contributors. The key directions given to the contributors were: 1) to set their work in its proper context, and 2) to ensure that the methodological aspects were defensible and transparent. Construction Process Improvement represents many strands in the search for better value and a more enduring built environment and, as such, should appeal to readers with a more holistic concern for the process. Brian Atkin, Jan Borgbrant & Per-Erik Josephson Reading, Luleå & Gothenburg xi

Acknowledgements Competitive Building is a five-year, 70 million SEK ( 7.6 million) collaborative research and development programme. The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) has provided a significant proportion of this total, with the balance contributed by the Development Fund of the Swedish Construction Industry (SBUF); the Swedish Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS, incorporating BFR); and the Swedish construction sector, in the form of individual companies. We thank them for their support and, with it, the opportunity to prepare this book. xiii

Contributors The Editors Brian Atkin PhD, MPhil, BSc, FRICS, FCIOB is Programme Director for the Swedish national construction R&D programme, Competitive Building, a position he holds through Lund Institute of Technology, part of Lund University. He holds or has held professorial appointments at the University of Reading in the UK, VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland), Helsinki University of Technology, Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg and the University of Hong Kong. He is a Director of Atkin Research & Development Limited, a specialist consultancy, and AECademy Limited, an internet distance learning company. He is joint author of Total Facilities Management, also published by Blackwell. Jan Borgbrant PhD is Professor and Vice President of the University of Luleå and has held a professorship at Lund Institute of Technology. He is Vice Programme Director for Competitive Building. From 1980, he was senior researcher at the Swedish Council for Management and Organizational Behaviour, head of the administrative division at the National Board of Social Security, senior consultant at the Swedish Institute of Management and Senior Vice President of the construction company BPA. He is presently Chairman of the Board of Sikta Management AB and the Swedish Institute of Building Documentation. Per-Erik Josephson PhD is a Docent and Associate Professor at the Department of Building Economics and Management, Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, and a member of the management group for Competitive Building. His research covers project management, quality management and change management. He developed and initiated the masters degree programme in civil engineering and architectural management at Chalmers, for which he received an award for excellence in teaching. He is the Principal of a project management consultancy business. xv

xvi Contributors Contributors Fredrik Anheim, Luleå University of Technology and NCC AB Susan Bergsten, Luleå University of Technology and Swedish Institute of Steel Construction Stephen Burke, Lund Institute of Technology Åsa Engwall, Luleå University of Technology Robert Fekete, Lund Institute of Technology Torbjörn Hall, Chalmers University of Technology and White Arkitekter AB Jan Henrichsén, Lund Institute of Technology Carina Johansson, The Royal Institute of Technology and Peab AB Dennis Johansson & Anders Svensson, Lund Institute of Technology and Stifab Farex Roine Leiringer, The Royal Institute of Technology Christian Lindfors, The Royal Institute of Technology and NCC AB Fredrik Malmberg, Lund Institute of Technology and Malmö-Lund Master Builders Association Ulf Nordwall, Chalmers University of Technology and Bostads AB Poseidon Mats Öberg, Lund Institute of Technology and Cementa AB Markus Peterson, Lund Institute of Technology and Skanska AB Anna Rhodin, Luleå University of Technology and Skanska AB Peter Samuelsson, Chalmers University of Technology and Skanska AB Eva Sterner, Luleå University of Technology Niklas Sörensen, The Royal Institute of Technology and Scandiaconsult Kristian Widén, Lund Institute of Technology and Malmö-Lund Master Builders Association Veronica Yverås, Chalmers University of Technology and JM AB