Name: Date: Chapter 13 Study Guide Section 13-1: The Industrial Revolution and America 1. The Industrial Revolution was a major period of economic change in which manufacturing gradually shifted from small workshops and homes to factories and the use of machines. 2. The above change was first seen primarily in the textile industry in Great Britain, the United States, and other countries. 3. James Hargreaves invented a hand-powered machine that could spin multiple spools of thread at the same time. 4. The above machine was called a spinning jenny. 5. Richard Arkwright invented a spinning machine that used water power to spin multiple spools of thread at the same time. 6. The above machine was known as a water frame engine. 7. English mechanic and engineer Samuel Slater is credited with bringing British industrial secrets to America and building the country s first textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. 8. The term technology refers to the types of tools used to produce items, do work, or accomplish a task. 9. Eli Whitney is partially credited with pioneering the use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing in America. 10. Mass production is the production of goods on a large scale, using interchangeable parts, machines, factories, and a sizeable labor force. 11. a) What factors led to the Industrial Revolution? b) What industry experienced the first major change in manufacturing? c) In which country did this initially occur, and d) how did this country try to prevent its industrial secrets from reaching competitors? a) New inventions/processes (spinning jenny, interchangeable parts, mass production) that increased the speed and efficiency of manufacturing, growing urban populations, increased demand for manufactured goods b) Began primarily in the textile industry c) Great Britain d) By passing intellectual property laws that prohibited sharing British industrial technology outside of Great Britain
12. a) How did the Industrial Revolution gradually reach the United States? b) How were early factories powered? a) Men like Samuel Slater, familiar with manufacturing processes in Great Britain, came to the United States and built textile factories b) Factories were located next to moving streams of water such as rivers to provide power through water wheels 13. Explain the concept of a) interchangeable parts and b) mass production. c) Who is given credit for these important innovations, and d) how did they change the way goods were manufactured? a) Interchangeable parts is the concept that manufactured products were made from identical parts using machinery, so the products were easier to assemble, fix, etc at a much lower cost than goods that were made by hand b) Mass production is the production of manufactured goods in large quantities by machine, much cheaper than hand made goods c) Eli Whitney given credit for these innovations d) Goods manufactured faster, easier, cheaper 14. a-c) Why did manufacturing in the United States develop more slowly than in Great Britain? d-e) What events led Americans to place an emphasis on the development of American industry and manufacturing? a) Developed more slowly because there was an emphasis on agriculture, owning land, etc in America b) Not a large labor force to find workers c) Most Americans got their manufactured goods from Britain at a relatively cheap price d) Acts such as the Embargo Act of 1807 and Non-Intercourse Act of 1808 forced American manufacturers to industrialize because trade with foreign countries was cut off e) War of 1812 and resulting blockade of American ports also forced industrialization so that Americans could have manufactured goods Section 13-2: Changes in Working Life 15. The Rhode Island System was Samuel Slater s practice of hiring entire families and delegating simple tasks to his workers. 16. Francis Cabot Lowell was a New England businessman that created a new model for factories and manufacturing in the United States. 17. The above factory owner created the Lowell System, in which he hired young, unmarried women to work in his factories. 18. Trade unions are groups of workers dedicated to improving worker pay, working conditions, working hours, etc. 19. The above groups sometimes encourage workers to go on strike, or refuse to work until their demands are met. 20. Sarah G. Bagley was the founder of the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association.
21. a) How did Samuel Slater fulfill his labor needs in mills and factories? b) What did his system come to be known as? c) What kinds of wages were these laborers paid? a) Samuel Slater hired entire families to work in his textile mills b) Rhode Island System because he built his factory in Pawtucket, RI c) Workers paid very low wages 22. a) How did Francis Lowell s hiring practices differ from Slater s? b) Why was Lowell s textile mill considered a desirable place to work? c) What were some disadvantages for women working in these mills? a) Lowell only hired young, unmarried women (practice known as the Lowell System) b) Better wages than other factories such as Slater s; opportunity to work and earn money, as opposed to simply working on a family farm c) Disadvantages: long working hours, daily life controlled, as production increased employees forced to work harder and faster, factory conditions often caused health problems 23. a) What factors led workers to organize trade unions? b) What was one practice at the disposal of trade unions in order to get management to recognize the workers concerns? a) Desire for better wages, shorter working hours, better working conditions led to formation of trade unions b) Trade unions could strike, or walk off of the job, in order to get their demands met 24. a) What were the primary concerns of activists such as Sarah G. Bagley? b) What kind of changes were made thanks to her efforts? a) Concerned with long working hours, poor working conditions, etc. b) Helped get state laws passed to gradually shorten working hours Section 13-3: The Transportation Revolution 25. The period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel due to new inventions and technology is called the Transportation Revolution. 26. Robert Fulton is credited with building and launching the first successful commercial steamboat operation in the United States. 27. The above person s steamboat was known as the Clermont. 28. In the Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Marshall court ruled that federal law was supreme to state law, and that only the US Congress had the power to regulate interstate commerce, and that the transportation of people came under this definition. 29. Peter Cooper introduced the first locomotive in the United States. 30. His locomotive was known as the Tom Thumb.
31. a) What were the two most important forms of transportation invented during the Transportation Revolution, and who is credited with their introduction? b) What invention allowed this to happen? a) Two most important forms of transportation invented during T.R. were the steamboat, introduced by Robert Fulton, and railroad locomotive (train), introduced by Peter Cooper b) Invention of steam engine led to these innovations 32. a) How did the steamboat change river travel? B) How did the locomotive change travel over land? a) Steamboat changed river travel by making transportation of goods and people faster, cheaper, and allowed for fast travel in either direction on a river (downstream and upstream) b) Locomotive changed travel over land by making transportation of goods and people faster, cheaper, etc., also encouraged westward expansion 33. a) What were the dangers associated with steamboat travel? b) What dangers were associated with travel by train? a) Steam engines were not safe; could explode if too much pressure built up in boiler of engine b) In locomotives, threat of explosion from steam engines as well as derailments from travelling too fast (conductors trying to stay on schedule) 34. a) Explain the effects of the Transportation Revolution on commerce and travel. b) How did it contribute to the nation s economic and territorial growth? a) Overall, increased commerce and growth of the economy; made manufactured goods more available to the lower and middle classes; travel now faster and cheaper b) Encouraged westward expansion; new settlements, towns, cities, etc would be built along rail line; would open new markets for manufactured goods in the west; allowed western farmers to more easily ship goods back to markets in the east Section 13-4: More Technological Advances 35. Samuel Morse invented a device that allowed electrical signals to be sent over great distances through wires. 36. This device became known as the telegraph. 37. To communicate with this device, its inventor developed a language called Morse Code, made up of dots and dashes that represented letters of the alphabet. 38. John Deere is credited with the introduction of the steel plow to American farmers. 39. Cyrus McCormick is credited inventing a machine that allowed farmers to harvest their crops much faster than when done by hand. 40. The above machine was called a mechanical reaper. 41. Isaac Singer is credited with inventing a cheap, mass-produced, improved version of the sewing machine.
39. a) How did the telegraph change how Americans communicated? b) What other technological innovation encouraged and allowed the use of the telegraph to expand across the country? a) Telegraph made communication almost instantaneous; no longer took days or weeks to communicate b) Spread of railroads allowed use of telegraph to expand because telegraph lines were often built along the same route as railroads to quickly put new towns and cities in contact with eastern parts of the country 40. a) How did the development of the steam engine affect industrialization in the United States? b) How did this change the way goods were produced? a) Steam engine was introduced as form of power for factories; Factories no longer had to be built along rivers or streams for power, could now be built everywhere; Factories were now built in urban areas and could take advantage of growing urban populations and cheap source of labor; also shortened distances between factories and the markets where goods were sold b) Greatly increased number of factories and the manufacturing output of the United States 41. a-b) Describe two major agricultural inventions and who invented them. c) How did these inventions affect agricultural production? a) Steel plow, invented by John Deere, allowed fields to be plowed and planted much faster and more efficiently b) Mechanical reaper, invented by Cyrus McCormick, allowed crops to be harvested much faster and more efficiently c) Led to decreased need for labor on farms; this excess labor led to population moving from rural to urban areas, thus increasing the supply of labor for factories and industry 42. a-e) List various inventions and advancements that made life easier and more efficient in the homes of average Americans. a) Sewing Machine, improved and produced by Isaac Singer, allowed people to make/mend their clothing at home faster and more efficiently b) Ice box, which allowed Americans to store and keep food for longer periods of time c) Iron stove, which replaced cooking fires in homes, now a dedicated way of preparing food and heating home d) Improved water systems, which allowed for indoor plumbing to be used in multi-story buildings e) Americans could now afford manufactured items such as clocks because of interchangeable parts and mass production; goods now cheaper because they no longer had to be handmade (an expensive process)