APPLICATION OF RFID TECHNOLOGY AND THE MAXIMUM SPANNING TREE ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING VEHICLE EMISSIONS INTRODUCTION Though there have been lots of standards set to reduce vehicular gas emissions all over the world, deploying them has practical problems. In this project, a wireless inspection and notification system (WINS) is proposed. By applying the system, it is possible to smoothly realize a green traffic network. In this system, Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology as a low-cost and mature wireless communication method (RF) is adopted to collect and transmit emissions information of vehicles. Moreover, The RFID devices need to be installed on the traffic lights so that reliable reading of emissions signals from a vehicle can be interrogated when the vehicles stop in front of the red light. Taken into consideration the real environment, an efficient and innovative maximum spanning tree algorithm (MXAST) is also presented to select suitable traffic lights aim to reduce the number of RFID devices (more economy) and guaranteed the whole urban cars can be monitored (simple & safety). Also traffic density is studied for programming the signals. DESCRIPTION The entire project can be divided into 3 functions: Traffic Density Monitoring and Signaling: To monitor the density of the traffic, we will be keeping the few IR Sensors in the besides the road and depends upon the signals from the sensors the timing of the traffic signals will be changed. The sensors output is given to a comparator to digitize the output. In this project all the IR receivers placed near the roads are connected to the controller. Based on the IR receivers signal information will be send to the signal Lamp Post showing RED/GREEN Lights. If the 1 st IR is blocked means that particular road signal will be switched to green light for 5sec,If the vehicles blocked till 2 nd IR means that particular signal will be switched to 10sec & next set of IR blocking is set to 15secs. The signal time will be displayed on the LCD. If IR s are not blocked means by default 10 seconds traffic signal delay will be there.
When the ambulance comes in emergency then its RFID-TAG is sensed and priority is given to ROAD2 and its signal will be switched on to green for 20 seconds. Smoke Sensing of moving vehicles. (WINS system) Each moving vehicle is embedded with a smoke sensor, RFID TAG and a RF transmitter. The Sensor data is continuously received by the RF receiver interfaced to the microcontroller in the main unit. The main unit has RF Receiver, RFID Reader, Display, Bluetooth all interfaced to a Microcontroller. The sensor data is processed and compared with threshold data to check the fuel emission limit. If the limit in exceeded: Then RFID TAG of the vehicle is sensed by the RFID Reader. The controller has a database of the possible users (RFID TAG information). So the corresponding vehicle s information is passed on via Bluetooth to the PC in the control Room. The DotNet application in the PC will open a mail system and the owner of the Car will receive an alert email. PC will maintain all possible information Each RFID-TAG number of a car is associated with its Owner, vehicle number, date, emission details etc., The heart of the embedded system is the microcontroller. Renesas 64pin controller is used here. Fig: Shows the placement of sensors (for emission levels) in Car.
Fig. Road situation of data communication. Spanning tree algorithm The placement of RFID Readers should be done with some analysis of traffic density to avoid unnecessary placements. The idea of spanning tree is to find the shortest path (MAXST algorithm) out the most densely used routes, based on the traffic statistics, so that RFID readers could be installed on the traffic lights at those junctions and no cars are missed. This algorithm is simulated using MATLAB.
BLOCK DIAGRAM Red/Green Signals 16X2 ALCD IR RX S in Road MICRO CONTROLLER RENESAS 64Pin UART Bluetooth IR TX S of Road RF Receiver RFID Reader RF Transmitter Smoke Sensor RFID TAG CAR Bluetooth UART PC (Personal Computer)
Ambulance with RFID TAG IR RX ROAD 2 IR TX IR RX S1 IR RX ROAD 1 ROAD 3 IR TX S3 S2 IR TX
COMPONENTS USED Microcontroller - RENESAS 64PIN IR sensors Comparator LM358 Red and Green LEDs 16X2 LCD BlueTooth RF Transmitter and Receiver RFID TAGS and READERS SOFTWARES USED Cubesuite+ Flash Magic OrCAD DotNet Advantages : No polluting vehicle is spared. The car may belong to any influential person, the system is fair to all. Helps forcibly to reduce pollution levels. Disadvantages: Problem of security may arise if the data in PC is mis-handled. Though the feedback is given to the owner of the vehicle about emission levels he should be followed up to rectify. (This may be taken for future scope by sending repeated mails and assurance from the owner that he has rectified). RFID Readers need to be rugged and more sensitive.
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