Domain-Specificity versus Expertise in Face Processing

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Domain-Specificity versus Expertise in Face Processing Dan O Shea and Peter Combs 18 Feb 2008 COS 598B Prof. Fei Fei Li

Inferotemporal Cortex and Object Vision Keiji Tanaka Annual Review of Neuroscience, 1996 Objective: Describe the properties of TE cells and the connections leading to and projecting out of TE with the goal of understanding the functional implications of TE s functional organization in object recognition

Dorsal Visual Pathway Performs visual stimulus recognition What Pathway

TE Cells Selective for Complex Features Dorsal TE cells selective for moderately complex features, some for combinations of these shapes with color or texture

Orientation and Size Selectivity

Exploring Spatial Locality

TE Columnar Organization

Projections to TE V4 and TEO selective for complex features TEO pools project to 3-5 TE columns TE Pools multiple partial features and RFs achieves position invariance

Columnar Organization Revisited Overlapping activation spots in optical imaging Continuous Mapping? Substrate for computations?

Alternative Pinwheel Organization

Functional Implications of TE Columns Distributed representation lends robustness and precision Hyperacuity by overlapping sensitivities Binding of multiple coactive columns? Per-object synchrony Attentional selection

TE projections to other areas STPa social communication PFC temporal behavior, decision making Amygdala emotional content Perirhinal cortex association IPS 3d shape for tactile processing

Tanaka Summary TE achieves position invariance and columnar organization Two levels of population coding Combinations of multiple columns Multiple cells in column with overlapping sensitivity

The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception Nancy Kanwisher, Josh McDermott, Marvin M. Chun Journal of Neuroscience, 1997. Objective: Demonstrate that the fusiform face area is selectively activated by holistic processing of faces and thus represents a special face-processing vision pathway

Fusiform Face Area

Part I Comparison: faces vs objects Purpose: find ROI that responds more strongly to faces than objects Results: Located FFA in right fusiform gyrus

Faces vs. Objects

Cross-Subject Consistency

Part IIa Comparison: B&W vs. Scrambled Purpose: Responding to low-level visual features present only in face stimuli Results: ROI from Part I responds more strongly to intact faces than scrambled faces (ratio = 3.2)

Part IIb Comparison: Faces vs. Houses Purpose: Distinguising between exemplars of single object category? Results: ROI from Part I responds more strongly to faces than houses (ratio = 6.6)

Part III Comparison: ¾ faces vs. hands Purpose: Do responses generalize to different viewpoints? Recognition on the basis of internal (versus external) features? Faces versus body parts? Effect of attentional load? Results: Stronger response to faces during passive viewing and 1-back memory task

Kanwisher Conclusion FFA activation is reliably selective for faces within and across subjects FFA activation reflects a special processing pathway for holistic face processing No unified, overarching visual recognition processing scheme

Can generic expertise explain special processing for faces? McKone, Kanwisher, and Duchaine Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2007. Objective: Address the claims of the expertise hypothesis, show that objects of expertise do not show the same holistic face-like processing patterns, and present a specialized model of face-processing

Inversion Effect

Part-whole Effect

Composite Effect

Prosopagnosia Prospagnosia and object agnosia are often dissociated Objects of expertise recognition performance dissociates from face performance as well

Single Unit Recording in Monkeys 97% of cells in middle face patch of macaque monkeys are highly selective for faces

Inverted Faces No holistic processing develops despite training

Parahippocampal Place Area Decoding mental states from brain activity in humans John-Dylan Haynes and Geraint Rees Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2006.

McKone Conclusion Many studies have found that objects of expertise do not invoke the same pathways or display the same behaviors as faces Face processing reflects either an innate template which guides recognition or a different type of expertise with an early critical period

Beyond faces and modularity: the power of an expertise framework Bukach, Gauthier, and Tarr Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2006. Objective: Discuss the value of an expertise framework independently of the domain-specific vs. domain-general debate concerning face recognition.

Expertise effects outside FFA

Event related potentials: N170

Dual-task Interference

Expertise framework has implications outside of the FFA debate Properties and interactions of expertise worth studying Bukach Conclusion

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