American International Journal of Research in Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics Available online at http://www.iasir.net ISSN (Print): 2328-3491, ISSN (Online): 2328-3580, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3629 AIJRSTEM is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) Design and Engineering of Jute Geotextile Prof. Swapan Kumar Ghosh 1, Mr. Kalyan Ray Gupta 2, Mr. Satyaranjan Bairagi 3, Mr. Rajib Bhattacharyya 4 1 (Professor, Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, Calcutta University, Kolkata, INDIA) 2 (Asst. Professor, Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, Calcutta University, Kolkata, INDIA) 3 (Senior Research Fellow, Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, Calcutta University, Kolkata, INDIA) 4 (Teaching Associate, Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, Calcutta University, Kolkata, INDIA) Abstract: Traditional sacking quality jute woven fabrics with double warp 2/1 Twill Weave have been extensively used for road construction but studies and applications so far undertaken have not been comprehensive enough for large scale acceptability and adoption of the above said fabrics. The previous studies and field applications of woven Jute Geotextiles (JGTs) carried out so far on rural road construction have subtended the efficacy of the appropriate variety of jute material. The applications, however, did not focus on design and engineering of application specific and functions oriented varieties of Jute Geotextiles. It is in this context that development of potentially important JGT for strengthening of rural roads assumes significance. Hence Plain Weave, Twill Weave, Matt Weave and Basket Weave Jute Fabric samples of same fabric weight, expressed in gsm, have been produced by varying yarn property parameters and yarn density in the fabrics to optimize their property parameters with the help of a suitable statistical method and standardize those property parameters after taking actual field trials on roads. Keywords: Weave structure; Geotextile; JGT; Tensile Properties. I. Introduction Application of geotextiles in flexible paved road construction is an established one and is increasing at rapid pace throughout the world. Geotextiles extend the service life of roads, increase their load carrying capacity and reduce rutting. The effectiveness of geotextiles in stabilization and separation roles with flexible pavements has been extensively researched. It has been found that for weak subgrade (California Bearing Ratio, CBR = 2%), the geotextile extends the service life of a flexible pavement section by a factor of 2.5 to 3.0 compared to a non stabilized section. Further a geotextile effectively increased the pavement section s total AASTHO 1 structural number by approximately 19%. The performance of pavements constructed on soft soils can be improved using jute Geotextiles. Jute fabric when used as separator prevents the penetration of subgrade material into voids of granular base course. The permeability characteristic of the fabric also aids in faster dissipation of pore pressures and ensures better drainage which results in better long term performance of the pavement. Provision of fabric enables subgrade develops its full bearing capacity and thus controls rutting. Jute Geotextile was used as a separator between subgrade and sub-base layers. Jute Geotextile (JGT) is much cheaper than synthetic fibre 2. It is easy to blend with other natural material and synthetic fibres. JGT is environmental friendly, design biodegradable, hydrophobic, anionic and locally available materials. Initially it has got the high strength and non-hazardous properties. It is also a renewable source of energy as natural biomass 3. World Jute production is on the decline since mid 1980s 4. At the time production was in excess of 6 million tons. In 2008 jute production has reached about 2.65 million tons 5. Jute production is concentrated (90 95%) in Bangladesh and India. China, Myanmar, Thailand and Nepal contribute a smaller share. Jute has mostly been used in the packaging industry as well as for carpet backing. In the last decades jute has been experiencing heavy competition from synthetic materials, resulting in greatly reduce demand. Identification and development of new products and new applications are crucial for the sector to continue providing employment and income to millions of jute farmers and those employed in the mills. It is estimated that in India alone, the jute industry provides direct employment to about 260,000 workers 6 and supports the livelihood of around 4 million farm families. An additional 140,000 people are engaged in the territory sector and allied activities. In Bangladesh, it is estimated that about half these numbers are involved in production and processing of jute. Keeping into view about the potential application of JGT, this article delineates optimization of the fabric property parameters of the produced woven jute fabric samples followed by their ranking with respect to different geotechnical applications keeping in view for maintaining techno economic viability mainly in the field of road construction in terms of strengthening of sub grade. 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II. Material and Methods The warp and weft yarns required for this study have been prepared in the Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of Calcutta, India. The batch composition of the warp and weft yarns is furnished in Table 1. Table 1: Batch composition of warp and weft yarns Warp Yarn Weft Yarn Grade/ Type of Jute Fibre Percentage Composition (%) Grades /Type of Jute Fibre Percentage Composition (%) TD 4 63.6 TD 4 90 TD 5 18.2 Root Cuttings 10 Root Cuttings 9.1 Sliver Wastes 9.1 Total 100 Total 100 Using this batch composition counts of warp yarn 9.0 lb/spy and weft yarns 12.0 lb/spy were produced in conventional slip draft spinning machine. The warp and weft yarn particulars are furnished in Table 2. Table 2: Warp and Weft Yarn Particulars Parameters Specification of Warp Yarn Specification of Weft Yarn Single weft yarn Plied weft yarn 1 st Lot 2 nd Lot 3 rd Lot 4 th Lot 1 st Lot 2 nd Lot Count of Yarn (lbs/spy) 9.0 12.1 11.95 11.45 12.0 2/23 2/24 Twists per inch (T.P.I) 4.0 3.45 3.45 3.4 3.53 2.9 2.93 Diameter (mm) 0.5596 0.755 0.859 1.062 0.754 1.832 1.501 Breaking Strength (N) 33.94 40.61 43.79 28.28 42.57 68.80 70.12 Breaking Elongation (%) 1.66 1.59 1.535 1.17 1.46 2.14 2.18 Tenacity (cn/tex) 10.37 9.82 10.59 6.84 10.30 8.32 8.48 Quality ratio (%) 80.10 75.97 81.92 52.90 79.64 64.35 65.59 Collected warp yarn and prepared weft yarn was used for producing the desired fabric sample of different designs like Plain, Twill, Matt and Basket weave in a conventional loom. The specification of the loom and the weave prepared is given below in Table 3. The particulars of the fabric samples are furnished in Table 4. Table 3: Particulars of the Loom Type of Loom Maker s Name Reed space Type of Dobby Capacity of Dobby Reed count Conventional Hessian Loom With Dobby Attachment Urquhart & Lindsay Ltd. 42.5 inch Left Hand Climax Dobby(Negative Dobby-Double Lift, Double Jack) 16(Maximum) 7.8 Porter Table 4: Particulars of the fabric samples prepared Sl. No. Gsm Range Weave Warp yarn Weft yarn Ends/ dm Picks/ dm Double Warp Yarn Single Weft Yarn (A1) 100 43 1. 600-650 Plain(A) Double Warp Yarn Double Weft Yarn (A2) 100 64 Double Warp Yarn Ply Weft Yarn (A3) 100 33 Double Warp Yarn Single Weft Yarn (B1) 102 48 2. 600-650 1/2 Twill (B) Double Warp Yarn Double Weft Yarn (B2) 100 58 Double Warp Yarn Ply Weft Yarn (B3) 100 35 Double Warp Yarn Single Weft Yarn (C1) 100 55 3. 600-650 1/3 Twill (C) Double Warp Yarn Double Weft Yarn (C2) 100 76 Double Warp Yarn Ply Weft Yarn (C3) 100 37 Double Warp Yarn Single Weft Yarn (D1) 102 60 4. 600-650 2/2 Matt (D) Double Warp Yarn Double Weft Yarn (D2) 102 74 Double Warp Yarn Ply Weft Yarn (D3) 100 39 Double Warp Yarn Single Weft Yarn (E1) 100 74 5. 600-650 4/4 Basket (E) Double Warp Yarn Double Weft Yarn (E2) 100 74 Double Warp Yarn Ply Weft Yarn (E3) 100 40 The entire range of Jute based Woven Fabric Samples were conditioned according to an ASTM standard using standard temperature (21 0 C ± 2 0 C) and humidity (65% ± 5% R.H.) for 24 hours before commencement of any testing work. The details of the testing activities to which these fabric samples have been subjected, is provided in Table 5. Table 5: List of Testing Performed and Corresponding Standard References to Asses Different Property Parameters of DW Plain Weave JGT Samples. Sl. No. Test Parameters Sample Size No. of Tests ASTM Test Standard 01. Area Density(Mass per unit area) 250 mm. 250 mm. 15 D 5261-92 (2009) 02. Fabric Thickness 7.6 cm. diameter 15 D - 5199-01 (2006) 03. Tensile Properties of Geotextiles (Breaking Load and 200 mm. 100 mm. 15 D-4595-09 Breaking Elongation) by the Wide-Width Strip Method 04. CBR Puncture Resistance 45 mm. 15 D -6241-04 (2009) 05. Hydraulic Bursting Strength 33.5 mm. 15 D 3886 AIJRSTEM 16-217; 2016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 46
III. Results and Discussion In the present work, fifteen numbers of woven jute fabrics with different weave and constructional parameters were produced to study the effect of different fabric parameters on the properties of the fabric. The physical, mechanical, air permeability, drape coefficient and bending properties of the produced fabrics are shown in Tables 6, 7, 8 and 9 respectively. Table 6: Physical Properties of the Fabric Samples Samples Converted gsm @ 20% M.R. Ends/dm Picks/dm Thickness (mm) Crimp (%) Specific Density A1 522.0746 100 X 43 2.01 8.7X4.1 0.259739 99.72569 A2 611.1735 100 X 64 2.45 9.3X2.9 0.249459 99.73654 A3 619.11 100 X 33 2.28 9.7X2.3 0.271539 99.71323 B1 544.9129 102 X 48 2.03 7.3X3.6 0.272456 99.71226 B2 574.0803 100 X 58 2.42 6.2X2.1 0.237223 99.74947 B3 634.34 100 X 35 2.47 7.9X3.6 0.256818 99.72877 C1 566.5234 100 X 55 2.38 6.6X3.8 0.238035 99.74861 C2 649.5093 100 X 76 2.71 5.7X2.4 0.239671 99.74688 C3 648.41 100 X 37 2.83 7.7X2.8 0.229119 99.75803 D1 591.044 102 X 60 2.07 5.7X3.5 0.291155 99.69251 D2 652.2512 102 X 74 2.52 5.5X4.2 0.263004 99.72224 D3 662.49 100 X 39 2.39 5.2X4.3 0.277192 99.70725 E1 638.4756 100 X 74 2.75 4.3X3.0 0.232173 99.7548 E2 632.3966 100 X 74 2.98 3.0X2.3 0.202044 99.78662 E3 657.82 100 X 40 3.18 3.3X2.1 0.200554 99.78819 Volume Porosity Samples Table 7: Mechanical Properties of the Fabric Samples Elongation (%) Bursting Strength (kg) Tensile Strength (KN) Cone Drop (mm) CBR Puncture (KN) A1 20.83 X 16.1 11.3 X 7.0 15.6 15.33 1.45 A2 20.27 X 21.43 11.3 X 6.3 16.77 16.67 1.79 A3 20.42 X 21.67 13.3 X 6.3 18.23 18.23 2.18 B1 20.67 X 15.63 10 X 6 16.7 17.3 1.42 B2 22.08 X 20.82 9 X 5 20 14.6 1.77 B3 23.37 X 20.8 10 X 6 17.6 12.6 1.69 C1 20.68 X 16.1 9.7 X 7.7 19.9 16 1.36 C2 22.3 X 20.15 8.3 X 6.3 23.1 16.7 1.75 C3 22.63 X 22.62 9.7 X 7.7 19.2 16 2.36 D1 25.42 X 17.97 8.7 X 9.7 23.73 16 1.97 D2 25.35 X 20.75 7.0 X 6.7 29.17 15.33 2.05 D3 26.5 X 18.98 8.7 X 9.0 29.83 16.67 2.22 E1 25.3 X 19.87 9.3 X 6.7 32.6 8.67 2.77 E2 24.47 X 18.5 6.0 X 5.7 29 11.33 2.09 E3 22.42 X 19.82 7.7 X 9.0 26.63 14 2.48 Table 8: Air Permeability and Cover Factor of the Fabric Samples Air Permeability Sample (m³/m²/min) Cover Factor A1 60.43 90.01 A2 70.25 90.74 A3 74.49 91.20 B1 59.73 92.60 B2 69.65 89.40 B3 79.87 92.10 C1 73.82 93.86 C2 78.59 93.40 C3 106 93.01 D1 61.92 96.30 D2 95.16 93.90 D3 89.3 93.90 E1 64.89 99.00 E2 107.83 93.05 E3 112 94.40 AIJRSTEM 16-217; 2016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 47
Sample Drape (%) Table 9: Drape and Bending Properties of the Fabric Samples Bending Length Flexural Rigidity (mg.cm) (cm) Bending Rigidity (kg/cm²) A1 97.6 6.79 X 6.29 16343.4 X 12992.25 17.76785 X 12.41715 A2 96.7 6.4 X 6.87 16021.5 X 19816.85 10.69824 X 11.06357 A3 94.0 6.21 X 6.42 14826.6 X 16382.17 14.48828 X 8.506906 B1 97.3 6.0428 X 5.3625 12023.8 X 8402.896 10.40405 X 11.4267 B2 97.5 6.1125 X 6.1813 13110.8 X 13558.51 10.6195 X 8.707877 B3 96.0 6.0875 X 5.0975 14310 X 8402.237 7.176726 X 6.571145 C1 97.6 5.04 X 5.2 7252.86 X 7965.772 11.47783 X 7.966211 C2 96.8 5.78 X 5.41 12542.1 X 10284.36 9.786788 X 7.832976 C3 94.1 5.18 X 5.03 9012.31 X 8251.837 9.108845 X 4.544152 D1 97.2 6.02 X 5.33 12894.6 X 8949.555 22.11119 X 17.5774 D2 96.8 6.29 X 5.84 16231.8 X 12991.32 12.0139 X 14.85985 D3 94.0 6.38 X 5.06 17204.5 X 8582.838 13.03253 X 14.39988 E1 97.3 6.28 X 5.93 15813.3 X 13314 9.124444 X 7.682305 E2 96.9 6.59 X 5.25 18098.6 X 9150.976 8.206882 X 4.149539 E3 94.0 5.82 X 5.14 12968.1 X 8932.963 4.839216 X 3.333461 Effect of Fabric Parameters on Tensile Strength The values of tensile strength in warp and weft direction for all the samples are shown in above Table 7. From the Table 7 it is found that the warp way tensile strength of the fabric samples varies from 20.27 kn/m to 26.5 kn/m. From the literature review it is found that the strength of a fabric in warp direction depends on the strength of the warp yarn, thread density in warp and weft direction, types of weave, gsm and crimp% in warp direction. It is found that the thread density in warp direction of all the samples produced varies from 100 ends/dm to 102 ends/dm. From the literature review it is found that with the increase in weft density the strength of the fabric increases if the other fabric parameters remain same. Again the maximum achievable thread density in weft direction of the fabric depends on the types of weave for a given thread density of warp yarn in the fabric. So during the preparation of the fabric samples it was aimed to achieve maximum weft density without bumping during beat-up except for the fabric with matt design (E1, E2 & E3) which are woven with lower weft density then the achievable limit. Among the fabric samples containing single weft thread the weft density is lowest for the sample A1 (43 picks/dm) and highest for the sample E1 & E2 (74 picks/dm). Again the fabric produced using ply yarn, the sample A3 have lowest picks/dm (33 picks/dm) whereas the sample E3 have the highest weft yarn density (40 picks/dm). Effect of Fabric Parameters on Elongation at Break The values of elongation at break in warp and weft direction for all the samples are shown in Table 7. In that table it is observed that the warp way breaking elongation of the fabric samples varies from 6% to 13.3%. From the literature review it is found that the elongation at break of a fabric in warp direction depends on the count of warp yarn, types of weave and crimp% in warp direction. Effect of Fabric Parameters on Drape Coefficient The value of Drape coefficient for all the samples is shown in Table 9. From Table 9 it is found that the value of Drape Coefficient of all the samples ranges from 94% to 97.6%. It is also found from the Table 9 and in Figure 4.15 that the warp way Bending Modulus varies from 4.839216 kg/cm 2 to 22.11119 kg/cm 2. In the weft direction it is observed that the Bending Modulus varies from 3.333461 kg/cm 2 to 17.5774 kg/cm 2. From the literature review it is found that the drape coefficient of a fabric depends on the thread density in warp and weft direction, types of weave, count of warp and weft yarn and flexural rigidity of both warp and weft direction. Effect of Fabric Parameters on Air Permeability The value of Air permeability for all the samples is shown in Table 8. From Table 8 it is found that the value of Air Permeability of all samples ranges from 59.7 m 3 /m 2 /min to 112 m 3 /m 2 /min. From the literature review it is found that the air permeability of a fabric depends on the thread density in warp and weft direction, types of weave, volume porosity and pore/cm 2. ing of Fabric Samples Produced for Standardization and Optimization of Different Machine Parameters and Process parameters Values of all the Dimensional and Geotechnical (physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties etc.) property parameters obtained for all the jute woven fabric samples produced in this study by varying process parameters are compared by the method of Simple average weighted ranking procedure for five categories (Plain, Twill, Matt AIJRSTEM 16-217; 2016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 48
and Basket weave) of such woven JGT fabric samples separately for standardization and optimization of different property parameters. For ranking within the specified range of fabric area density, each property parameter of each sample is proportionately weighted as compared to the best values obtained in that property parameter to award ten (10) point and rest of the obtained values lower than the best value were weighted proportionately. Finally considering all the property parameters together simple average were determined to get the rank within that class and shown in Table 10. Among the fabric samples A1, A2, & A3 the fabric A3 has maximum ranking value. Similarly among the fabric samples B1, B2 & B3 the fabric B2 has maximum ranking value, among the fabric samples C1, C2, & C3 the fabric C3 has maximum ranking value, among the fabric samples D1, D2, & D3 the fabric D3 has maximum ranking value and among the fabric samples E1, E2, & E3 the fabric E1 has maximum ranking value. And among all the fifteen fabric samples A1 have the lowest ranking with double warp plain design and E1 have the maximum ranking value with 4X4 matt design. Table 10: ing of Fabric Samples Sample No. Tensile Strength in MD (kn/m) Tensile Strength in CD (kn/m) CBR Puncture Resistance (kn) Bursting Strength (kg/cm 2 ) Cone Drop (mm) A1 20.83 7.86 16.1 7.12 1.45 5.23 15.6 4.78 15.33 5.66 A2 20.27 7.64 21.43 9.47 1.79 6.46 16.77 5.14 16.67 5.20 A3 20.42 7.71 21.67 9.58 2.18 7.87 18.23 5.59 18.23 4.76 B1 20.67 7.8 15.63 6.91 1.42 5.13 16.7 5.12 17.3 5.01 B2 22.08 8.33 20.82 9.20 1.77 6.39 20 6.13 14.6 5.94 B3 23.37 8.82 20.8 9.19 1.69 6.10 17.6 5.40 12.6 6.88 C1 20.68 7.80 16.1 7.12 1.36 4.91 19.9 6.10 16 5.42 C2 22.3 8.41 20.15 8.91 1.75 6.32 23.1 7.08 16.7 5.19 C3 22.63 8.53 22.62 10 2.36 8.52 19.2 5.89 16 5.42 D1 25.42 9.59 17.97 7.94 1.97 7.11 23.73 7.28 16 5.42 D2 25.35 9.57 20.75 9.17 2.05 7.40 29.17 8.95 15.33 5.66 D3 26.5 10 18.98 8.39 2.22 8.01 29.83 9.15 16.67 5.20 E1 25.3 9.55 19.87 8.78 2.77 10 32.6 10 8.67 10 E2 24.47 9.23 18.5 8.18 2.09 7.55 29 8.90 11.33 7.65 E3 22.42 8.46 19.82 8.76 2.48 8.95 26.63 8.17 14 6.19 Table 10: ing of Fabric Samples.continued Sample No. Air Permeability (m³/m²/min) Drape (%) Bending Rigidity in MD (kg/cm²) Bending Rigidity in CD (kg/cm²) Total A1 60.43 9.88 97.6 9.63 22.11 2.18 17.58 1.89 54.23 A2 70.25 8.50 96.7 9.72 12.01 4.02 14.86 2.24 58.39 A3 74.49 8.02 94 10 13.03 3.71 14.39 2.31 59.55 B1 59.73 10 97.3 9.66 17.77 2.72 12.42 2.68 55.03 B2 69.65 8.57 97.5 9.64 10.69 4.52 11.06 3.01 61.73 B3 79.87 7.47 96.0 9.79 14.49 3.34 8.51 3.91 60.9 C1 73.82 8.09 97.6 9.63 10.4 4.65 11.43 2.91 56.63 C2 78.59 7.60 96.8 9.71 10.62 4.55 8.71 3.82 61.59 C3 106 5.63 94.1 9.98 7.17 6.75 6.57 5.06 65.78 D1 61.92 9.64 97.2 9.67 11.47 4.21 7.97 4.17 65.03 D2 95.16 6.27 96.8 9.71 9.78 4.94 7.83 4.25 65.92 D3 89.3 6.68 94.0 10 9.11 5.31 4.54 7.33 70.07 E1 64.89 9.20 97.3 9.66 9.12 5.30 7.68 4.33 76.82 E2 107.83 5.53 96.9 9.70 8.21 5.89 4.15 8.02 70.65 E3 112 5.33 94.0 10 4.84 10 3.33 10 75.86 IV. Conclusions In this study fabric property and their dependence on the constructional parameters (design, thread density, etc.) and yarn parameters are investigated. From the discussion in this article the following conclusions can be drawn. The tensile strength of the fabric in warp direction is positively influenced by the weft crimp and negatively influenced by the warp crimp. But also process parameters of weaving to be considered during engineering of woven jute fabric. The parameters viz. both warp and weft way thread density and crimp, strength of the weft yarn and gsm of the fabric can be used to predict the tensile strength of the fabric in weft direction with relatively high accuracy than the warp way strength of the fabric. Therefore woven jute fabric with higher value of interlacement AIJRSTEM 16-217; 2016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 49
produces fabric with low tensile strength in warp direction, this may be due to frequent changing of the heald shaft during weaving adversely affecting the strength of the warp yarn. Whereas during weaving there is less stress on weft yarn so strength of the weft yarn did not reduced to an appreciable extent and hence more no of interlacement in weft direction produces a fabric with higher tensile strength in weft direction due to more binding of the weft yarn with the warp yarn. The property parameters like flexural rigidity, thread density both in warp and weft direction and count of weft yarn can be used to predict the drape coefficient of the fabric. With fair degree of accuracy the value of drape coefficient with the increase of overall flexural rigidity of the fabric and also the thread density both in warp and weft direction and weft count influenced the coefficient of drape negatively. The air permeability of the fabric depends on the no of pores per unit area, volume porosity of the fabric and the thread density in warp and weft direction. So consideration of different types of pore and their hydraulic diameter tend to give more accurate results. From the ranking of the produced samples the fabric may be selected according to the required properties as per the end use application. V. References [1] Kaswell, E. R.,Textile Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics (Reinhoid Publishing Corporation),New York, USA, (1953) 11, 112,. [2] Choudhury, P. K., Das, A., Goswami, D. N. and Sanyal, T., Slope stabilization with jute textile-a bio-engineering approach, The 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advance in Geomechanics (IACMAG), October, ( 2008). [3] Prodhan, Z. H., Application of Jute Geotextile for different structures including Rural Roads with Slope Protection, http://www.jute.org/news/application%20of% 20Jute%20Geotextile_ %20Zahid%20Hossain%20.pdf. [4] Maity, R.K., World Fibre Crops, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, ( 1997),6-7. [5] Anand, S., Designer natural fibre Geotextiles-a new concept, Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, 33,(2008), 339 344. [6] Kundu, B.C., Basak, K. C. and Sarkar, P.B., Jute in India (The Indian Central Jute Committee), Kolkata, India, (1959) 54-55. VI. Acknowledgments The authors convey their regards to the Honorable Vice Chancellor and Pro Vice Chancellor (academic), University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India for their kind consent to allow this review paper for publication in the scholarly journal and valuable guidance to carry out this paper. AIJRSTEM 16-217; 2016, AIJRSTEM All Rights Reserved Page 50