Chapter 11 Painting Before Renaissance, painting is seen as a mechanical skill and not an intellectual pursuit Historically, used to imitate nature; a painting s aesthetic value would be measured according to how well it did so When people think of art they most often think of painting The nature of painting- immediacy, uniqueness and auratic (there is an infinite # of possibilities)
Chapter 11 Painting The primary visual element in painting is color the medium of painting offers artists the use of color in a way that other mediums do not colors in a painting can appear more intense, saturated and wide ranging
Terms used to discuss Painting Support- the structure and surface of the painting Ground or prime- layer of white paint covering the tooth of the canvas or other surface to be painted upon Three components of paint materials Pigment Binder Solvent or vehicle
Painting Materials Oldest; most traditional materials Encaustic Fresco Tempera Oil Watercolor/gouache More recently used by artists Synthetic media (acrylic) Mixed media
La Pittura- an image emerging during 15 th c. that personified painting Title: The Art of Painting Artist: Giorgio Vasari Date: 1542 Source/Museum: Vault of the Main Room, Arezzo, Casa Vasari. Canali Photobank, Capriolo, Italy. Medium: Fresco Size: n/a
Encaustic Wax is used as the binder Prevents the artist from working in large areas of the painting at one time Must use a rigid support Surface quality of the painting reveals wax Title: Mummy Portrait of a Man Artist: n/a Date: c. 160 170 CE. Source/Museum: Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. Charles Clifton Fund, 1938. Medium: Encaustic on wood Size: 14 x 18 in.
Encaustic Title: Three Flags Artist: Jasper Johns Date: 1958 Source/Museum: Collection of Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. 50th Anniversary Gift of the Gilman Foundation, Inc., The Lauder Foundation, A. Alfred Taubman, an anonymous donor, and purchase 80.32. Photo: Geoffrey Clements. Jasper Johns/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. Medium: Encaustic on canvas Size: 30 ⅞. X 45 ½ x 5 in.
Fresco (buon or secco) Title: Still Life with Eggs and Thrushes Artist: n/a Date: Before 79 CE. Source/Museum: Villa of Julia Felix, Pompeii, National Museum, Naples. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Fresco Size: 35 x 48 in.
Buon fresco or true fresco lime plaster of the wall serves as the binder Creates highly durable surface, but overall color is changed by the plaster Title: Lamentation Artist: Giotto Date: c. 1305 Source/Museum: Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Fresco Size: Approx. 70 x 78 in.
Fresco secco - does not use lime plaster of wall as the binder Title: The Last Supper Artist: Leonardo da Vinci Date: c. 1495-1498 Source/Museum: Refectory, Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. A.K.G., Berlin/SuperStock. Medium: Mural (oil and tempera on plaster) Size: 15 ft. 1 1/8 in. x 28 ft. 10 ½ in.
Because frescoes use walls as their support, artists often incorporate existing architectural elements into their image Title: The Glorification of Saint Ignatius Artist: Fra Andrea Pozzo Date: 1691-1694 Source/Museum: Nave of Sant' Ignazio, Rome. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Ceiling fresco Size: n/a
Fresco paintings require planning Cartoons serve as preliminary drawings and offer a means to transfer a drawn image to the surface of the wall Title: Study for the Libyan Sibyl Artist: Michelangelo Buonarroti Date: c. 1510 Source/Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1924 (24.197.2). Photo 1995 Metropolitan Museum of Art. Medium: Red chalk on paper Size: 11 3/8 x 8 7/16 in.
Title: The Libyan Sibyl Artist: Michelangelo Buonarroti Date: 1511-1512 Source/Museum: Detail of the Sistine Ceiling, Sistine Chapel, Vatican City. Canali Photobank, Capriolo, Italy. Medium: Fresco Size: n/a
Tempera dries fast and is highly durable Changing the pigment to binder ratio creates veiled effects Title: Primavera Artist: Sandro Botticelli Date: c. 1482 Source/Museum: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Tempera on gesso ground on poplar panel Size: 80 x 123 ¼ in.
Tempera uses egg as a binder allows for a high degree of detailed visual texture Title: Braids Artist: Andrew Wyeth Date: 1979 Source/Museum: Private collection. 1986 Leonard E. B. Andrews. Photo courtesy of Ann Kendall Richards, Inc., New York. Medium: Egg tempera on canvas Size: 16 ½ x 20 ½ in.
Oil Painting Oil is used as the binder Not water soluble- must use solvent that dissolves and mixes with oil Highly luminous images Easy to achieve high degree of visual texture, implied light and images that feel photographic Title: The Madonna of Chancellor Rolin Artist: Jan van Eyck Date: c. 1433 1434 Source/Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris. Scala/Art Resource, New York. Medium: Oil on panel Size: 26 x 24 ¾ in.
The technique of glazing allows for high degree of realism The slow drying time conceals the hand of the artist Title: Still Life with Lobster Artist: Jan de Heem Date: Late 1640's Source/Museum: Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Purchased with funds from the Libbey Endowment, Gift of Edward Drummond Libby. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 25 1/8 x 33 ¼ in.
Oil Paint Diagram of a section of a fifteenth-century oil painting demonstrating the luminosity of the medium.
Title: Betty Artist: Gerhard Richter Date: 1988 Source/Museum: The St. Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 40 1/8 x 23 3/8 in.
Oil can be used in a very spontaneous, direct manner- ala prima technique The material can maintain its wet appearance even after drying This often reveals the hand of the artist Title: Biker Artist: Susan Rothenberg Date: 1985 Source/Museum: Museum of Modern Art, New York. Fractional gift of Paine Webber Group, Inc., 1986. 2003 Susan Rothenberg/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 74 x 69 ½ in.
Impasto technique allows artist to build actual texture with material Title: Dancing Shoes Artist: Pat Passlof Date: 1998 Source/Museum: Courtesy of the artist and Elizabeth Harris Gallery, New York Medium: Oil on linen Size: 80 x 132 in.
Title: Door to the River Artist: Willem de Kooning Date: 1960 Source/Museum: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. Purchased with funds from the Friends of the Whitney Museum of American Art (60.63). 2003 Willem de Kooning Foundation/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 80 x 70 in.
Watercolor Title: A Wall, Nassau Artist: Winslow Homer Date: 1898 Source/Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Amelia B. Lazarus Fund, 1910 (10.228.90). Photo 1995 Metropolitan Museum of Art. Medium: Watercolor and pencil on paper Size: 14 ¾ x 21 ½ in.
Mixing watercolor with drawing materials Title: Untitled Artist: George Baselitz Date: 1981 Source/Museum: Courtesy of The Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Acquired through the Deknatal Purchase Fund. Photo President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard University, 1982.2. Medium: Watercolor and chalk pastel on white paper Size: 23 ¾ x 16 ¾ in.
Gouache- very similar to watercolor Title: You can buy bootleg whiskey for twenty-five cents a quart Artist: Jacob Lawrence Date: 1942-1943 Source/Museum: From the Harlem Series, Portland Art Museum; Portland, Oregon. Helen Thurston Ay Fund. Artwork. 2003 Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence, courtesy of the Jacob and Gwendolyn Lawrence Foundation. Medium: Gouache on paper
Gouache- greater opacity than watercolor Title: Untitled Artist: Laylah Ali Date: 2000 Source/Museum: Courtesy the artist Medium: Gouache on paper Size: 13 x 19 in.
Synthetic media Title: Flood Artist: Helen Frankenthaler Date: 1967 Source/Museum: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. Purchased with funds from the Friends of the Whitney Museum of American Art, 68.12. Medium: Synthetic polymer on canvas Size: 124 x 140 in.
mixed media Title: The Table Artist: Juan Gris Date: 1914 Source/Museum: Philadelphia Museum of Art. A. E. Gallatin Collection. Photo: Lynn Rosenthal, 1993. Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York. Medium: Colored papers, printed matter, charcoal on paper mounted in canvas Size: 23 ½ x 17 ½ in.
Pablo Picasso collage
Photo collage Title: The Dove Artist: Romare Bearden Date: 1964 Source/Museum: Museum of Modern Art, New York. Blanchette Rockefeller Fund. Romare Bearden Foundation/VAGA, New York. Medium: Cut-and-pasted paper, gouache, pencil, and colored pencil on cardboard Size: 13 3/8 x 18 ¾ in.
Combine paintings Title: Monogram Artist: Robert Rauschenberg Date: 1955 1959 Source/Museum: 1996 Robert Rauschenberg/Licensed by VAGA, New York. Medium: Freestanding combine: oil, fabric, wood, on canvas and wood, rubber heel, tennis ball, metal plaque, hardware, stuffed Angora goat, rubber tire, mounted on four wheels Size: 42 x 63 ¼ x 64 ½ in.
Title: Monogram, 1st State Artist: Robert Rauschenberg Date: n/a Source/Museum: Robert Rauschenberg/Licensed by VAGA, New York. Photo: Harry Shunk. Medium: n/a Size: n/a
Combining painting with the medium of sculpture Title: Monogram, 2nd State Artist: Robert Rauschenberg Date: n/a Source/Museum: Robert Rauschenberg/Licensed by VAGA, New York. Photo: Rudolph Burckhardt. Medium: n/a Size: n/a