Pipe Joint Assembly and Restraint Considerations Jeff Fischer Fischer, Harris and Associates www.fischer-harris.com Presentation Outline Pipe types and Standards Pipe Joint Assembly Joint Restraint and Thrust Blocks Products for Joint Restraint Joint Restraint Applications 1
Wood Pipe Circa 1900 More wood pipe. 2
Wood Pipe Today www.canbar.com 3
UL-FM ASTM NSF EPA DIPRA UNI-BELL Manufacturer Engineer You AWWA/ANSI C110/A21.10: Ductile Iron and Gray Iron Fittings, 3 in. through 48 in. For Water and Other Liquids AWWA/ANSI C153/A21.53: Ductile Iron Compact Fittings, 3 in. through 24 in. and 54 in. through 64 in. for Water Service AWWA/ANSI C111/A21.11: Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe and Fittings AWWA/ANSI C104/A21.4: Cement-Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings for Water AWWA/ANSI C116/A21.16: Protective Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coatings for the Interior and Exterior Surfaces of Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings for Water Supply Service AWWA/ANSI C105/A21.5: Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile- Iron Pipe Systems AWWA/ANSI C600: Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and their Appurtenances 4
Standard Pipe Joints Ductile Iron Push On 5
PVC Push On Water and Sewer Standards AWWA C900 AWWA C905 AWWA C909 ASTM D2241 ASTM D3034 6
Installation 7
Bell Stress Research Analytical Model of Stresses Caused by Over-Belling PVC Pipe Steven L. Folkman, Associate Professor, Utah State University A. P. Moser, Emeritus Associate Dean and Emeritus Professor, Utah State University Thomas Fronk, Associate Professor, Utah State University Manufacturers of large diameter PVC pipe place a mark on the spigot of the pipe to indicate the proper insertion depth into the adjoining bell during installation. If proper installation procedures are followed, inserting the spigot into the bell does not create significant stresses in the pipe. Additionally, small angle changes between two joined pipes may be accommodated in the joint without inducing pipe stresses. When pipe joint failures occur, in most instances the pipe was inserted well beyond the manufacturers recommended mark. This is referred to as Over-Belled pipe. Recommended Bar Assembly 8
Assembly Force Joint Stacking Even this method can over-insert previously assembled joints 9
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Standard Pipe Joints Flanged Normally Installed Above Ground Inherently Restrained Most pipe types offer a flanged joint of some kind. Jargon confusion by many pipe- fitters Other Flanged Pipe Materials Stainless Steel PVC HDPE Industrial Applications 11
1866 First Cast Iron Pipe in US History 1894 First Flange Standard 1894 (steam) 1918 Flange bolt patterns standardized 1957 Introduction of Ductile Iron Pipe and Flanges AWWA ANSI Standard adopted in 1974 Latest Revision 2005 Flange Materials For Water and Wastewater Cast Iron Threaded Ductile Iron Threaded Steel/Stainless Steel - Welded HDPE-Welded 12
Applicable Standards AWWA C110-C115-C207 ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers MSS (Manufacturers Standards Society) UL-FM Flanges for Water Service Pipe and Fittings Valves Meters Tapping Sleeves Hydrants? 13
Thickness Flange Variations Varies from product to product Varies from manufacturer to manufacturer Serrations Cast and Ductile Iron, no AWWA standard Steel and Stainless, 32 per inch 1/64 deep spiral or concentric per AWWA Facing-Raised or Flat Cast and Ductile Iron no AWWA Standard Steel and Stainless Steel no raised face per AWWA Steel Flange Layback after welding of the flange has been completed, a draft or layback of the flange face may occur as shown in Figure 2 Total draft of layback shall not exceed 1-1/2 degrees...negative draft will not be permitted. Reference: AWWA C-207 14
Flange Fittings configurations Flange Gaskets Full Faced Red Rubber Cloth Inserted Rubber Ring Gaskets Hybrid Gaskets Linebacker 15
Bolting Carbon Steel Hex Head Grade Lubricant Recommended Stainless Steel Hex Head Grade Lubricant Required Pressure Ratings and Drillings Class 125/150-250 for temps up to 100 df Class 250/300-350 for temps up to 100 df 16
Flange Adaptors and Spool Sections Pipe can be cut in the field to exact length required Avoids long lead times and unused sections of pipe Speeds installation time resulting in lower job costs FCA Application 17
Flange Coupling Adaptor Attached to Pipe Plain End Pipe is lowered into postion 18
Gap Flange Adaptor Side by Side with a Traditional Flange 19
Flange Adaptor Types UniFlange, EZ Flange, Quick Flange Dismantling Joint Fittings Couplings Glue On (PVC) Fuse On (HDPE) Serrated Clamp (PVC) Megaflange Restraint Considerations Reference: Smith-Blair.com 20
Flange Coupling Adapter (EZ-Flange/Uni-Flange TM ) Fischer, Harris & Associat es Dismantling Joints Reference: Smith-Blair.com Provide adjustability to equipment installations by combining a flange coupling adaptor and a flanged spigot into one assembly Applications include valves, pumps, meters or other flanged equipment that may need to be removed periodically Longitudinal adjustment is provided by the telescoping action of the spigot inside the flanged coupling adaptor. Restrained model available. 21
FCA for Poly Reference: http://www.plasticpipe.org/pdf/pe_handbook_chapter_9_joining.pdf Coupling Type Adaptor Smith Blair 912 Epoxy Coated Ductile Insulating Option Available Short laying length Anchor studs for restraint Reference: Smith-Blair.com 22
Mega-Flange Type Restrained Flange Adaptor Available through 48 Allowable Gap Can be used as a dismantling joint Pipe need not be cut perfectly square Deflection up to 5% Can use above or below ground Reference: EBAA Iron.com Cross Section Reference: EBAA Iron.com 23
For Buried Flanged Valves Tank Connections 24
Standard Pipe Joints Mechanical Joint Mechanical Joint Cross Section 25
ANSI/AWWA C600-05, Mechanical Joint Assembly 1.Clean the socket and the plain end. Lubrication and additional cleaning should be provided by brushing both the gasket and the plain end with soapy water or an approved pipe lubricant meeting the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11 just prior to slipping the gasket onto the plain end for joint assembly. Place the gland on the plain end with the lip extension toward the plain end, followed by the gasket with the narrow edge of the gasket toward the plain end. NOTE: In cold weather it is preferable to warm the gasket to facilitate assembly of the joint ANSI/AWWA C600-05, Joint Assembly 2. Insert the pipe into the socket and press the gasket firmly and evenly into the gasket recess. Keep the joint straight during assembly. 3. Push the gland toward the socket and center it around the pipe with the lip against the gasket. Insert bolts and hand tighten nuts. Make deflection after joint assembly but before tightening bolts. 26
ANSI/AWWA C600-05, Joint Assembly 4. Tighten the bolts to the normal range of bolt torque [see table] while at all times maintaining approximately the same distance between the gland and the face of the flange at all points around the socket. This can be accomplished by partially tightening the bottom bolt first, then the top bolt, next the bolts at either side, finally the remaining bolts. Repeat the process until all bolts are within the appropriate range of the torque. ANSI/AWWA C600-05 27
Lubrication of Mechanical Joints Friction Fischer, Harris & Associat es 28
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Joint Restraint why do we use it? Balanced Forces Unbalanced Forces 30
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How much thrust force is generated by a Water Pipeline? 12 DIP End Cap-150 psi Pi x Radius Squared 3.14 X 36=113 Area x pressure (PSI) 113 x 150 = 17,000 pounds of force How do we resist that force? Concrete Thrust Blocks Threaded Steel Rod Mechanical Restrainers Combinations of the above Fischer, Harris & Associat es 32
Fischer, Harris & Associat es 60 sq. ft. Building Thrust Blocks 33
Thrust Block Limitations Undisturbed soil? Contractor skill? Future connections? Concrete cure time? Vertical offsets? Sand and Swamp? Fischer, Harris & Associat es Threaded Rod Limitations High Cost Materials and Labor Corrosion Concerns Friction Clamps Fischer, Harris & Associat es 34
Fischer, Harris & Associat es Mechanical Restrainers Locking a pipe/fitting joint(s) together with a mechanical device designed to withstand pressures higher than normally expected to insure will not pull out at typical pressure. Fischer, Harris & Associat es 35
Using a high quality joint restraint device will ensure That the pipe will not pull out of the fitting. Making thrust blocks optional! Fischer, Harris & Associat es If you lock together a sufficient length of pipe, in essence it becomes it s own thrust block. 36
Calculating Restrained Length www.ebaa.com EBAA L Fischer, Harris & Associat es Fitting Types Supported by EBAA Design Software Tees Reducers Bends Dead Ends Vertical Offsets 37
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Retainer Glands Pipe Joint Restraint Devices for DIP Pipe Company built-ins Wedge Action Restrainers Bell Joint Restraints Fischer, Harris & Associat es Retainer Glands Inexpensive Minimum pipe class required by some MFG Drills small hole in pipe Rigid joint will not accommodate pipe movement Low pressure rating on large diameters Cumbersome installation procedure. Fischer, Harris & A ssoc ia tes 41
Pipe Companies Restraints US Pipe TR Flex Field Lok Field Lok 350 HD Lok Pac States - Thrust Lock PVC Pipe Certa Lock Bulldog Clow - Super Lock ACIPCO Fastite Flex Ring Lock Ring Fast Grip Field Flex Ring MJ Coupled Joint Griffin Snap Lok Mech Lok Bolt Lok 5/4/2012 Fischer, Harris & Associat es Non-Pipe Company Wedge Action Mechanical Joint Restraints EBAA Iron Megalug Ford Blockbuster Star Stargrip Tyler-Tuf Grip Romac Romagrip Sigma One Lock Smith Blair Cam Lock Sigma - PV Loc Fischer, Harris & Associat es 42
Mueller AquaGrip Tyler MJ Field Lock JCM 600 Series Smith Blair - Maxi Grip Romac Grip Ring One Bolt Friction Clamps Non - Wedge Action Restrainers All Trademarked names Fischer, Harris & Associat es How many different joint ways are there to restrain a joint? 43
Price Availability 44
Ease of Assembly Fischer, Harris & Associat es Quality Ductile Iron Ductile Iron is a composite metal that has special properties Ductile Iron Grey/Cast Iron A Little of both 45
Country of Origin www.chineeselvis.com From the Chelvis Website For the first time, the magnificent home of Chelvis has been made available to tour by the public. This 16 Acre estate which Chelvis has named Riceland, houses a full service laundromat, a 2 story rickshaw garage, as well as of course an all you can eat Chinese buffet. Riceland attracts 5 to 10 visitors a year from all over the world. 46
Reliable and Repeatable Installations Friction can interfere with the contact pressure of the wedge to pipe interface if the threaded parts are corroded or coated with thick asphaltic coatings Joint Restraints for for Ductile Iron Pipe Installation ease - Use AWWA C-600 to make seal then twist off lug bolt heads to restrain. Color Coded - Black Body, Blue Wedges Quality - Date and Production Coded-Proof of Metallurgy on Every Product (Made in USA?) Strength - 350 psi through 16 250 above that Reliability Powder coatings on casting and Flourocarbon Coated Threaded Parts. 47
Joint Restraints for PVC pipe Installation ease - Use AWWA C-600 to make seal then twist off lug bolt heads to restrain. Color Coded Red Body, Blue Wedges Quality - Made in USA- Date and Production Coded-Proof of Metallurgy on Every Product Strength Rated the same as the pipe itself Reliability -Standard MEGABOND coating including Xylan Coated Threaded Parts. Joint Restraints for Push on Pipe EBAA Bell Harness Series 1700 48
Joint Restraint for Couplings Hybrid-Coupling/Sleeve Restrained Sleeve for either Ductile Iron, PVC or Steel Pipe 49
1100 series Megalug Cast Iron-Grey Iron Pipe Restraint Needs to be structurally sound pipe Can ordered for oversized pipe Coated Gray for identification Technical Paper Available SPLIT Restraints 50
Polyethylene Pipe Restraint Considerations Expansion, Contraction and the Poisson effect can cause significant pipe movement. Fischer, Harris & Associat es Pipe on Bridge Crossings 51