SCATTERING PROPERTIES OF DISTILLED John E. Tyler Visibility Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla ABSTRACT AND NATURAL WATERS Mcasuremcnts of the volume scattering function and other optical properties arc presented for distilled water, Pacific coastal and offshore water, and lake water. The depth and time variability of Pacific water at one station is given and the effect of a wind storm on the optical propcrtics of the lake water is demonstrated. INSTRUMENTATION The scattering meter used in this work was originally described by Tyler and Richardson (958). It has recently been critically tested for performance by comparing the results of measurements on prepared stable hydrosols by two independent methods, one of which employed the scattering meter, the other employed an optical integration method described by Tyler (957). The rcsults of these tests are reported elsewhere. In order to maintain the accuracy of the data obtained with the scattering meter it has been necessary to maintain its calibration in several respects as follows:. Angle calibration-the scattering angle 8 is related to the output of a voltage divider circuit supplied by a highly stable power source. The phototube arm is geared directly to the potentiometer of the voltage divider which governs the position of the pen of a Brown synchronously driven stripchart recorder. The performance of this circuit and power supply has been checked at the beginning of every series of measurements and can be post checked for each individual run if desired. The voltage divider has proved to be very precise. The indication of angle is accurate to *.25 at 80, *.3 at 90 and smaller fractions of an angle at O, the forward scattering direction. The error in the indication of angular l This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, Earth Sciences Division. The a-meter, scattering meter, and other instrumentation used in this research were developed by the Visibility Laboratory under a Bureau of Ships contract. The loan of these instruments for the present mcasurcments is gratefully acknowledged. 45 position is generally no larger than the error encountered in reading the data. 2. Circuit calibration-the output of the multiplier phototube circuit is designed to be proportional to the log of the light input to the phototube. The circuit used is not quite linear over its S-log range. Data obtained with this circuit is read by means of a scale which is made by exposing the multiplier phototube to known steps in light TAULE. Scattering properties of commercia2 distilled water samples. Bandwidth limited bzj a W&ten No. 57 filter Sample A B Total attenuation coefficient cr/m,062,047 Total scattering coefficient s/m.00845.00457 Absorption coefficient n/m.0536.0424 Forward scattering coefficient f/m.00763 a00396 Backward scattering coefficient b/m.00082.0006 Ratio f/s,900.870 Volume scattering function u( 8) o= 0.00648.0036 30 40.00223.007.00094.0005 50.000473.000294.00027.0009.0008.00028 7: 80.00040.000096 90.0007.000083 0.000.000079.0008.000082.00026.000092 30.00034.0002 40.00039.0002 50.00046.0009 60.0007.0004 70.00093.0006 80.000.00069
452 JOHN E. TYLER TABLE 2. Scattering properties of Pacific Coastal and offshore water at the Stations shown in Figure. Bandwidth limited by a Wratten No. 57 filter --- - -.- Station number 2 3 4 Total attenuation coefficient a/m Total scattering cocfficicnt s/m Absorption coefficient a/m Forward scattering coeficient f/m Backward scattering coefficient b/m Ratio f/s I-. hme scattering function d ( 8 ) e= 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90.00 30 40 50 60 70 80.736.29.8.lll.25.094.04.0.6.8.38,099.9.OlOlO.032.OllO -00630.000847.000982.000984.950,925.930,95.4.0088.092.00959.0360.00268.00358.0033.052.007 JO45.0029.00739.00066.000698.00066.0049.000356.000396 so00388.00266.000232.000253.000249.008.00064.00079.00075.0034 JO032.00045.00042.009.000.00034.00030.000940.000.00035.00035.000903.00024.00046.00046.00092.00034.00058.00059.000944.00045.00075.00076.0003.00056.00092.00093.0028.00075.0002.0008.0036.0009.0006.00029.0037.00097.0(x)7.000223 level, using the inverse square law to estab- during the work, usually just before or just lish the steps. Scales of this kind have been after a series of measurements. made on the average of every two months The circuit has ben found to vary I+ 2.5% TABLE 3. Variability in the optical properties of coastal water at Station 4. Data taken in November 960. Bandwidth limited by a Wratten No. 57 filter -- - - - S a (pczm) (per m) (per In) f/s Time Depth (m) Averages m loin lm Overall Variability.28.05.97.935 850,62.076,44.940 9,48.056.32.928 925 4.4,83.00.63,940 20.53.073.36.935 223.I6.086.42.935 2225.48.089.29.935 00.32.067.5.935 0,.0.099.97 023..39.05.24.929 0405.33.03,.944 04.33.030..944 0430.72.086.53.934.45.06.29.938.38.048.23.93.52.0653.343.9347 -+-35% & 25% -+ 35% -t.5% Tide (ft)
SCATTERING PROPERITIES OB DISTILLED AND NATURAL WATERS 453 c, SANTA \ CATALINA..-- -.-- (II> N 33O 0 I,,LI,I, e I,,,,,,,, so 80 FIG. 2. Data record from a depth of m at Station 4, showing bioluminescent flashing superimposed on the scattering data. This record is uncorrcctcd for changes in the sample volume. ante input has been determined from measa urements on the beam itself using the in- )40 II 32 strument s own multiplier phototubc in FIG.. Chart showing location of coastal and order to cancel out optical and circuit gain offshore stations where the volume scattering factors. The calibration procedure has been function has been measured. repeated 5 times during the course of this work and, in between these calibrations, at high light levels, * % at the extreme the irradiance input has been controlled by low light levels. regulation and control of the lamp voltage 3. Volume calibration-the sample vol- to l/4%. The accuracy of the irradiance inume has been determined by a method very put calibration is estimated to be -c- %. similar to that described by Pritchard and The sources of inaccuracy in these meas- Elliott ( 960). Since the volume is defined urements do not characteristically vary durby optical and mechanical components, ing short periods of time. Thus, values of which do not change their characteristics as the volume scattering function in a single readily as electrical components, a volume determination can be expected to describe calibration, made near the beginning of accurately the shape of the curve but there these measurements in 959, was used is a high degree of probability that the throughout. The volume calibration con- values reported will collectively bc too sisted of 59 determinations of the sample high, or too low, by %. Similarly there volume at 5 different angular settings. is a high degree of probability that data Maximum uncertainty in the determination taken during one month will be inconsistent of the sample volume is * 2%. with data taken during another month by 4. Irradiance input calibration-irradi- *lo%.
454 JOHN E. TYLER DEPTH t meters FIG. 3. Showing the variation of Q! with depth at Lake Pend Oreille on a calm day (April 26, 960) and at various times during the following day, which was very windy. Bandwidth limited by a Wrattcn No. 45 filter. Because of the circuitry employed the lake and ocean data presented here have been obtained at night and the distilled water data has been obtained in a darkened tank. lxesults Table gives the volume scattering function and other optical data for two samples which were purchased as distilled water. Neither sample is regarded as being distilled in the strict sense of the word. The two samples do, however, provide a convenient base for comparison. The filter used has its maximum transmittance at about 522 rnp and has a halfband width of about 80 mp. Sample B compares favorably TABLE 4. Variability in the optical properties of coastal water at Station 4. Data taken in January, 96. Bandwidth limited by n Wratten No. 57 filter D s m CwF ml s (per Averages m Om lm Overall Variability In) a (per nl) f/s Time.53.054.38.938.62.049.47.935.59.023.47.935.76.057.60.943,86.063.70.945.70.03.57.939.65.054.50.936.52.04.38.943.39 SO8.28.924.67.057.5.937.62.066.45.935.62.043.48.930.65.66.58.63 5 %.056.50.939.055.50.940-026.45.932.046.48.937 + % z!i % 2.% Tide (ft 0230 0245.4 0255 9 935 945 22 4.6 2230 2240 00 0 025 0850 6.9 558 -.7
SCATTERING PROPERITJES OF DISTILLED AND NATURAL WATERS 455 TABLE 5. Volume scattering function for Lake pend Oreille before and after a high wind. Bandwidth limited by a Wratten NO. 45 filter Sample date April 26 April 27 Total attentuation coefficient dm 589,909 Total scattering cocfficicnt s/m.258.585 Absorption cocfficicnt a/m.33.324 Forward scattering coefficient f/m.248 $59 Backward scattering coefficient b/m.00976.0256 Ratio f/s.960.955 Volume scattering function d ( 0) e= 0.222,470.075,66 2 40 a029 a0758 50.037.0380 60.0072.06 70 a0046.02 80 a0027.00780 90.009&.00559 0.0062.00448.0047.00394.0043.00379 30.0045.00372 40.0049.0037 50.0056.00383 60.0063 600396 70.0068.00406 80.0070.004 with the distilled water described by Hulburt ( 945). The ratio of #/s for distilled water is lower than it is for the lake and ocean samples. This would be expected as a consequence of predominately smaller particle size in the cleaner water. The minimum value of the volume scattering function occurs at 0 in both samples, Table 2 gives the volume scattering function and other data for coastal and off-shore water in the Los Angeles-San Diego area. Station locations are shown in Figure. Station is in the outfall area of a sewage disposal plant The water at Station was full of phosphorescent microorganisms. However, the relative motion between the scattering meter and the water was very slow at this station and phosphorescense was not seen during the measurements. It is unlikely that the relative motio,n between instrument and water caused enough phosphorescence to affect the measurement. Stations 2, 3, and 4 were outside the TABLE 6. Variability in the optical properties of Lake Pend Oreille as a function of depth before and during a high wind. Bandwidth limited by a Wratten No. 45 filter Depth (m) (pzm) (pezm)(pczm) fls Date 4.6,594,236.348 96.4 9.2 0589.258,33 96.6 April 26, 960 3.8.589.245.344 96. 9.2.909.585,324 95.5 8.2 a897.559,338 95.2 April 27, 960 24.7,865,585.280 95.7 sewage outfall area but were full of flashing bioluminescent organisms. A typical record from Station 4 at -m depth is shown in Figure 2. Relative motion between instrument and the water was fairly rapid at Station 4 and the organisms could be seen flashing as they bumped into the various parts of the scattering mater. The same Wrattcn No. 57 filter was used in these measurements. Note that the angular position of the minimum value of the volume scattering function varies from 0 to in these data. Tables 3 and 4 show the principle fea- turcs of the time and depth variability of the water at Station 4 - again using the Wratten No,. 57 filter. In Table 3 the water appears to become more absorbing and more scattering with depth and exhibits a high degree of variability. In Table 4, the water is much less variable with time and depth. The ratio of f/s is substantially constant for both days and for all depths and times, indicating that the particle shape is not varying significantly. Table 5 gives the volume scattering function for lake water at the southern end of Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho, just before (April 26) and after (April 27) a strong north wind. These data were taken with a Wratten No. 45 filter which has a peak transmittance at 480 rnp and a half bandwidth of about 60 rnp. Minimum scattering here occurs at and 40 and the ratio f/s is the highest reported. There has been an obvious increase in scattering following the high wind. The changes in or are followed in a little more detail in Figure 3 which shows Q as a func-
456 JOHN E. TYLER tion of depth on April 26 at 900 and for two periods during April 28 with one check point taken at 25. The slopes of the two curves for the 28th suggest that wave action along the shores is introducing scattering material into the surface water which is being carried away from shore by the wind and mixed by wave action. Disturbing of bottom sediments at the station seems unlikely because of the 750 ft of depth. Table 4 gives additional data on the variability of the lake water with depth on these two days. REFERENCES HULBUHT, E. 0. 945. Optics of distilled and natural water. J. Opt. Sot. Am., 35: 69% 705. PRITCIIARU, B. S., AND W. G. ELLIOTT. 960. Two instruments for atmospheric optics measurements. J. Opt. Sot. Am., 50: 9-2. TYLER, J. E. 957. Monochromatic measurement of the volume scattering of natural waters. J. Opt. Sot. Am., 47: 745-747. -, AND W. II. RIGI-IARTXON. 958. Nephelometer for the mcasurcment of volume scattcring function in situ. J. Opt. Sot. Am., 48: 354-357.