Spatial Consistency, Position Localization, and Channel Sounding above 100 GHz Prof. Theodore S. Rappaport tsr@nyu.edu NYU WIRELESS MINI LECTURES SEPTEMBER 12, 2018 2018 NYU WIRELESS 1 1
Agenda Channel Sounding above 100 GHz (Yunchou Xing) Position Localization (Ojas Kanhere) Spatial Consistency (Shihao Ju) 2
Atmospheric absorption of Electromagnetic waves [1] [1] T. S. Rappaport, J. N. Murdock and F. Gutierrez, "State of the Art in 60-GHz Integrated Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communications," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 1390-1436, Aug. 2011. 3
140 GHz Broadband Channel Sounder at NYU WIRELESS Students are conducting measurements with the 140 GHz channel sounder system [2] 140 GHz broadband channel sounder demo at Brooklyn 5G Summit [3] [2] Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport, Propagation Measurement System and approach at 140 GHz- Moving to 6G and Above 100 GHz, IEEE 2018 Global Communications Conference, Dec. 2018, pp. 1 6. [3] https://ieeetv.ieee.org/event-showcase/brooklyn5g2018 4
NYU WIRELESS 140 GHz Channel Sounder and Free Space Path Loss at 28, 73, 140 GHz NYU 140 GHz Channel Sounder System [2] FSPL verifications at 28, 73, and 140 GHz [4] Description LO Frequency IF Frequency RF Frequency Upconverter IF input Specification 22.5 GHz 6 = 135 GHz 5-9 GHz (4 GHz bandwidth) 140-144 GHz -5 dbm typically 10 dbm (damage limit) (after removing antenna gains) Downconverter RF input TX output power Antenna Gain -15 dbm typically 0 dbm (damage limit) 0 dbm 25 dbi / 27 dbi Antenna HPBW 10º / 8º Antenna Polarization Vertical / Horizontal As expected, FSPL at 140/73/28 GHz follows the Laws of Physics and satisfies Friis equations with antenna gains removed. [2] Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport, Propagation Measurement System and approach at 140 GHz- Moving to 6G and Above 100 GHz, IEEE 2018 Global Communications Conference, Dec. 2018, pp. 1 6. [4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications, 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1 6. 5
Power Levels and Penetration at 28, 73, and 140 GHz Received Power vs. Distances (i)tx/rx directional (ii)tx directional RX omni-directional PP tt = 1111 dddddd λλ 22 FFFFFFFFss FFFFFFFF: PP rr = GG PP tt GG rr tt 444444 AAAAAAAAAAAAAA gggggggg: GG = AA ee4444 λλ 22 AA ee = 22. 99 cccc 22,cccccccccccccccc oooooooo ff (iii)tx/rx omni-directional GG 2222222222 = 1111 dddddd GG 7777777777 = 2222. 33 dddddd TTTT ddddddddddddddddddaaaa, RRRR oooooooo PP rr iiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii GG 111111111111 = 2222 dddddd TTTT RRRR ddddddddddddddddddaaaa: PP rr iiii gggggggggggggg aaaa hhhhhhhhhhhh ff DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS WITH EQUAL APERTURE HAVE MUCH LESS PATH LOSS AT HIGHER FERQUENCIES ([5] Ch.3 Page 104)!!! PENETRATION LOSS INCREASES WITH FREQUENCY BUT THE AMOUNT OF LOSS IS DEPENDENT ON THE MATERIAL [2] [4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications, 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1 6. [5] T. S. Rappaport, et. al., Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications, Pearson/Prentice Hall c. 2015 6
o XPD and Penetration Loss Measurements Guidelines Antenna cross polarization Discrimination (XPD) and penetration loss are vital for 5G mmwave communication λλ 2 spacing o o o Different research groups using different methods may cause errors (e.g., scattering effects, multipath) Proposal: standardized measurement guidelines and verification procedures for XPD and penetration loss measurements [4] The proposed methods ensure accurate XPD and penetration loss measurements by any party at any frequency/bandwidth λλ spacing (a) Dual-polarized antenna array Outdoor Penetration Indoor Penetration 5G Massive-MIMO Base Station o XPD and penetration loss measurements and results at 73 GHz using the proposed methods. (b) Penetration in 5G mmwave communications [4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications, 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1 6. 7
XPD Measurements and Results at 73 GHz o o XPD values are constant over relatively closely separated distances. Different antenna combinations only induce slight variance to the XPD values. [4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications, 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1 6. 8
Penetration Loss Measurements and Results at 73 GHz o o Penetration loss of a 1.2 cm thick clear glass is 7.7 db at 73 GHz. Penetration loss is constant over T-R separation distances. [4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications, 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1 6. 9
Applications of Indoor Positioning Indoor Positioning Guided museum tours [6] Navigation in large malls or office spaces [7] See-in-the-dark capabilities for firefighters and law enforcement IoT device and personnel tracking [8] Accurate positioning of equipment for automation in smart factories [9],[10] Why mmwave? Wide bandwidths enables fine resolution of multipath components enable accurate estimation of the time of arrival (ToA) of signals Sparse mmwave channels, narrow beam antennas deployed ensure AoA estimated accurately Indoor positioning can be added as a feature to pre-deployed wireless access points [6] K. W. Kolodziej and J. Hjelm, Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services. CRC Press, May 2006. [7] A. Puikkonen et al., Towards designing better maps for indoor navigation: Experiences from a case study, in 8th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Nov. 2009, pp. 16:1 16:4. [8] L. Zhang, J. Liu, and H. Jiang, Energy-efficient location tracking with smartphones for IoT, in 2012 IEEE Sensors, Oct. 2012, pp. 1 4. [9] T. S. Rappaport, Indoor radio communications for factories of the future, IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 15 24, May 1989. [10] S. Lu, C. Xu, R. Y. Zhong, and L. Wang, A RFID-enabled positioning system in automated guided vehicle for smart factories, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol. 44, pp. 179 190, July 2017. 10
AoA-Based Positioning RX position determined to be the point that is at the intersection of the line of bearing from the anchor nodes to the user. At least two TXs needed if absolute angle can be determined by the user At least three TXs needed if user determines relative angles B C A B A θθ 1 θθ 2 θθ 1 θθ 2 P Positioning using relative angle measurements [11],[12] P Positioning using absolute angle measurements [13] [11] T. S. Rappaport, J. H. Reed, and B. D. Woerner, Position location using wireless communications on highways of the future, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 33 41, Oct. 1996. [12] C.D. McGillem, T.S. Rappaport. A Beacon Navigation Method for Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 38(3):132-139, 1989. [13] R. P and M. L. Sichitiu, "Angle of Arrival Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks," 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, Reston, VA, 2006, pp. 374-382. 11
RSS-based Localization Inaccurate for long distance estimates due to the flat tail of the power distance curve 12
Fusion of AoA and Path Loss Mean error :- 1.86 m Min error :- 0.16 m Max error :- 3.25 m Localization based on the position of a TX in LOS, the TR separation distance and bearing angle between the TX and RX [15]. Manual angular search for the strongest signal at RX angular resolution of 1 Positioning error based on real-world measurements conducted in [14] at 28 and 73 GHz [14] S. Deng, M. K. Samimi, and T. S. Rappaport, 28 GHz and 73 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation measurements and path loss models, in IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICCW), June 2015, pp. 1244 1250. [15] O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport, Position Locationing for Millimeter Wave Systems, GLOBECOM 2018-2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., Dec. 2018, pp. 1 6. 13
Real-world mmwave measurements - time intensive and expensive 2-D ray tracer developed in C++ [15] 100 rays launched uniformly in the horizontal plane from TX locations previously measured in [14] New source rays generated at each boundary in reflection and transmission directions [16] Reflected and transmitted powers and direction calculated using Fresnel s equations [16] Ray Tracing Comparison of the measured and predicted PDP [14] S. Deng, M. K. Samimi, and T. S. Rappaport, 28 GHz and 73 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation measurements and path loss models, in IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICCW), June 2015, pp. 1244 1250. [15] O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport, Position Locationing for Millimeter Wave Systems, GLOBECOM 2018-2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., Dec. 2018, pp. 1 6. [16] S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport, Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-building personal communication system design, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 879 891, Nov. 1994. 14
Spatial Consistency: Solving the Problem of Existing Drop-based Channel Models All parameters in one channel realization are generated for a single placement of a particular user [17]. There is no successive sample functions for track motion in a local area [18]. Beamforming, beam tracking, CSI update need accurate dynamic channel models that can capture the movement of the user and produce continuous channel impulse responses. [17] S. Ju and T. S. Rappaport, Simulating Motion - Incorporating Spatial Consistency into the NYUSIM Channel Model, 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference Workshops (VTC2018-Fall WKSHPS), Chicago, USA, Aug. 2018, pp. 1-6. [18] S. Ju, and T. S. Rappaport, Millimeter-wave Extended NYUSIM Channel Model for Spatial Consistency, 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, UAE, Dec. 2018, pp. 1-6. 2018 NYU WIRELESS 15
Spatial Consistency User Cases: A user terminal (UT) moves in a local area [19] Multiple users are closely spaced Features [20]: Spatially correlated large-scale parameters such as shadow fading, delay spread, angular spread Time-variant and continuous small-scale parameters such as excess delay, AOA, AOD and power for each multipath component Size of Local Area in Spatial Consistency: Depends on the correlation distances of large-scale parameters 10 15 m in Urban Microcell (UMi) Scenario [19] 3GPP, Technical specification group radio access network; study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz (Release 14), 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), TR 38.901 V14.2.0, Sept. 2017. [20] M. Shafi et al., Microwave vs. millimeterwave propagation channels: Key differences and impact on 5G cellular systems, to appear in IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov. 2018. 2018 NYU WIRELESS 16
Current NYUSIM Simulator and Channel Model 30 Input parameters [2] or URA Used for generating directional PDPs & directional path loss Larger spacing leads to lower spatial correlation & higher achievable rate [1] Open-source with more than 50,000 downloads [3] Drop-based Monte Carlo simulation to generate a channel impulse response (CIR) at each drop (i.e., user location) Physical-level simulations of the downlink channel between a base station and a UT [1] J. Lota, S. Sun, T. S. Rappaport, and A. Demosthenous, 5G uniform linear arrays with beamforming and spatial multiplexing at 28, 37, 64, and 71 GHz for outdoor urban communication: A two-level approach, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 9972-9985, Nov. 2017. [2] S. Sun, G. R. MacCartney Jr., and T. S. Rappaport, "A Novel Millimeter-Wave Channel Simulator and Applications for 5G Wireless Communications," 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), May 2017. [3] NYUSIM, http://wireless.engineering.nyu.edu/nyusim/ 17
NYUSIM Channel Model with Spatial Consistency AdditionalInputParameters: velocity, moving direction, andupdateperiod Spatially consistent channel coefficient generation procedure [17] [17] S. Ju and T. S. Rappaport, Simulating Motion - Incorporating Spatial Consistency into the NYUSIM Channel Model, 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference Workshops (VTC2018-Fall WKSHPS), Chicago, USA, Aug. 2018, pp. 1-6. 2018 NYU WIRELESS 18
Local Area Measurements Procedures Omnidirectional PDPs at 16 RX locations in a UMi street canyon in downtown Brooklyn at 73 GHz. The distance between two successive RX locations was 5 m. The receiver moved from RX81( 1 at the RX locations axis) to RX96 ( 16 at the RX locations axis). The T-R separation distance varied from 81.5 m to 29.6 m. The visibility condition changed at RX 91 and RX 92 from NLOS to LOS. Measurement locations and LOS/NLOS conditions [21] T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney, Jr., S. Sun, H. Yan, and S. Deng, Small-scale, local area, and transitional millimeter wave propagation for 5G communications, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Dec. 2017 2018 NYU WIRELESS 19
Local Area Measurements Results and Analysis # of time clusters RX locations 3 81, 82 4 83, 84 6 85, 86 Omnidirectional PDPs at RX81-RX86 to study the correlation distance of largescale parameters. The distance between two successive RX locations was 5 m. The PDPs at RX81 and RX82 are similar; the PDPs at RX83 and RX84 are similar; the PDPs at RX85 and RX86 are similar. Conclusion: The correlation distance of the number of time clusters is about 10 m in a UMi street canyon scenario [19]. [18] S. Ju, and T. S. Rappaport, Millimeter-wave Extended NYUSIM Channel Model for Spatial Consistency, 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, UAE, Dec. 2018, pp. 1-6.
Reference [1] T. S. Rappaport, J. N. Murdock and F. Gutierrez, "State of the Art in 60-GHz Integrated Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communications," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 1390-1436, Aug. 2011. [2] Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport, Propagation Measurement System and approach at 140 GHz- Moving to 6G and Above 100 GHz, IEEE 2018 Global Communications Conference, Dec. 2018, pp. 1 6. [3] https://ieeetv.ieee.org/event-showcase/brooklyn5g2018 [4] Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., Verification and calibration of antenna cross-polarization discrimination and penetration loss for millimeter wave communications, 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference, Aug. 2018, pp. 1 6. [5] T. S. Rappaport, et. al., Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications, Pearson/Prentice Hall c. 2015 [6] K. W. Kolodziej and J. Hjelm, Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services. CRC Press, May 2006. [7] A. Puikkonen et al., Towards designing better maps for indoor navigation: Experiences from a case study, in 8th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Nov. 2009, pp. 16:1 16:4. [8] L. Zhang, J. Liu, and H. Jiang, Energy-efficient location tracking with smartphones for IoT, in 2012 IEEE Sensors, Oct. 2012, pp. 1 4. [9] T. S. Rappaport, Indoor radio communications for factories of the future, IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 15 24, May 1989. [10] S. Lu, C. Xu, R. Y. Zhong, and L. Wang, A RFID-enabled positioning system in automated guided vehicle for smart factories, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol. 44, pp. 179 190, July 2017. [11] T. S. Rappaport, J. H. Reed, and B. D. Woerner, Position location using wireless communications on highways of the future, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 33 41, Oct. 1996. [12] C.D. McGillem, T.S. Rappaport. A Beacon Navigation Method for Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 38(3):132-139, 1989. [13] R. P and M. L. Sichitiu, "Angle of Arrival Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks," 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, Reston, VA, 2006, pp. 374-382. [14] S. Deng, M. K. Samimi, and T. S. Rappaport, 28 GHz and 73 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation measurements and path loss models, in IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICCW), June 2015, pp. 1244 1250. [15] O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport, Position Locationing for Millimeter Wave Systems, GLOBECOM 2018-2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., Dec. 2018, pp. 1 6. [16] S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport, Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-building personal communication system design, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 879 891, Nov. 1994. [17] S. Ju and T. S. Rappaport, Simulating Motion - Incorporating Spatial Consistency into the NYUSIM Channel Model, 2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference Workshops (VTC2018-Fall WKSHPS), Chicago, USA, Aug. 2018, pp. 1-6. [18] S. Ju, and T. S. Rappaport, Millimeter-wave Extended NYUSIM Channel Model for Spatial Consistency, 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, UAE, Dec. 2018, pp. 1-6. [19] 3GPP, Technical specification group radio access network; study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz (Release 14), 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), TR 38.901 V14.2.0, Sept. 2017. [20] M. Shafi et al., Microwave vs. millimeterwave propagation channels: Key differences and impact on 5G cellular systems, to appear in IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov. 2018. [21] T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney, Jr., S. Sun, H. Yan, and S. Deng, Small-scale, local area, and transitional millimeter wave propagation for 5G communications, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Dec. 2017 2018 NYU WIRELESS 21
Industrial Affiliates Acknowledgement to our NYU WIRELESS Industrial Affiliates and NSF 2018 NYU WIRELESS 22