Lecture 6: Multispectral Earth Resource Satellites The University at Albany Fall 2018 Geography and Planning
Outline SPOT program and other moderate resolution systems High resolution satellite systems (IKONOS, QuickBird, GeoEye, OrbView, WorldView and others) Meteorological satellites (AVHRR(POES), GOES, DMSP) Earth Observing System Terra (ASTER, MODIS, MISR, CERES, MOPITT) and Aqua Required reading Chapter 6 (6.8 6.11) and Chapter 21 (21.3 21.10)
Le Système Pour l'observation de la Terre (SPOT) satellites
SPOT
SPOT Sun-synchronous orbit 2 HRV pushbroom sensors (6000 detectors for each scan line Altitude 832 km Inclination 98.7º Equator crossing at 10:30 am 26 days cycle Viewing angle can be adjusted up to 27º Produces stereographic images At the equator a single scene can be viewed 7 times during one cycle At 45º N/S a single scene can be viewed 11 times during one cycle (up to 1-day interval)
Revisit patterns Latitude 45º equator
Ground coverage with adjacent swaths
Off-nadir viewing range
SPOT instruments SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 Blue, Green, Red, and Near IR = 6m Panchromatic = 1.5 m
Perspective view of the Albertville area generated from SPOT
High spatial resolution systems Common characteristics Commercial satellites Better than 4m spatial resolution by definition Nowadays most systems compete at the submeter resolution Pan-sharpening (resolution merge of panchromatic and multispectral bands) Expensive data!
IKONOS/ Orbview/ GeoEye/ Worldview2/ QuickBird Private companies collect and sell high spatial resolution imagery IKONOS and Orbview GeoEye, Inc., Dulles, Virginia Worldview-2 and QuickBird Digital Globe, Longmont, CO GeoEye merged into DigitalGlobe in 2013
IKONOS 1 panchromatic band (0.8 m spatial) Pushbroom sensor 4 multispectral bands (4 m spatial) 11-bit radiometric resolution (2048 levels) Swath 11 X 11 km (single scene) Cost: $75-$212/mi 2 Launched in 1999
IKONOS Amsterdam
Quickbird Image Great Pyramid, Egypt
Orbview-3 Launched in 2003 (5 yr mission) Stopped collecting data in 2007 Whiskbroom scanner Spatial resolution: 1 m pan; 4 m spectral Bands: blue, green, red, NIR, Panchromatic Return time: < 3 days
Worldview-2 Launched in 2009 1 panchromatic band 0.5 meter spatial resolution 8 multispectral bands 1.8 meter spatial resolution Blue, green, red, NIR + red edge, NIR2, coastal (blue), yellow Return time 1-4 days (pointable) 11-bit radiometric resolution Cost: Variable but expensive per unit area
Worldview-3 Launched in 2014 1 panchromatic band 0.31 0.34 meter spatial resolution 8 VNIR and 8 SWIR bands VNIR 1.24 1.38 meter spatial resolution SWIR 3.70 4.10 meter spatial resolution Return time 1-4 days (pointable) 11-bit radiometric resolution Expensive
Worldview-3
Resolution merge
IKONOS/ Orbview/ Worldview Applications Small area projects Urban areas Usually too expensive for large areas
Meteorological satellites Common characteristics Weather forecasting Coarse spatial resolution Global coverage at very high temporal resolution
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) In service since 1978 Carried on NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) The TIROS-N series (Television Infrared Observing System)
AVHRR Characteristics Near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit 3 reflective bands, 2 thermal bands Spatial Resolution = 1.1 km Scene size ~2500 x 2500 km Radiometric resolution = 8-10 bit Return time = twice daily Cost: Usually free
NOAA AVHRR/3 swath (14 passes daily) Possibly the most usable data
Spectral characteristics
Vegetation Indices Vegetation Index (VI) = Band 2 Band 1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) NDVI = Band 2 Band 1 Band 2+Band 1
Landsat equivalent of NDVI NDVI = Band 4 Band 3 Band 4+Band 3
NOAA-AVHRR compiled data Global area coverage (GAC) data: On-board resampling to 4-km resolution Daily transmittance to ground stations Global vegetation index (GVI) data: Compositing of daily AVHRR into 7-day periods and producing NDVI and resampling to 15-km pixels Pathfinder datasets Data sources are AVHRR, other meteorological satellites and Landsat Daily global AVHRR data are resampled to 8-km grid 8- to 11-day NDVI composites are produced by screening daily images for clouds
NOAA-AVHRR compiled data Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS): http://glcf.umd.edu/data/gimms/ 8 km, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, 1981-2003 Long Term Data Record (0.05 degrees, 1981 to the present) http://ltdr.nascom.nasa.gov/ltdr/ltdr.html
Applications Regional, Continental and Global Sea surface temperature Vegetation Crop assessment Fire and smoke monitoring Snow cover Weather
AVHRR Global Composite Products
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) Provision of global weather info, including advance warning of developing storms Commonly featured on TV weather reports IFOV = 1km in the visible and 4 km in the thermal
Geostationary satellites This visualization showcases the five weather satellites that create NOAA's Climate Prediction Center (CPC) products: GOES-11 (USA), GOES-13 (USA), MSG-2 (Europe), Meteosat-7(Europe), and MTSAT-2 (JAPAN).
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) 1966 - present Originally administered by U.S. Air Force, The archive is presently coordinated by NOAA Operates in sun-synchronous polar orbits Collects in VIS, NIR, and TIR with IFOV of 3 km. In addition, it has the nighttime visible band
Nighttime lights of the conterminous US
Earth Observing System (EOS) A component of the Earth Science Enterprise (formerly known as Mission to Planet Earth) Constitutes NASA s Earth-Sun System Missions Vision for a constellation of more than 30 smart reconfigurable satellites Two dedicated platforms Terra (launched in 1999) and Aqua (launched in 2002) Terra satellite crosses equator at 10:30 a.m. going south Aqua satellite crosses equator at 1:30 p.m. going north
MODerate Resolution Imaging Sprectoradiometer (MODIS) Global coverage every 1-2 days Spatial resolution: 250 m, 500 m, 1000 m Swath width = 2330 km Whiskbroom sensor with 36 Bands Visible to Thermal IR 12 bit radiometric resolution Cost: Free
MODIS bands Band Wavelength (nm) Resolution (m) Primary Use 1 620-670 250m Land/Cloud/Aerosols 2 841-876 250m Boundaries 3 459-479 500m 4 545-565 500m 5 1230-1250 500m 6 1628-1652 500m 7 2105-2155 500m 8 405-420 1000m 9 438-448 1000m 10 483-493 1000m 11 526-536 1000m 12 546-556 1000m 13 662-672 1000m 14 673-683 1000m 15 743-753 1000m 16 862-877 1000m 17 890-920 1000m 18 931-941 1000m 19 915-965 1000m Land/Cloud/Aerosols Properties Ocean Color/ Phytoplankton/ Biogeochemistry Atmospheric Water Vapor Band Wavelength (µm) Resolution (m) 20 3.660-3.840 1000m 21 3.929-3.989 1000m 22 3.929-3.989 1000m 23 4.020-4.080 1000m Primary Use Surface/Cloud Temperature 24 4.433-4.498 1000m Atmospheric 25 4.482-4.549 1000m Temperature 26 1.360-1.390 1000m 27 6.535-6.895 1000m 28 7.175-7.475 1000m Cirrus Clouds Water Vapor 29 8.400-8.700 1000m Cloud Properties 30 9.580-9.880 1000m Ozone 31 10.780-11.280 1000m Surface/Cloud 32 11.770-12.270 1000m Temperature 33 13.185-13.485 1000m 34 13.485-13.785 1000m 35 13.785-14.085 1000m 36 14.085-14.385 1000m Cloud Top Altitude
MODIS Applications Global and regional land remote sensing Ocean remote sensing Atmospheric studies Fire monitoring Anything requiring quick return times, and high spectral resolution but not especially high spatial resolution
MODIS view of Earth s vegetation
MODIS U.S. spring greenup (April 2000 8 day composite)
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250m NDVI Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250m NDVI
ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) Joint project between NASA and Japan Specs: 14 bands (visible to thermal IR) Spatial resolution = 15 m VIS, 30 m IR, 90 m thermal Swath width = 60 km Imagery captured on request but also continuous data collection
ASTER Applications Vegetation remote sensing Geology volcanology glaciology Change detection (e.g. urban change) Hydrology
ASTER VNIR 15m
Urban Heat Island
Sky Harbor Airport Sky Harbor Airport
Choosing satellite data (summary) What spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolutions do you need for your application? How much money do you have? Are satellite data available for the dates you are studying (satellite operational dates; clouds; etc.) http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/content/allmissions?page=8