Index A absolute value, 308 additional pole, 271 analog multiplier, 190 B BiCMOS,107 Bode plot, 266 base-emitter voltage, 16, 50 base-emitter voltages, 296 bias current, 111, 124, 133, 137, 166, 185 bipolar junction transistor, 1 Base-Width Modulation, 10 base resistance, 16, 22 Cutoff,7 Charge storage, 10 collector current, 4, 12 collector-current density, 298 common-base current gain, 8 common-emitter current gain, 8 diffusion capacitance, 10, 16 Early effect, 11 Early voltage, 11 Ebers-Moll, 9 Ebers-Moll model, 2, 7 emitter current, 4 Forward-active, 5 junction currents, 3 junction capacitances, 9 output conductance, 11 output resistance, 16, 22 Parasitic Elements, 17 Reverse-active, 6 Small-Signal Models, 14 saturation current, 3, 5 Transistor Cutoff Frequency, 18 transconductance, 16, 22 transit time, 10 C Cascode,97 input resistance, 98 output resistance, 98, 100 transconductance, 97, 99 Cascade, 100 input resistance, 100, 106 output resistance, 101, 106 transconductance, 101, 107 CMOS op-amp, 170 Common-Base, 89 Active Load, 95 Gain Stages, 89 input resistance, 91, 94 Miller effect, 90 output resistance, 91 Resistive Load, 92 transconductance, 91 voltage gain, 93 Common-Emitter, 70 Active Load, 74 Early voltages, 75-76 Gain Stages, 70 input resistance, 71 output resistance, 72, 75 output voltage, 73, 76 Resistive Load, 72 337
338 Index transconductance, 71, 73 transfer characteristic, 73, 76 voltage gain, 73, 76 Common-Gate, 96 Gain Stage, 96 output resistance, 97 transconductance, 97 Common-Source, 77 Active Load, 80 Gain Stage, 77 output resistance, 79, 82 output voltage, 77, 81 transfer characteristic, 77 voltage gain, 79, 81 Compensation of Feedback Amplifiers, 270 Compensation with MOSFET Gain Stages 278 closed-loop gain, 280 Feedback Zero, 279 low-frequency zero, 278 Miller multiplication, 275 pole splitting, 277 Compensation capacitance, 273 Current Sources, 50 Base-Current Compensated Current Mirror 54 Basic Current Mirror, 50 base-current cancellation, 59 base-current error, 54 Cascode Current Source, 55 Multiple current sources, 52 MOS current mirror, 53 minimum output voltage, 61 NMOS Wilson current mirror, 60 output characteristic, 51 output resistance, 56, 58-60, 63, 65 Resistor-Ratioed Current Source, 61 reference current, 50, 53, 62, 64 resistor- ratioed current source, 63 Widlar Current Source, 64 Wilson Current Source, 58 current-differencing amplifier, 178 current-feedback amplifier, 172 current-mode amplifier, 327 cutoff frequency, 18, 33, 43 capacitance, 10, 30,40 cascade, 109 cascode current source, 55 channel, 23 closed-loop gain, 269 collector current, 4 common-mode voltage, 322 compensation capacitance, 276 complementary output stage, 136, 138 D Dual-loop feedback, 244 Darlington, 100, 107, 308 transcoductance, 10 I Differential Pair, 110 Active Load, 124 Bipolar Differential Pair, III common-mode, 117 common-mode rejection ratio, 121, 128-129, 131 common-mode voltage gain, 121 differential amplifier, 118 differential-mode, 117 differential-mode voltage gain, 120 differential transconductance, 112-113, 115 input range, 113 input resistance, 121, 123 input voltage, III, 113, lis - 116 JFET Differential Pair, 114 linear range, 116 MOSFET Differential Pair, 112 NMOS transistors, 128 output current, III, 113, lis output resistance, 132 output voltage, 116, 128, 131 Resistor Load, lis transconductance, 112, 127 transfer characteristic, 127 voltage gain, 117, 127, 131 Dominant Pole, 273 diode linearization, 186 diode string, 66 drain current, 25, 37 E Early effect, 27 Emitter Follower, 82 Active Load, 87 Gain Stage, 82 input resistance, 84, 86 output resistance, 84-86 transfer characteristic, 83 voltage gain, 84, 86 emitter current, 4
Index 339 emitter degeneration, 166, 186 F Feedback, 203 Compensation Methods, 271 Compensation of Feedback Amplifiers, 270 Configurations, 213 current amplifier, 239 current feedback, 213 closed-loop gain, 204, 207, 211, 249, 259 closed-loop voltage gain, 247, 259 Dual-Loop Feedback, 244 error signal, 205 feedback amplifier system, 203 feedback factor, 207, 225, 233, 241, 249, 254,262 feedback signal, 211 Gain and Phase, 264 Gain Stabilization, 204 gain, 225, 233 gain and phase, 270 Increased Bandwidth, 206 Input Resistance, 211, 218, 226, 233, 242, 249, 259 input resistance, 218, 233, 248 loop gain, 204 Output Resistance, 212, 219, 226, 234, 242, 251,260 output resistance, 218, 232 Phase Margin, 268 positive feedback, 264 Reduction in Distortion, 205 Series Current, 230 Series Current-Shunt Voltage, 247 Series Voltage, 215 Series Current Voltage-Shunt Current, 258 Shunt Current, 239 Shunt Voltage, 223 Stability of Feedback Amplifiers, 264 series mixing, 213 series triple amplifier, 234 shunt mixing, 213 transconductance amplifier, 231 transresistance amplifier, 223 voltage amplifier, 215 voltage feedback, 213 voltage gain, 218 feedback factor, 257 feedforward, 209, 215, 223, 230, 239 four-quadrant analog multiplier, 315 G gain and phase, 264 gain magnitude, 265 gate-source voltage, 25 gate-to-source voltage, 54 J Junction Diode, 22 small-signal equivalent circuit, 23 Junction Field-Effect Transistor, 23 Charge storage, 30 channel,23 channel-length modulation, 26 channel-length parameter, 27 Device Characteristics, 24 Drain current, 25 drain current, 27 Large-Signal Model, 28 output resistance, 31 Parasitic Elements, 32 pinch-off voltage, 25 Small-Signal Model, 31 saturation region, 26 saturation voltage, 25 Transistor Cutoff Frequency, 33 transconductance, 31 triode region, 26 L Level-Shift, 65 Cascade Emitter Follower Level-Shift Stage, 67 Composite npn-pnp, 67 diode-connected transistors, 66 MOS Level-Shift Stages, 68 V BE multiplier, 66 V BE Voltage Shift Stages, 65 linearization, 312 linearized multiplier, 312 loop gain, 204 low-pass filter, 190 M Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor, 35 aspect ratio, 304 body-effect, 39 channel,36 channel-length modulation, 37
340 drain current, 37 Fermi potential, 37 inversion layer, 36 MOSFET Capacitance, 40 output resistance, 43 Small-Signal Model, 42 saturation region, 37 Transistor Cutoff Frequency, 43 threshold voltage, 36, 39 transconductance, 42 transconductance parameter, 39 triode region, 37 Miller effect, 97, 100 MOS Four-Quadrant Multiplier, 319 folded CMOS Gilbert cell, 320 linearization, 319 N Negative feedback, 203 NMOS gain stage, 79 Norton amplifier. 178 Norton op-amp. 182 negative feedback, 264 o operational amplifier, 157 unity-gain frequency. 164. 185 ac circuit model. 164 bandwidth. 158. 173 Current-Differencing Amplifiers. 178 Current-Feedback Amplifiers. 172 CMOS amplifier. 170 CMOS Transconductance Amplifier. 191 Common-Mode Input Range. 168 current-feedback amplifier. 176 closed-loop bandwidth. 185 closed-loop gain. 158. 173 compensation. 173 compensation capacitance. 165 dc offset voltage. 170 feedback factor. 158 folded-cascode. 162 Inverting Amplifier. 181 input resistance. 161. 164. 175 Linearization. 186. 192 non inverting amplifier. 158. 173. 178 output resistance. 163. 169 open-loop gain. 158. 163 Single-Stage Op-Amp, 159 Index Slew Rate, 165, 177 slew rate, 170 Transconductance Amplifiers, 183 Transimpedance, 176 Two-Stage CMOS Op-Amp, 169 Op-Amp, 162 transimpedance, 173 transresistance, 179 Voltage-Feedback Amplifiers, 157 voltage gain, 160, 169 output stage, 132 BiCMOS output stage, 138 Complementary Output Stages, 136 crossover-distortion, 137 dead-band, 136 emitter follower, 133 input resistance, 136 push-pull, 136 quiescent bias current, 138 quiescent current, 136 quiescent bias current, 137 source follower, 135 transfer characteristic, 132, 134 p phase, 265 phase margin, 268 phase shift, 265 s Source Follower, 87 Active Load, 89 Gain Stage, 87 input resistance, 88 output resistance, 88 voltage gain, 88 SPICE, 7, 9, 11,29, 39,41 sample-and-hold circuit, 188 series triple amplifier, 255 sine function, 324 slew rate, 165, 177 stability, 264 R resistor-ratioed current source, 61 T Translinear circuits, 295 Absolute Value, 308
Index 341 Analog Functions, 305 Analog Multipliers, 309 current conveyor, 306 compensation, 312 Diode Linearization, 313 Emitter Degeneration, 314 folded CMOS Gilbert cell, 320 Gilbert cell, 310 Gilbert Gain Cell, 327 Linearization, 318 MOS Four-Quadrant Multiplier, 316 Transconductance Linear with Current, 295 Transconductance Voltage, 302 Translinear Circuit Principle, 297, 303 Trigonometric Functions, 322 tanh nonlinearity, 311 translinear loop, 302 Vector Magnitude, 305 transconductance, 295-296, 302 transconductance amplifier, 183, 215 Applications, 188 transimpedance, 173 transit time, 21 transresistance amplifier, 208, 213 U unilateral two-port equivalent circuit, 91 unity-gain frequency, 271 V vector magnitude, 300 voltage-controlled current source, 68 voltage divider, 68 voltage-feedback amplifier, 157 voltage-to- current converter, 312 w Widlar current source, 65 Wilson current source, 58, 190 Wilson current sources, 186