Physical Science. Scott Foresman Reading Street 2.1.5

Transcription

1 Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, Lexile, and Reading Recovery are provided in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide. Physical Science Genre Expository nonfiction Comprehension Skills and Strategy Facts and Details Author s Purpose Predict and Set Purpose Text Features Captions Diagrams Headings Labels Scott Foresman Reading Street ISBN-13: ISBN-10:

2 Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs, sidebars, and extra features are not included.

3 Photographs Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Have you ever dreamed of flying? For as long as people have stared into the sky, some humans have wanted to spread their arms and fly. People cannot fly like birds. Birds have very light bones. They have strong muscles in their wings and chests. No person has arms strong enough to fly like a bird. Not even big wings with long, strong feathers could help a person fly. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Pearson Education, Inc. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd). Cover: Paul D. Slaughter/Getty Images; Title Page: Paul D. Slaughter/Getty Images; 3 Adri Berger/Getty Images; 4 (BL) Eric Schnakenberg/Getty Images, (CR) Alistair Scott/Alamy; 5 (BL) American Stock/Getty Images, (BR) The Granger Collection, NY; 6 (BL, BR) The Granger Collection, NY; 7 Getty Images; 8 (T, B) DK Images; 10 The Granger Collection, NY; 11 (BL, BC, BR) Getty Images; 13 Paul D. Slaughter/Getty Images; 14 Corbis ISBN 13: ISBN 10: Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to Pearson Curriculum Rights & Permissions, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or in other countries, of Pearson plc or its affiliates. Scott Foresman is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or in other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates V0G

4 People must use machines to fly. You already know some of these machines. One of these machines is an airplane. People ride in airplanes every day. Like birds, airplanes have wings. The wings of an airplane do not flap like the wings of a bird. They are made to help the heavy airplane fly. Airplanes also use powerful engines to help them fly. The first people to fly did not use wings and an engine. They bobbed through the air beneath a balloon. It was not like the kind of balloons you might see at a birthday party. These balloons were very large. They were filled with hot air. Two brothers in France invented the flying balloon more than 220 years ago. They noticed things around them and then made something new! 4 5

5 Joseph and Étienne (AY-tee-en) Montgolfier (mon-golf-ee-ay) watched clouds billow in the sky. They hoped to some day ride among the clouds. The brothers tried different ways to fly. Joseph thought that filling a paper bag with steam would work, but the steam made the paper fall apart. Étienne used another gas, but the balloon flopped onto the ground. How could a balloon carry them away from the ground? One night Joseph watched sparks rising from a fire. He asked himself, When a fire is burning and smoking, why does the smoke go up? He and Étienne guessed that something from a fire could make a balloon rise into the air. Now they just had to find a way to test their guess. 6 7

6 Joseph made a small bag out of silk. He held the bag over a small fire. The bag puffed up and rose! At first, Joseph and Étienne believed the fire was making a new gas. They tried to fill an envelope with their new gas by holding a flame under it. The envelope floated to the ceiling! Joseph and Étienne were wrong about what made the envelope rise. The envelope did not go up because it was filled with a new gas. It went up because it was filled with hot air. Burning a fire under a balloon warms the air inside the balloon. Warming the air makes it expand. Expanding air makes a balloon get bigger. Because hot air is lighter than cold air, hot air rises. When the hot air is inside a balloon, the balloon will rise along with the air. It is that simple. 8 9

7 Joseph and Étienne did not understand why their balloons worked, but they decided to make bigger balloons. They began by showing how a balloon could fly. In June 1783 they flew a balloon that was 38 feet wide. More than 2,000 buttons held the balloon together. They lit a big fire beneath the balloon. The balloon rose more than 3,000 feet into the air. It flew for more than a mile. Then it slowly returned to the ground. Two months later, the brothers flew another balloon for the king of France. The brothers were afraid that flying high in the air might harm a person. They tested the balloon with a rooster, a sheep, and a duck. This test was to convince the king that a balloon could be safe. The animals were inside cages for their protection during the flight. This second balloon was almost twice as big as their first balloon. It flew about the same distance. The sheep, rooster, and duck were not hurt during the flight

8 Finally, on November 21, 1783, the brothers tested another balloon. This was the biggest balloon yet. The brothers did not ride in the balloon themselves. Two other brave, adventurous men hopped into a basket. They rode the balloon. After sailing through the air for twenty-five minutes, they landed safely. They were far from where they took off. For the first time, two people flew among the birds. One of the oldest dreams of many people had at last come true! Many years later, other people would test the first airplane. Hot air balloons are still used today to float silently above the ground. People have even flown hot air balloons all the way around the world! 12 13

9 Now Try This Here s How To Do It! You and a friend can have fun and learn more about flying by playing this game. You will make paper airplanes and fly them to see which plane will fly a longer distance. You can also use a clock to see which plane will stay in the air for the longest time. You just need two sheets of paper. Use the diagram and the steps on the next page to make your plane and play the game. 1. Fold a sheet of paper in half the long way, then unfold it again. 2. Fold down the top corners to make a point at one end. 3. Fold the edges into the center to make a sharper point. 4. Close the sides together and turn the plane on its side. 5. Fold down one wing, then the other. 1. Mark a line on the ground, and stand together at the line. 2. Hold your paper glider beneath the wings. 3. Gently throw the glider. 4. Mark the place where each glider has landed on the ground. 5. Measure the flights to see which glider flew the farthest

10 Glossary adventurous n. not afraid; ready to take risks billow adj. swell or flap in the breeze bobbed v. moved in a gentle, up-anddown way convince v. make another person believe something or feel sure about it protection n. something that keeps people or animals safe Think and Share 1. Make a chart like the one below. What is a fact on page 3? What are some details that support this fact? Write your answers on your chart. Fact Details When you learned Joseph and Étienne made a silk bag float, what did you predict they would do next? Did your predictions change as you read? Explain. 3. What was used to give protection to a sheep, duck, and rooster on one of the Montgolfier balloons? How did that provide protection? 4. Do you think you would like to ride in a balloon? Tell why or why not.