The American Revolution (512:301) Monday and Wednesday 7 th Period 6:10-7:30, HH B5

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1 The American Revolution (512:301) Monday and Wednesday 7 th Period 6:10-7:30, HH B5 Thomas Paine Global-Interactive Option (506:492) Tuesday, 2 nd Period, 9:50-10:50, Scott 106 One-Credit Addition to 512:301 (Special Permission Only Professor) Paul G. E. Clemens clemens@rci.rutgers.ed, Van Dyck 217B Please note that this is a tentative syllabus. Books and assignments will not be substantially different, but it will be tweaked and revised before January This course covers American history from the Great War for Empire (the French and Indian War) to the formation of a new national government under the Constitution. We focus primarily on the Revolution itself: its causes, its larger Atlantic context, the way it was fought, and its consequences for the many peoples of America. Students will get a chance to roll-play parts as witnesses at the Boston Massacre of 1770 and as delegates at the Constitutional Convention of We will look at selected scenes from film versions of the events of this era: The Last of the Mohicans (for its depiction of the Fort William Henry massacre); Drums Along the Mohawk (that captures the terror on the New York frontier during the 1777 raid by British troops and their Iroquois allies); Mary Silliman's War (a recreation of the life of a Connecticut farm family during the war); The Crossing (both for Jeff Daniels' portrayal of George Washington and for what it tells us about the early days of the war); The Patriot (that reenacts the battle of Cowpens), and finally, Burn!, that will help us relate the American Revolution to the other monumental hemispheric revolution - that in Haiti. Reading will include a revolutionary war soldier's diary, the writings of Tom Paine, and a novel on the Haitian Revolution (All Souls Rising), as well as studies of the Fort William Henry massacre, the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765, occupied New York City during the Revolution, and the post-revolutionary Whiskey Rebellion. There will be a mid-term, a final, a paper, a film history journal, an optional extra credit paper, several short written assignments, and required discussion participation. Books to be Purchased: Edward Countryman, The American Revolution (Hill & Wang, 2003). ISBN: Amaxon.com price $ Ian K. Steele, Betrayals: Fort William Henry and the "Massacre" (Oxford University Press 1990). ISBN: Amazon.com price $ Edmund Morgan and Helen Morgan, The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution (The University of North Carolina Press, 1953, 1995). ISBN: Amazon.com price $ Joseph Plumb Martin, Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier: Some of the Adventures, Dangers, and Sufferings of Joseph Plumb Martin (Signet Classics, 2010). ISBN: (or any other edition). Amazon.com price $6.95. American Revolution 1

2 Madison Smartt Bell, All Souls' Rising (Penguin, 1995). ISBN: Amazon.com price: $11.64 Judith Van Buskirk, Generous Enemies: Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002). ISBN: Amazon.com price: $24.95 Lawrence Babits, A Devil of a Whipping: The Battle of Cowpens (University of North Carolina Press, 1998). ISBN: Amazon.com price $ Course Requirements: 1. Take a mid-term (20% of grade) and final examination (20% of grade). Both will consist of an essay question and identification, based on readings, lectures, and film. 2. Purchase the seven required books (above). You can expect to do about one hundred pages of reading each week. Except for Madison Smartt Bell, you will be assigned selections from all the books. Bell's novel will be read in its entirety and you will have a final exam question on the book. It is long, a little difficult to follow at first, and exceptionally disturbing at other times - you should start reading it early. 3. Keep a journal throughout the semester in which you record your analysis of each film, answer questions about the film distributed before each viewing, and relate the film to the readings and lecture. The journal can be kept in a separate book or done on-line from notes, and it can be illustrated or annotated. All material, from books or the internet, must be cited. See statement about citations from the internet and about plagiarism. The journal will be collected several times during the semester and graded twice (20% of grade). 4. You will write a comparative paper on your choice of one of the two books and a corresponding film (Generous Enemies with the film, Mary Silliman's War ) OR (Devil of a Whipping with the film, The Patriot). Papers turned in one class late will be marked down one letter grade; two classes late will receive an "F", and thereafter will receive a "zero." (20% of grade) 5. Most of you will have opportunities to participate directly in group class discussions. We will be recreating the debate over the Boston Massacre - as an historical event, as a trial of the British commanding officer, and as a subject of continuing controversy. We will also recreate the debate that occurred at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention of 1787 that occurred over the nature and meaning of representation. In addition, specific students will be asked to play a leading role in discussion of specific chapters of the assigned readings. 6. There will be several short quizzes on the assigned readings. There will also be several short (one page) assignments given out about some of these readings. The readings will include both the selections from the books above and handouts distributed occasionally for the class. Not all collected papers and quizzes will be graded, but some of each paper or quiz will be. These graded papers and quizzes and your discussion participation count 20% of the grade. 7. Attend Class. Attendance is expected and required. After the third unexcused absence, the final grade is lowered one letter grade; six absences result in failure American Revolution 2

3 A. Religious holidays are not counted as absences; as a courtesy to your instructor, please let him know you will not be attending class. B. For all other absences, report them using the Rutgers system: unless you want that absences to count as one of your allowed, unexcused absences. C. After you have reported the absence using the Rutgers system (#2), I may ask for further documentation for an extended absence, family emergency, or other unusual circumstance. Students who have perfect attendance (excused absences excepted) will receive a bonus on the final exam (enough to increase the grade one "step", for example, from a B- to a B). 8. Students can use computers in the classroom to take notes, but for no other purpose. You must sit in the front of the class. If you wish to surf the web during class time, please do not take this course. Cell Phones should be off during class. In general, we follow the procedures of the History Department; please see the statements on Mutual Responsibilities and Classroom Etiquette and on Plagiarism at: 9. Extra Credit: Students may elect to visit a historical site associated with the American Revolution and write an illustrated, critical report about the site how it presents the event(s) or people associated with the site. In what ways does it depict the event? How successful has it been in incorporating things that will interest visitors? Does the site misrepresent history, in your opinion, in any way? Does the site have a politics? What balance does it strike between visual and written information? Does it have a hands-on aspect? There are more than twodozen sites in New Jersey, others close by in Pennsylavnia, and some further afield in New England. Among those students have visited in the past are Monmouth Battlefield State Park, Germantown Battlefield Park (Pennsylvania), Rockingham State Historic Site, Washington Crossing State Park (NJ and Pennsylvania side of the Delaware), Morristown National Historic Park/Jockey Hollow Encampment, and Valley Forge National Park (Pennsylvania). Both Philadelphia and Boston have Revolutionary walks in the downtown areas. Documents used in the course will be posted on the Sakai course site. Schedule of Lectures, Films, and Reading Assignments: Jan. 18 (W) Introduction, Film: The Patriot Jan. 23 (M) George Washington's America, c Countryman, American Revolution Steele, Betrayals, Chapters, 1-2 Jan. 25 (W) The Seven Years' War (French & Indian War) and the Politics of Empire Steele, Betrayals, Chapters 4-5 Note: Quiz # 1 - Countryman & Steele Jan. 30 (M) Film: Last of the Mohicans - selections from 1920 (silent) and 1936 versions. Note: assignment on film (Last of Mohicans) and book (Betrayals) -- see web page American Revolution 3

4 Steele, Betrayals, pages Feb. 1 (W) British Politics in the Age of George III Countryman, American Revolution, Morgan, Stamp Act Crisis, Chapters, 1-3. Feb. 6 (M) Stamp Act Crisis Morgan, Stamp Act Crisis, Chapters, 5, 8, 11 Feb. 8 (W) Ideological Origins of the American Revolution Countryman, American Revolution Morgan, Stamp Act Crisis, Chapters, 16, 17 Feb. 13 (M) Boston Massacre Web-page assignment: Boston Massacre Home Page Feb.15 (W) The Battle for Boston Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, Introduction & Feb. 20 (M) Making Choices: Benjamin Franklin, William Franklin, Jane Mecom Morgan, Stamp Act Crisis, Chapters, Quiz #2 - Morgan, Stamp Act Crisis Feb. 22 (W) Politics of Independence Thomas Paine, Common Sense Sakai document Feb. 27 (M) Declaration of Independence Wood, American Revolution, Part IV, pp "Declaration of Independence" Sakai document Feb. 29 (W) War: New York to Trenton ( ) Countryman, American Revolution Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 1777 & 1778 Mar. 5 (M) Film: The Crossing Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 1780 & 1781 Mar. 7 (W) War: Saratoga, French Recognition and Stalemate in the New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania ( ) SPRING RECESS American Revolution 4

5 Mar. 19 (M) Film: Drums Along the Mohawk Mar. 21 (W) Mid-Term Examination Mar. 26 (M) The American Revolution in the Lands of Native American Peoples Mar. 28 (W): Drums Along the Mohawk (film - conclusion) Lecture: The American Revolution in the Lands of Native American Peoples - Part 1 April 2 (M): Mary Silliman's War (Film - first 45 minutes) - Note: students doing paper on this film should have read Van Buskirk, Generous Enemies. Journal Assignment: write at least a page explaining how you would have handled the problem Mary faced her feelings about the war, about her loyalist neighbors, and saving her husband. Where her choices appropriate? morally defensible? Lecture: The American Revolution in the Lands of Native Americans - Part 2 April 4 (W): Mary Silliman's War (Film - second 45 minutes) Lecture: Freedom for Whom: African Americans, Slavery, and Emancipation Wood, American Revolution, Part V, VI, VII, pp April 9 (M): War: Charles Town, Camden, Cowpens, and Guilford Court House ( ) - selections from the film The Patriot - Note: students doing paper on this film should have read Babits, A Devil of a Whipping Madison Smartt Bell, All Souls' Rising, Prologue and Part I April 11 (W): Forming a New Government - Background to the Constitutional Convention Madison Smartt Bell, All Souls' Rising, Part II Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion, Introduction and Part One (Chapters 1-5) April 16 (M) Web-page assignment: Constitutional Convention April 18 (W) - Burn! Thomas Paine, The Thomas Paine Reader, Chapter 11, "The Rights of Man" Madison Smartt Bell, All Souls' Rising, Part III Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, Part Two (Chapters 6-10) Paper Due on Generous Enemies or Devil of a Whipping April 23 (M): The Haitian Revolution Slaughter, Whiskey Rebellion, Part III (Chapters11-13) and Conclusion April 25 (W): Burn! (Conclusion). Read: Madison Smartt Bell, All Souls' Rising, Part IV and Envoi Journal Due American Revolution 5

6 Apr. 30 (M): catch up day! FINAL EXAMINATION, Monday, May 7 th, 8pm - 11pm Films for Course: The Last of The Mohicans (1920) Directed by Maurice Tourneur/Clarence Brown. 75 Minutes. This silent adaptation of James Fenimore Cooper's novel is set in colonial America during the French and Indian Wars, and pits the fierce warrior Magua (Wallace Beery) against Hawkeye and his adopted brothers, Uncas and Chingachgook. With Barbara Bedford, Albert Roscoe, James Gordon and Boris Karloff. From the New York Times review of January 3, 1921: James Fenimore Cooper's "The Last of the Mohicans" has been made into a motion picture by Maurice Tourneur, with the assistance of Clarence L. Brown, and is at the Strand this week. Those who go to see it from a bothersome sense of duty - in themselves or in their parents - expecting to be rather wearied by the rehashing of an old story that must necessarily be dull because it is called an "American classic" and is read in the public schools, are in for an agreeable surprise. They will see a regular melodrama as exciting as any they are likely to encounter in any number of screen tours, and if it is at the same time a costume story with early American settings, they won't mind that much. If they don't watch out, they may even find themselves enjoying the background as well as the action. For Mr. Tourneur has used the magic of his camera to give Cooper's story the quality of life on the screen. One who must confess that he read the original so long ago - it was taught in his elementary school - that he has forgotten the details of its narrative cannot say how closely the picture follows it, but that Mr. Tourneur has made a suspensive melodrama in an interesting setting suggestive of frontier life is an evident fact. It seems authentic, too, except when some of the"indians" get too close to the camera. Why did Mr. Tourneur try to make an Indian out of Wallace Beery? He is the bad man of the story and is certainly sufficiently evil looking. But Indian! And Albert Roscoe, the noble red man, the last of the Mohicans? If so, the Mohicans must have intermarried with other races extensively before they died out and lost their traits and barbaric dignity as well as their racial characteristics. And many of the "Indians" in the "crowd scenes" look much more like African than American aborigines. This miscasting has seriously weakened the picture. Nevertheless, there is much by way of compensation. The story itself is full of the kind of action that holds the interest because it means something, and its proceeds directly to its logically tragic ending. Also Mr. Tourneur did not just photograph his scenery and people literally; He composed his pictures. With lights and shadows skillfully arranged, objects artistically placed, distances effectively measured, he put into his film more than any one would have observed in the reality before his camera. A great may of the thrills on the screen would have been lost by merely literal photography. There aretoo many subtitles, some of them needless and others that could have been made so, but there are also many things in the picture themselves that are a pure delight. A number of the scenes are the kind that stick in the memory. There is no fault to find with the casting of the white characters. Barbara Bedford as Cora Munro, Henry Woodward as Major Heyward, George Hackathorne as Captain Randolph and Nelson McDowell as David Gamut are especially good.mr. Tourneur has made an extraordinary picture, seriously marred in one particular. American Revolution 6

7 The Last of the Mohicans (1936). Directed by George B. Seitz. 91 Minutes. From All Movie Guide: From All Movie Guide Randolph Scott has one of his best roles as Hawkeye in this exciting film adaptation of James Fenimore Cooper's often filmed novel. During the brutal French and Indian War, Hawkeye is prevailed upon to escort Major Duncan Heyward (Henry Wilcoxon), and the two daughters of Fort William Henry commander Colonel Munro (Hugh Buckler) -- Alice (Binnie Barnes) and Cora (Heather Angel) -- to safety through enemy lines. Hawkeye is assisted by his Indian friend Chingachgook (Robert Barrat), and Uncas (Philip Reed), Chingachgook's son; the two are the last survivors of the Mohican tribe. During their travels to the fort, Alice falls in love with Hawkeye, while Cora falls in love with Uncas. But along the way, the band is continually harassed by the demonic Huron Indian Magua (Bruce Cabot). Magua causes the deaths of Cora and Uncas, while the British are attacked by the Hurons and the French and forced to flee Fort William Henry. Hawkeye is taken prisoner by the brutal Hurons and Maj. Heyward must organize a band to rescue Hawkeye before he is tortured to death. Drums Along the Mohawk (1939). Directed by John Ford. 103 Minutes. Claudette Colbert and Henry Fonda are featured in this story of Colonial life in upstate New York during the Revolutionary War. DRUMS ALONG THE MOHAWK shows how the depredations of Indian warriors, guided by British tacticians, tempered ragged backwoods militia into a tough able army, united behind Washington and the new American flag. To find suitable Mohawk Valley scenery, director Ford took his company to a timbered Utah plateau. Morman farmers were happily recruited as extras and mild Navaho and Piute Indians were transmuted into fierce Iroquois tribesmen. To heighten the drama, historical sidelights are deleted from the novel by Walter D. Edmonds and Colbert is given more sophistication than the original Lana possessed. The popularity of Claudette Colbert (since her 1934 performance in IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT) rested largely on her charm and aptitude for deft, bubbling comedy roles. To an interviewer, she once mentioned that out of every six pictures, she would like to play four comedies, one drama and one spectacle. In DRUMS ALONG THE MOHAWK, Claudette has her chance at drama with a good many spectacular overtones. As Lana Martin, the city bred wife of a New York frontiersman, she enacts a difficult emotional part with extraordinary skill and sensitivity. Fine battle scenes, handsome Technicolor (Colbert's dresses are always lovely and clean and the Indian's blanket is as spotless as a cardinal's robe!) and superior performances by Miss Colbert, Henry Fonda and Edna May Oliver place this film in the category of classic U.S. historical films. (Taken from Amazon.com web site). The Crossing (1999). Directed by Robert Harmon. 100 Minutes. From All Movie Guide: Adapted by screenwriter Howard Fast from his own fact-based novel, this historical drama tells the story of one of the most unexpected triumphs of the American Revolutionary War. In December 1776, the armies of General George Washington (Jeff Daniels) are near the point of collapse; short on money and supplies, ravaged by disease, their numbers thinned by desertion, and freezing in summer uniforms in the midst of a brutal winter, it seems all but impossible that the Colonial Army can hold out much longer against the British Army and their allied German Hessian forces. With imminent defeat a clear possibility, Washington and his troops organize for an audacious surprise attack against the British soldiers on Christmas Day, hinging on the crossing of the freezing Delaware River in the middle of a storm. Co-starring Roger Rees, The Crossing was produced for broadcast by the Arts and Entertainment cable television network. Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor (2002). Directed by Mikael Salomon. 100 Minutes. From All Movie Guide: If one is to believe this made-for-cable biopic, America's most notorious American Revolution 7

8 turncoat Benedict Arnold sold out his country primarily for the love of a woman. Acknowledged as a hero of the Revolutionary War by his commanding officer, General George Washington (Kelsey Grammer), after bringing about the British surrender at Saratoga in 1776, Benedict Arnold (Aidan Quinn) is robbed of public acclaim by a glory-grabbing fellow officer and by the ceaseless politicking of the Continental Congress. Making matters worse, Arnold has lost what little money he has through misfortune and bad investments. At the urging of his Philadelphiaborn fiancé (and future second wife), the pro-british Peggy Shippen (Flora Montgomery), Arnold decides to cast his lot with the Redcoats, ultimately entering into a plot to assassinate his former comrade-in-arms, Washington. Filmed in Ireland under the title Dark Eagle: Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor made its American TV debut over the A&E cable network on January 13, 2003, and within a month it had been released on VHS and DVD. Note: film will not be shown but an extra-credit assignment is available to students who wish to view and respond to the film. Mary Silliman's War (1994). Mary Silliman's War is a unique, award-winning film on the American Revolution. Shot on location in Nova Scotia, the film relates the true story of a remarkable woman, whose husband, a patriot leader, was kidnapped from their home by a band of tories -- Americans loyal to the King of England. Left to fend for herself and their children as she sought her husband's release, Mary Silliman's story presents the War for Independence in a way that is fresh and engaging to a modern audience. Mary Silliman's War was produced by Heritage Films, under the auspices of The Institute for Early American History in Colonial Williamsburg, VA. It is based on the biography by Richard and Joy Day Buel, The Way of Duty (Norton, 1984). The Patriot (2000). Directed by Roland Emmerich. 165 Minutes. From All Movie Guide: Roland Emmerich and Dean Devlin, the director/producer team responsible for such sci-fi blockbusters as Independence Day, Stargate, and Godzilla, take a step back in time with this drama set during the American Revolution. Farmer Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson) was born and raised in South Carolina, and fought bravely during the French-Indian wars. But since the death of his wife, Benjamin has renounced violence and quietly tends his crops, raising his seven children alone. In 1776, over Benjamin's objections, his oldest son Gabriel (Heath Ledger) joins the fight against the British. Gabriel returns from battle seriously wounded, with Lord General Cornwallis (Tom Wilkinson) calling for his arrest. A skirmish breaks out on Benjamin's plantation, and one of his children is killed as Gabriel is captured by Col. Tavington (Jason Isaacs) and sentenced to hang. Benjamin sets aside his vow of pacifism and rescues Gabriel; with the help of his former comrade-in-arms Harry Burwell (Chris Cooper), the father and son form a regiment of Carolina patriots whose cunning and ruthlessness make them heroes among the colonists -- and wanted men by British troops. Loosely adapted from the true story of Francis Marion and filmed on location in South Carolina, The Patriot was the first feature film made with the cooperation of the Smithsonian Institute, who advised the producers on historical accuracy. Joely Richardson also stars as Charlotte, Benjamin's sister-in-law who helps him care for the children. Burn! a.k.a. Queimada! (1969). 112 Minutes. Directed by Gillo Pontecorvo. From All Movie Guide: Sir William Walker (Marlon Brando) is the aristocratic secret agent sent by Britain to secure a profitable Portuguese sugar cane plantation for the Crown. When he arrives, he befriends the black dockworker Jose (Evaristo Marquez) and plants revolutionary ideas in his head. Walker talks Jose into robbing a bank and builds him up as a national hero in the process. Teddy Sanchez (Renato Salvatori) is the hotel desk clerk with political aspirations who falls American Revolution 8

9 under Walker's spell. The blacks revolt on the night of a festival parade that allows them to be disguised and move around without suspicion. Jose turns his troops over to Teddy, who assumes control of the island. Walker returns to Britain but is summoned ten years later to stop a revolution led by Jose against the now corrupt government headed by Teddy. British troops attack the island and hundreds are killed including Teddy who is executed for treason. The sugar cane crops perish in flames when Jose mounts an attack against the British. When William offers him freedom, Jose refuses by stating "freedom is something you take for yourself." Jose is assassinated and becomes yet another martyr for the cause against colonialism. A drunk and despondent William prepares to leave the island realizing he is just as much a pawn as the men he initially incited to revolt. Updated: November 1, 2012 American Revolution 9