Inventors and Scientists: Ben Franklin

Transcription

1 Inventors and Scientists: Ben Franklin By Biography.com Editors and A+E Networks, adapted by Newsela staff on Word Count 751 A portrait of Benjamin Franklin by Joseph Siffred Duplessis, circa Photo: Wikimedia Commons Synopsis: Born in Boston in 1706, Benjamin Franklin helped draft the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, and he negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War. His scientific pursuits included investigations into electricity, mathematics and mapmaking. A printer and writer known for his wit and wisdom, Franklin published Poor Richard s Almanack, invented bifocal glasses and organized the first successful American lending library, among other achievements. Early Life Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in Boston. His father was a soap and candle maker named Josiah Franklin. Ben was his 15th child and youngest son. Ben learned to read at an early age. He was successful in school, but had to stop at 10 years old to work full time in his father s shop. To discourage him from becoming bored, Josiah apprenticed Ben at 12 to his brother James at his print shop. James mistreated his younger brother, but Ben learned a great deal about newspaper publishing. Tired of his brother s harsh and tyrannical behavior, Ben fled Boston in 1723.

2 Franklin found work with another printer in Philadelphia. He courted his landlord s daughter Deborah Read, but left for London in 1724 to set up a print shop. He enjoyed attending theater performances, mingling with people in coffeehouses and reading. He even crafted his own wooden flippers and swam on the Thames River. Eventually Franklin opened his own print shop in Philadelphia. He also helped set up a library, the first successful one in the country. From Poetry To Electricity In 1729, Franklin purchased The Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper. He transformed the struggling newspaper into the most widely read paper in the colonies and it became one of the first to turn a profit. Franklin rekindled his relationship with Deborah Read. The couple had 3 children, William, Francis, and Sarah. Francis died when he was only 4 years old of smallpox. Franklin s prominence and success grew during the 1730s. One big hit was Poor Richard s Almanack, which he published at the end of It was a collection of weather forecasts, astronomical information, poetry and witty lines. Some examples are, Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise and He that lies down with dogs, shall rise up with fleas. Franklin published the almanac for 25 years in a row. His interest in electricity was ignited around the 1740s. He conducted the famous kite-andkey experiment in 1752 to demonstrate that lightning was electricity. He invented the lightning rod and coined new electricity-related terms that we still use today, such as battery, charge, conductor and electrify. Franklin invented many things. He developed bifocals that could be used for both distance and reading, and he is credited with inventing the first rocking chair and the American penny. Government Career Franklin served various positions in the Pennsylvania government. When the French and Indian War began in 1754, he called on the colonies to band together. To symbolize this, he drew and published a cartoon of a snake cut into sections that read Join or Die. However, his plan was not accepted by the colonies. In 1757 Franklin sailed to London, where he spent the next 20 years. In the 1770s, relations between Great Britain and the American colonies were tense. Franklin returned to North America in 1775 as a devotee of the patriot cause. In 1776, Franklin was one of five men to draft the Declaration of Independence. After voting for independence, Franklin sailed to France to get their support.

3 Oldest Delegate After almost 10 years in France, Franklin returned to the United States in In 1787 he was the oldest delegate at the Constitutional Convention at the age of 81. It was his idea to split Congress into both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Parting Contributions Benjamin Franklin died on April 17, 1790, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was 84. He also donated money that funded scholarships, schools and museums in Boston and Philadelphia. The image of Benjamin Franklin that has come down through history is somewhat cartoonlike. He is shown as a bald man in a frock coat holding a kite string with a key attached. But the range of things he did was much broader than that. He never finished school, but his life through was shaped through reading and experience, a strong moral compass and a commitment to the country. He was a truly knowledgeable man, which is no doubt why he is often called the First American.

4 Quiz 1 Which excerpt from "From Poetry To Electricity" BEST shows that Benjamin Franklin was a successful businessman? In 1729, Franklin purchased The Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper. He transformed the struggling newspaper into the most widely read paper in the colonies and it became one of the first to turn a profit. The book was a collection of weather forecasts, astronomical information, poetry and witty lines. Some examples are, Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise and He that lies down with dogs, shall rise up with fleas. He conducted the famous kite-and-key experiment in 1752 to demonstrate that lightning was electricity. He invented the lightning rod and coined new electricity-related terms that we still use today, such as battery, charge, conductor and electrify. Franklin invented many things. He developed bifocals that could be used for both distance and reading, and he is credited with inventing the first rocking chair and the American penny. 2 Read the following paragraph from "Oldest Delegate." After almost 10 years in France, Franklin returned to the United States in In 1787 he was the oldest delegate at the Constitutional Convention at the age of 81. It was his idea to split Congress into both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Which of the following inferences can be drawn from this paragraph? Franklin was included in the Constitutional Convention mainly as a sign of respect. Franklin's ideas significantly influenced the structure of the U.S. government. Franklin returned to the U.S. after he became frustrated with politics in France. Franklin was viewed with skepticism by some delegates at the Constitutional Convention.

5 3 Which detail BEST supports the article's central idea? He enjoyed attending theater performances, mingling with people in coffeehouses and reading. In 1757 Franklin sailed to London, where he spent the next 20 years. In the 1770s, relations between Great Britain and the American colonies were tense. In 1776, Franklin was one of five men to draft the Declaration of Independence. After voting for independence, Franklin sailed to France to get their support. The image of Benjamin Franklin that has come down through history is somewhat cartoon-like. He is shown as a bald man in a frock coat holding a kite string with a key attached. 4 Which detail would be MOST important to include in a summary of the article? Benjamin Franklin worked for his brother James in his print shop, where James mistreated him. Benjamin Franklin created a variety of inventions, including the lightning rod, bifocals and the penny. Benjamin Franklin's son Francis died of smallpox when he was only 4 years old. Benjamin Franklin drew and published the well-known cartoon of a snake cut into pieces.

6 Answer Key 1 Which excerpt from "From Poetry To Electricity" BEST shows that Benjamin Franklin was a successful businessman? In 1729, Franklin purchased The Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper. He transformed the struggling newspaper into the most widely read paper in the colonies and it became one of the first to turn a profit. The book was a collection of weather forecasts, astronomical information, poetry and witty lines. Some examples are, Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise and He that lies down with dogs, shall rise up with fleas. He conducted the famous kite-and-key experiment in 1752 to demonstrate that lightning was electricity. He invented the lightning rod and coined new electricity-related terms that we still use today, such as battery, charge, conductor and electrify. Franklin invented many things. He developed bifocals that could be used for both distance and reading, and he is credited with inventing the first rocking chair and the American penny. 2 Read the following paragraph from "Oldest Delegate." After almost 10 years in France, Franklin returned to the United States in In 1787 he was the oldest delegate at the Constitutional Convention at the age of 81. It was his idea to split Congress into both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Which of the following inferences can be drawn from this paragraph? Franklin was included in the Constitutional Convention mainly as a sign of respect. Franklin's ideas significantly influenced the structure of the U.S. government. Franklin returned to the U.S. after he became frustrated with politics in France. Franklin was viewed with skepticism by some delegates at the Constitutional Convention.

7 3 Which detail BEST supports the article's central idea? He enjoyed attending theater performances, mingling with people in coffeehouses and reading. In 1757 Franklin sailed to London, where he spent the next 20 years. In the 1770s, relations between Great Britain and the American colonies were tense. In 1776, Franklin was one of five men to draft the Declaration of Independence. After voting for independence, Franklin sailed to France to get their support. The image of Benjamin Franklin that has come down through history is somewhat cartoon-like. He is shown as a bald man in a frock coat holding a kite string with a key attached. 4 Which detail would be MOST important to include in a summary of the article? Benjamin Franklin worked for his brother James in his print shop, where James mistreated him. Benjamin Franklin created a variety of inventions, including the lightning rod, bifocals and the penny. Benjamin Franklin's son Francis died of smallpox when he was only 4 years old. Benjamin Franklin drew and published the well-known cartoon of a snake cut into pieces.