Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 4946

Transcription

1 Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 4946 Edited by J. G. Carbonell and J. Siekmann Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science

2 (Eds.) Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems 4th International Workshop, ArgMAS 2007 Honolulu, HI, USA, May 15, 2007 Revised Selected and Invited Papers 13

3 Series Editors Jaime G. Carbonell, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Jörg Siekmann, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany Volume Editors British University in Dubai, Faculty of Informatics P.O. Box , Dubai, UAE City University of New York, Brooklyn College Department of Computer and Information Science 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA University of Dundee, Department of Applied Computing Dundee DD1 4HN, UK Library of Congress Control Number: CR Subject Classification (1998): I.2.11, I.2, C.2.4, H LNCS Sublibrary: SL 7 Artificial Intelligence ISSN ISBN Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: /

4 Preface This volume presents the latest developmentsinthegrowingareaofresearch at the interface of argumentation theory and multiagent systems. This area has grown tremendously with many papers appearing in the recent special issue of the Artificial Intelligence Journal on Argumentation and the special issue of IEEE Intelligent Systems on Argumentation Technologies. Over the last few years, argumentation has been gaining increasing importance in multiagent systems, mainly as a vehicle for facilitating rational interaction (i.e., interaction which involves the giving and receiving of reasons). This is because argumentation provides tools for designing, implementing, and analyzing sophisticated forms of interaction among rational agents. Argumentation has made solid contributions to the practice of multiagent dialogues. Application domains include: legal disputes, business negotiation, labor disputes, team formation, scientific inquiry, deliberative democracy, ontology reconciliation, risk analysis, scheduling, and logistics. A single agent may also use argumentation techniques to perform its individual reasoning because it needs to make decisions under complex preferences policies, in a highly dynamic environment. Most papers in this volume appeared in the proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Argumentation in Multiagent Systems (ArgMAS 2007), which took place in Honolulu, USA, in conjunction with the International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS). This continues the success of the ArgMAS workshop series, which took place in tandem with AAMAS in New York in 2004, Utrecht in 2005, and Hakodate in Often we have invited papers on the topic of argumentation in multiagent systems from the main AAMAS conference as well as other major conferences for the given year, in order to bring together the very best of the year s work on argumentation in MAS into a single volume. This time, we invited revised papers on argumentation in MAS from both AAMAS 2007 and AAAI These additional contributions were selected on the basis of their scientific quality and relevance to the topics emphasized here. Our objective has been to offer a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of this rapidly evolving landscape, as we did in the previous volumes of this series which were all published by Springer (LNAI 3366, LNAI 4049, and LNAI 4766). The book is organized into three parts, each addressing an important problem in argumentation and multiagent systems. Part I focuses on issues pertaining to dialogue. This part opens with an invited paper from AAMAS 2007 by Leila Amgoud, Yannis Dimopoulos, and Pavlos Moraitis. This paper attempts to generalize and unify various models of argument-based negotiation (ABN) found in the literature. The second paper, by, Philippe Pasquier, Liz Sonenberg, and Frank Dignum, formally explores some intuitions behind the usefulness of ABN models. Most work on argumentation addresses two-party dialogues. To address dialogues involving more than two agents, in an agent so-

5 VI Preface ciety, Enrico Oliva, Peter McBurney, and Andrea Omicini present a framework based on the notion of co-argumentation artifact. The fourth paper in Part I is an invited paper by, Peter McBurney, Elizabeth Sklar, and Michael Wooldridge, which addresses the question of relevance in dialogues. The authors show how relevance can help agents decide which arguments to present (i.e., how to carry out a dialogue according to a given protocol). The following paper, by Laurent Perrussel, Sylvie Doutre, Jean-MarcThévenin, and Peter McBurney, presents a protocol that allows agents to argue about the right to access information in a given context. Recently, an argument interchange format (AIF) has been proposed by the argumentation in AI community. However, while the AIF is quite mature in its representation of static argument structures, its ability to capture argumentbased dialogues is still underdeveloped. Part I concludes with a paper by Sanjay Modgil and Jarred McGinnis that addresses this issue. Part II focuses on using argumentation to automate or support various singleagent reasoning tasks. This part opens with an invited AAAI 2007 paper by Nicolás D. Rotstein, Alejandro J. García, and Guillermo R. Simari. This paper describes how argumentation can be used to mechanize reasoning in belief desire intention (BDI) agents. In a multiagent system, such BDI agents are faced with possibly conflicting social norms. To address the conflict between norms, beliefs, desires, and intentions, the following paper, by Dorian Gaertner and Francesca Toni, presents a framework grounded in assumption-based argumentation. In the third paper in this part, Maxime Morge presents a framework for practical reasoning based on argumentation. Part II then closes with a paper, by Cássia Trojahn, Paulo Quaresma, Renata Vieira, on using argumentation as a model for mapping multiple conflicting ontologies. Part III addresses an exciting new area in argumentation research, namely, the relationship between models of argumentation and models of learning. The section opens with an invited paper from AAMAS 2007, by Leila Amgoud and Mathieu Serrurier, on using argumentation to perform classification tasks normally found in the machine learning literature. This is followed by another AA- MAS 2007 invited paper, by Santi Ontañón and Enric Plaza, which explores the use of argumentation to facilitate dialogue among cased-based reasoning agents who want to learn jointly from past cases. This part is wrapped up by two papers by Wataru Makiguchi and Hajime Sawamura on the relationship between symbolic and neural network-based models of argumentation. We conclude this preface by extending our gratitude to the members of the Steering Committee and members of the Program Committee, who together helped make the ArgMAS workshop a success. We also thank the authors for their enthusiasm to submit papers to the workshop, and for revising their papers on time for inclusion in this book. December 2007

6 Organization Program Chairs City University of New York, USA British University in Dubai, UAE (Fellow) University of Edinburgh, UK University of Dundee, UK ArgMAS Steering Committee Antonis Kakas Nicolas Maudet Peter McBurney Pavlos Moraitis University of Cyprus, Cyprus Université Paris Dauphine, France University of Liverpool, UK Paris Descartes University, France City University of New York, USA British University in Dubai, UAE (Fellow) University of Edinburgh, UK University of Dundee, UK Program Committee Leila Amgoud Katie Atkinson Jamal Bentahar Guido Boella Brahim Chaib-draa Carlos Chesnevar Frank Dignum Rogier van Eijk Frank Guerin Joris Hulstijn Anthony Hunter Antonis Kakas Nikos Karacapilidis Nishan Karunatillake Nicolas Maudet Peter McBurney Jarred McGinnis Sanjay Modgil Pavlos Moraitis IRIT, France University of Liverpool, UK Laval University, Canada Università di Torino, Italy Laval University, Canada Universitat de Lleida, Spain University of Aberdeen, UK University College, London, UK University of Cyprus, Cyprus University of Patras, Greece University of Southampton, UK Université Paris Dauphine, France University of Liverpool, UK Royal Holloway, University of London, UK Cancer Research UK Paris Descartes University, France

7 VIII Organization Bernard Moulin Søren Holbech Nielsen Tim Norman Nir Oren Fabio Paglieri Xavier Parent Philippe Pasquier Enric Plaza Henri Prade Henry Prakken Alun Preece Sarvapali Ramchurn Michael Rovatsos Hajime Sawamura Sandip Sen Guillermo Simari Elizabeth Sklar Katia Sycara Francesca Toni Leon van der Torre Paolo Torroni Bart Verheij Gerard Vreeswijk Doug Walton Simon Wells Steven Willmott Mike Wooldridge Laval University, Canada Aalborg University, Denmark University of Aberdeen, UK University of Aberdeen, UK ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy King s College, UK City University of New York, USA University of Melbourne, Australia Spanish Scientific Research Council, Spain IRIT, Toulouse, France University of Aberdeen, UK British University in Dubai, UAE (Fellow) University of Edinburgh, UK University of Southampton, UK University of Dundee, UK University of Edinburgh, UK Niigata University, Japan University of Tulsa, USA Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina City University of New York, USA Carnegie Mellon University, USA Imperial College, London, UK University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Università di Bologna, Italy Maastricht University, The Netherlands University of Winnipeg, Canada University of Dundee, UK Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Spain University of Liverpool, UK

8 Table of Contents Part I: Argumentation and Dialogue A General Framework for Argumentation-Based Negotiation... 1 Leila Amgoud, Yannis Dimopoulos, and Pavlos Moraitis On the Benefits of Exploiting Hierarchical Goals in Bilateral Automated Negotiation... 18, Philippe Pasquier, Liz Sonenberg, and Frank Dignum Co-argumentation Artifact for Agent Societies Enrico Oliva, Peter McBurney, and Andrea Omicini On the Relevance of Utterances in Formal Inter-agent Dialogues... 47, Peter McBurney, Elizabeth Sklar, and Michael Wooldridge A Persuasion Dialog for Gaining Access to Information Laurent Perrussel, Sylvie Doutre, Jean-Marc Thévenin, and Peter McBurney Towards Characterising Argumentation Based Dialogue in the Argument Interchange Format Sanjay Modgil and Jarred McGinnis Part II: Argument-Based Reasoning Preferences and Assumption-Based Argumentation for Conflict-Free Normative Agents Dorian Gaertner and Francesca Toni The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Argumentation-Based Decision Support System Maxime Morge An Extended Value-Based Argumentation Framework for Ontology Mapping with Confidence Degrees Cássia Trojahn, Paulo Quaresma, and Renata Vieira Defeasible Argumentation Support for an Extended BDI Architecture Nicolás D. Rotstein, Alejandro J. García, and Guillermo R. Simari

9 X Table of Contents Part III: Argumentation and Learning Arguing and Explaining Classifications Leila Amgoud and Mathieu Serrurier An Argumentation-Based Framework for Deliberation in Multi-agent Systems Santi Ontañón and Enric Plaza A Hybrid Argumentation of Symbolic and Neural Net Argumentation (Part I) Wataru Makiguchi and Hajime Sawamura A Hybrid Argumentation of Symbolic and Neural Net Argumentation (Part II) Wataru Makiguchi and Hajime Sawamura Author Index