Applied to Wireless Sensor Networks. Objectives
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1 Communication Theory as Applied to Wireless Sensor Networks muse Objectives Understand the constraints of WSN and how communication theory choices are influenced by them Understand the choice of digital over analog schemes Understand the choice of digital phase modulation methods over frequency or amplitude schemes muse 1
2 Objectives (cont.) Understand the cost/benefits of implementing source and channel coding for sensor networks Understand fundamental MAC concepts Grasp the importance of node synchronization Synthesize through examples these concepts to understand impact on energy and bandwidth requirements muse Outline Sensor network constraints Digital modulation Source coding and Channel coding MAC Synchronization Synthesis: Energy and bandwidth requirements 2
3 WSN Communication Constraints Energy! Communication constraints Sensors Data Collection Costs Activation Conditioning A/D Communication constraints 3
4 Node life support Computation Costs Simple data processing Censoring and Aggregation Source/Channel coding Communication constraints Communication Costs 35 Current Consumption n (ma) current ~= * rf_power R 2 = RF Transmit Power (dbm) Communication constraints 4
5 Putting it all together Communication constraints Outline Sensor network constraints Digital modulation Source coding and Channel coding MAC Synchronization Synthesis: Energy and bandwidth requirements 5
6 Modulation Review Motivation for Digital Modulation The Carrier Modulation 6
7 Amplitude Modulation (AM) DSB SC (double sideband suppressed carrier) Modulation Frequency representation for DSB SC (the math) Modulation 7
8 Frequency representation for DSB SC (the cartoon) Modulation Demodulation coherent receiver Modulation 8
9 DSB LC (or AM as we know it) Modulation Frequency representation of DSB LC Modulation 9
10 Amplitude Modulation Modulation Frequency Modulation (FM) Modulation 10
11 Frequency Modulation Modulation Phase Modulation Modulation 11
12 SNR Performance Fig. Lathi Modulation Digital Methods Digital Modulation 12
13 Quadrature Modulation Digital Modulation BPSK Digital Modulation 13
14 QPSK Digital Modulation Constellation Plots Digital Modulation 14
15 BER Performance vs. Modulation Method Fig. Lathi Digital Modulation BER Performance vs. Number of Symbols Fig. Lathi Digital Modulation 15
16 Outline Sensor network constraints Digital modulation Source coding and Channel coding MAC Synchronization Synthesis: Energy and bandwidth requirements Motivation Source Coding Lossless Lossy Source Coding 16
17 Zip files Lossless Compression Entropy coding (e.g., Huffman code) Source Coding Lossless Compression Approaches for Sensor Networks Constraints Run length coding Sending only changes in data Source Coding 17
18 Lossy Compression Rate distortion theory (general principles) JPEG Source Coding Example of Lossy Compression JPEG 18
19 Another comparison Lossy Compression Approaches for Sensor Networks Constraints Transformations / Mathematical Operations Predictive coding / Modeling Source Coding 19
20 Example Actions by Nodes Adaptive Sampling Censoring Source Coding In Network Processing Data Aggregation Source Coding 20
21 Outline Sensor network contraints Digital modulation Source coding and Channel coding MAC Synchronization Synthesis: Energy and bandwidth requirements Motivation Channel Coding (FEC) Block codes Convolution codes Channel Coding 21
22 Channel Coding Approaches for Sensor Networks Coding constraints Block coding Channel Coding Example: Systematic Block Code Channel Coding 22
23 Alternative: Error Detection Motivation CRC Channel Coding Benefits Performance Costs Fig. Lathi Channel Coding 23
24 Outline Sensor network contraints Digital modulation Source coding and Channel coding MAC Synchronization Synthesis: Energy and bandwidth requirements Sharing Spectrum Fig. Frolik (2007) MAC 24
25 MAC Motivation Contention based Contention free MAC ALOHA (ultimate in contention) Method Advantages Disadvantages MAC 25
26 Method CSMA (contentious but polite) Advantages Disadvantages MAC Throughput comparison MAC 26
27 RTS/CTS Contention Free Approaches Reservations MAC MAC for Sensor Networks: Beacon enabled mode for star networks MAC 27
28 Bandwidth details: GHz band ( GHz) Sixteen channels spaced at 5 MHz (CH 11 26) Data rate 250 kbps Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) 4 bits symbol 32 chip sequence Chip rate of 2 Mcps Modulation O QPSK Total bandwidth requirement: ~3 MHz MAC Motivation DSSS Operation MAC 28
29 Outline Sensor network contraints Digital modulation Source coding and Channel coding MAC Synchronization Synthesis: Energy and bandwidth requirements Motivation Synchronization Categories Synchronization 29
30 Node Scheduling Sleep Listening Transmitting Synchronization Sleep Scheduling for Sensor Networks: S MAC Synchronization 30
31 Carrier Synchronizing for Effective Communications Bit/Symbol Frame Synchronization Outline Sensor network contraints Digital modulation Source coding and Channel coding MAC Synchronization Synthesis: Energy and bandwidth requirements 31
32 Putting the Pieces Together Synthesis: Energy and Bandwidth M ary Signaling Channel Coding Energy & Bandwidth 32
33 Multihop Sensor Network Example 1: Single vs. Multihop Single hop Energy & Bandwidth Polling Sensor Network Example 2: Polling vs. Pushing Pushing Energy & Bandwidth 33
34 Conclusions A digital communications approach to WSN has advantages in robustness, energy, and bandwidth performance Source coding reduces overall system level energy requirements Simple channel coding schemes improve data reliability minimizing the need for retransmissions muse Conclusions 2 MAC and routing strategies should be chosen with an eye towards network architecture t cross layer design Node synchronization must occur regularly due to clock drift between nodes Simple digital communication techniques enable low energy, low bandwidth WSN system requirements muse 34
35 What to know more? B. Lathi, Modern Analog and Digital Communication Systems, 3 rd ed., Oxford, Of d1998. B. Krishnamachari, Networking Wireless Sensors, Cambridge Press, J. Frolik, Implementation Handheld, RF Test Equipment in the Classroom and the Field, IEEE Trans. Education, Vol. 50, No. 3, August
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