mm-wave communication: ~30-300GHz Recent release of unlicensed mm-wave spectrum
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1 1
2 2 mm-wave communication: ~30-300GHz Recent release of unlicensed mm-wave spectrum Frequency: GHz (4.7 to 5.3mm wavelength) Bandwidth: 7-9 GHz (depending on region) Current Wi-Fi Frequencies: 2.4 GHz (100 MHz) and 5 GHz (555 MHz) (GHz) 10x times as much frequency spectrum available at mm-wave frequencies than currently used for Wi-Fi.
3 3 Free-space attenuation: db higher than on Wi-Fi frequencies Blockage: concrete and other materials cause very high attenuation Directional antennas to overcome limited range Signal energy is focused into direction of receiver Antenna size correlates with wavelength small form factor, many antennas Phased Antenna Array Very directional communication improves spatial reuse
4 4 Current Systems: Proprietary or not Wi-Fi capable WirelessHD/WiGig Mobile backhaul links IEEE ad: ratified in 2013 Throughput up to 7 Gbps (current Wi-Fi ~0.6 Gbps) Commercial devices under development (Qualcom, Intel, ) Wi-Fi about to take the step to mm-wave frequencies, increasing throughput by a factor of 10.
5 5 Attenuation: beam forming Mobility: beam tracking, retraining Blockage: relaying, communication using reflections Directional medium access Spectrum reuse: centralized scheduling of parallel transmissions Focus of this talk: beam steering
6 6 Dynamic Nodes Require Antenna Focus Adjustment IEEE ad devices have sector antennas (e.g, phased antenna array) Up to 128 sectors per devices (3 beam width) First generation devices: 2 to 16 Strongest Sector: Corresponds to direct path when unblocked (LOS)
7 7 Two Stage Beam Training Process Sector Level Sweep (SLS): Coarse grained sector selection Receiver uses quasi omni-directional antenna pattern Beam Refinement Phase (BRP): Fine grained sector selection and receive sector selection One frame to probe multiple sectors Coarse grained direction must be known
8 8 Two Stage Beam Training Process Sector Level Sweep (SLS): Coarse grained sector selection Receiver uses quasi omni-directional antenna pattern Beam Refinement Phase (BRP): Fine grained sector selection and receive sector selection One frame to probe multiple sectors Coarse grained direction must be known
9 9 Two Stage Beam Training Process Sector Level Sweep (SLS): Coarse grained sector selection Receiver uses quasi omni-directional antenna pattern Beam Refinement Phase (BRP): Fine grained sector selection and receive sector selection One frame to probe multiple sectors Coarse grained direction must be known
10 10 Two Stage Beam Training Process Sector Level Sweep (SLS): Coarse grained sector selection Receiver uses quasi omni-directional antenna pattern Beam Refinement Phase (BRP): Fine grained sector selection and receive sector selection One frame to probe multiple sectors Coarse grained direction must be known
11 11 Two Stage Beam Training Process Sector Level Sweep (SLS): Coarse grained sector selection Receiver uses quasi omni-directional antenna pattern Beam Refinement Phase (BRP): Fine grained sector selection and receive sector selection One frame to probe multiple sectors Coarse grained direction must be known
12 12 Two Stage Beam Training Process Sector Level Sweep (SLS): Coarse grained sector selection Receiver uses quasi omni-directional antenna pattern Beam Refinement Phase (BRP): Fine grained sector selection and receive sector selection One frame to probe multiple sectors Coarse grained direction must be known
13 13 Two Stage Beam Training Process Sector Level Sweep (SLS): Coarse grained sector selection Receiver uses quasi omni-directional antenna pattern Beam Refinement Phase (BRP): Fine grained sector selection and receive sector selection One frame to probe multiple sectors Coarse grained direction must be known
14 14 Two Stage Beam Training Process Sector Level Sweep (SLS): Coarse grained sector selection Receiver uses quasi omni-directional antenna pattern Beam Refinement Phase (BRP): Fine grained sector selection and receive sector selection One frame to probe multiple sectors Coarse grained direction must be known
15 15 Steering with Eyes Closed High Gain Devices Increase Overhead Maximum Link Setup Overhead: 5.3ms (128 Sectors at both devices, 3 BRP iterations) Overhead scales with number of nodes Mobility requires readjustment of antenna direction Small misalignments can be corrected efficiently (Beam Tracking/ BRP) Otherwise full retraining has to be done Misalignment depends on type of movement Linear motion creates small misalignment Rotation easily breaks link (handheld devices) Beam forming training overhead for IEEE ad networks is a problem for more complex scenarios.
16
17 17 Detect Incidence Angle of a Signal Using Multiple Receive Antennas Received phase difference at multiple antennas reveals path length Known antenna geometry allows to infer angle Steering with Eyes Closed X 1 Antenna 1 Q I X 2 Antenna 2 Q I 1 2 λ/2
18 18 Detect Incidence Angle of a Signal Using Multiple Receive Antennas Received phase difference at multiple antennas reveals path length Known antenna geometry allows to infer angle Steering with Eyes Closed BUT: Omni-directional signal needed! Does not work with ad 1 2 Θ=47
19 19 Use Angle of Arrival below 6 GHz to guide highly directional mm-wave communication Steering with Eyes Closed APs will almost always be multi-band Seamless fast session transfer from 60Ghz to lower frequency is part of the standard
20 20 Request Sector Application Band ad Sector ID Directional mm-wave Antenna Array BBS Signal Samples AoA Antenna Geometry Detection Band Legacy ac/n Omni-Directional N Antenna Array
21 21 Challenges to be Addressed Multipath on detection band Prevent beam steering on blocked direct path Minimize in-band sector refinement Steering with Eyes Closed
22 22 AoA Techniques Classify Signal Energy to Incidence Angle Multiple signal energy peaks detected Steering with Eyes Closed Main energy received on direct path Paths can interfere AoA Spectrum
23 23 Detect Location Dependent Strong Multipath Peak to average ratio reveals multipath strength Discard direction estimates with low peak to average ratio Steering with Eyes Closed Low Multipath Deviation High Multipath Deviation
24 24 Less attenuation below 6 GHz compared to mm- Wave Frequencies Steering with Eyes Closed Angle of arrival detection can lock on a blocked path Beam is steered into obstacle Discard direction estimates with low peak to average ratio
25 25 Less attenuation below 6 GHz compared to mm- Wave Frequencies Steering with Eyes Closed Angle of arrival detection can lock on a blocked path Beam is steered into obstacle Fall back to legacy beam training
26 26 Estimated direct path can be inaccurate due to noise and multipath Direct path estimate substitutes coarse grained SLS Perform BRP phase on sectors around direct path estimate Steering with Eyes Closed AoA Estimate Sectors for in-band refinement
27 27 Estimated direct path can be inaccurate due to noise and multipath Direct path estimate substitutes coarse grained SLS Perform BRP phase on sectors around direct path estimate Steering with Eyes Closed How many sectors need to be checked? AoA Estimate Sectors for in-band refinement
28 28 Angular spread of the direct path peak correlates with precision of the estimate Wide spread indicates more sectors for refinement Scale factor to tune for high reliability or low overhead Steering with Eyes Closed Direction Estimate Angular Spread Direction Estimate Angular Spread
29 29 Application Band Received signal power measurement at GHz Bandwidth: 15 MHz Beamwidth: 80, 20 and 7 degree (5, 18 and 52 sectors) Rotating device to emulate sector sweeps Programmable Rotation Table Mm-Wave Application Band
30 30 Detection Band WARP based AoA detection Antennas: 8 physical antennas, vary from 4-8 by data post processing AoA Aggregation: 50 AoA profiles AoA profile averaged over 192 samples WARP boards AoA Detection Band
31 31 Meeting Room: Clear direct path Measurement Locations: Fixed receiver Seven transmitter locations Maximum/Minimum distance: 1.5m/9m
32 32 On average 97.8% accuracy over all transmitter locations Corresponds to 4 deviation Assuming at least 5 antennas Accuracy is location dependent (different multi-path environments)
33 33 Discarding strongly deviated estimates by AoA peak to average ratio. Peak to average threshold of 4 (Reject estimates below 95% accuracy)
34 34 Two locations 1.5 and 9 meters Four obstacle types Desktop Computer Monitor Wooden Board (1.8cm) Human Blockage
35 35 Peak to average ratio averaged over both locations Threshold of 4 to classify between blocked and unblocked direct path
36 36 Strategy Scaling factor chosen to ensure optimum sector in refinement set Assuming correlation between number of antennas and number of sectors Detection Antennas Application Sector Width AoA Estimate Angular Spread Sector Refinement Set
37 37 BBS overhead reduction given required number of refinement sectors to find optimum sector In-Band Sector Refinement 7 Degree ad SLS+BRP time = 1.54ms 20 Degree ad SLS+BRP time = 0.88ms 80 Degree ad SLS+BRP time = 0.63ms BBS(ms) Time Reduced (ms) % Reduction BBS(ms) Time Reduced (ms) % Reduction Overhead reduction of 81%, 68%, 100% for beamwidths of 7, 20, 80 degrees No refinement necessary in most cases BBS(ms) Time Reduced (ms) % Reduction
38 38 Extremely promising area, data rates of tens of Gbit/s with very high spatial reuse In the future: 300 GHz to THz systems Related area: visible light communication Conventional wireless network paradigms don t work well IEEE ad inefficiencies due to compatible design Rich field for new research Requires much closer collaboration of PHY layer and higher layer research Looking for PhD students and engineers to work on this
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