Scaling Ionograms. Phil Wilkinson IPS June 1999
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1 Scaling Ionograms Phil Wilkinson IPS June
2 Basic Scaling Regions of the Ionosphere Normal regions: E, F2, F2 & sporadic E Less familiar: E2, F0.5, F1.5, meteors Notable conditions: spread F, absorption Notorious effects: interference, equipment failure 2
3 Basic Scaling Geometry of reflections think specular know the difference between thick and thin layers; retardation and blanketing, recognise examples of layers develop concepts of oblique returns; recognise and eliminate them when scaling recognise unusual things; particle E, spurs, travelling disturbances 3
4 Basic Scaling Resources UAG-23A; the bible, by Rawer and Piggott UAG-50; the High Latitude Supplement by Piggott INAG; an outlet for frustration for some, a link with all the other scalers for others Japanese scaling manual Scaling aids IPS scaling notes ionograms and your own common sense look at, and scale, lots of ionograms 4
5 Nuts and Bolts of Scaling Accuracy of the scaling - qualifying letters quantitative accuracy; E, D, U unquantifiable errors; J, A, O, Z unknown errors; I Reason for the loss of accuracy - descriptive letters Gaps; A, B, C, G, L, R, S, W, Y bumps; H, V things; F, K, P, Q, X, Z Flags which are more objective things. 5
6 Ionospheric Features Once you recognise these you are understanding much of the ionogram. Spread F: a well known night time phenomenon. sporadic E Travelling ionospheric disturbances (TID); medium scale features. Ionospheric storms - These are global events. Troughs: a sub auroral, large scale features. 6
7 Ionospheric Regions There are distinctive aspects to the different regions Mid latitudes sporadic E, travelling ionospheric disturbances, ionospheric storms Low latitudes absorption, thick ionosphere and variability, nighttime HF interference High latitudes particle effects (Es-K, B) and troughs and ridges of ionisation, much spreading in E and F region 7
8 Course Objectives recognise and scale all the conventional parameters, use scaling letters effectively, recognise good and bad ionograms, use simple principles to scale complex ionograms. appreciate the sources affecting ionograms, In addition you may recognise large scale ionospheric processes, become more confident in assessing ionospheric effects on HF systems. 8
9 Sample Ionograms : nighttime Boring nighttime ionogram Clear fof2 and fxf2 Multiples present No interference effects A few odd details worth noting: around the time base echo slight spreading fof2, fmin, h F, all Es are easy; fxi is too. 9
10 Typical daytime ionogram E/F region layers multiples extraordinary weak sporadic E present easy to scale Scaling problems: foe - extrapolation Es - weak traces fxi - interference 10
11 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Chch 31/05/99 12 UT) 11
12 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Chch 31/05/99 12 UT) 12
13 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Chch 31/05/99 12 UT) What can we say? Clear fmin ( ES) no Es parameters Clear fof2, fxi = fof2+split h F, extrapolate down, maybe ( US) This is the hardest decision you will make scaling ionograms like this. 13
14 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Chch 31/05/99 17 UT) 14
15 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Chch 31/05/99 17 UT) 15
16 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Chch 31/05/99 17 UT) What can we say? Clear fmin ( ES) no Es parameters fof2 Clearly spread F is present, scale inside edge (. F) fxi - scale outside edge of trace (could be slightly high here) h F, extrapolate down, probably (..) Note: multiple is spread less primary appears to be split. Clear gaps in trace due to interference You ought to be able to scale these better than autoscale did! 16
17 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 31/05/99 11 UT) 17
18 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 31/05/99 11 UT) 18
19 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 31/05/99 11 UT) What can we say? Clear fmin ( ES) (You can get to like fmin) no Es parameters (Phew) fof2 Clearly spread F is present, scale inside edge (. F) but did you recognise the Z-trace? fxi - scale outside edge of the spread F. h F, extrapolate down, maybe ( US) Note: multiple is spread less You can get a good fof2 value from the Z-trace You ought to be able to scale these better than autoscale did! 19
20 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Townsville 31/05/99 16 UT) 20
21 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Townsville 31/05/99 16 UT) What can we say? Clear fmin ( ES) no Es parameters fof2 Clearly spread F is present, scale inside edge ( UF) fxi - scale outside edge h F, extrapolate down, maybe ( US) Note: More spread but multiple gives some guidance multiple has odd shape 21
22 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Townsville 31/05/99 17 UT) 22
23 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Townsville 31/05/99 17 UT) What can we say? Clear fmin ( ES) no Es parameters fof2 Clearly spread F is present, scale inside edge ( UF) or worse fxi - scale outside edge h F, extrapolate down, maybe (. Q) (for range spread) Note: multiple is not much help traces are now rather broad interference evident 23
24 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Christchurch 30/05/99 19 UT) 24
25 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Christchurch 30/05/99 19 UT) 25
26 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Christchurch 30/05/99 19 UT) Well developed mid latitude spread F What is fxi possibly interference obscures part of the trace, ( US ) Note X-multiple F/S = 3P 26
27 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Townsville 30/05/99 14 UT) 27
28 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Townsville 30/05/99 14 UT) 28
29 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Townsville 30/05/99 14 UT) What can we say? Clear fmin ( ES) no Es parameters fof2 Looks awful? Look at multiple, back to primary, and fof2 is clear, and probably not spread. fxi - scale outside edge. Probably ( U S). h F, extrapolate down, probably (. Q) (for range spread) Note: (the black dash/dots were my attempt to identify the main trace) multiple, once identified, is valuable many traces are now present, confusing the ionogram interference very evident (it can get worse) 29
30 A nd now forsom ething com pletely different Daytime 30
31 (Christchurch 31/05/99 03 UT) 31
32 (Christchurch 31/05/99 03 UT) 32
33 (Christchurch 31/05/99 03 UT) What can we say? Clear fmin ( ) (with no scaling letters) (bit high here) Sporadic E is present foes: descending layer, multiple present, extra-ordinary present fbes: tip of F region present fof2: good value h F okay Note: This is a good daytime ionogram to scale disturbed multiple how many sporadic E layers are present? 33
34 (Townsville 31/05/99 00 UT) 34
35 (Townsville 31/05/99 00 UT) 35
36 (Townsville 31/05/99 00 UT) What can we say? Clear fmin ( ) (with no scaling letters) Sporadic E parameters are awkward probably some X component present a weak trace, and may depend on sequence fof2: good value h F2 okay, h F possibly disturbed foe: scaled too low here. Note: sporadic E gives problems This is a typical daytime ionogram, just a little awkward 36
37 (Hobart 23/05/99 23 UT) 37
38 (Hobart 23/05/99 23 UT) 38
39 (Hobart 23/05/99 23 UT) Clear descending Es layer (but check sequence anyway) Another Es layers is also present This is a useful example of several multiples. Decide which are multiples of which scale the primary characteristics Note the possibly second Es layer ordinary component is hard to detect but extra ordinary is clear 39
40 (Townsville 29/05/99 05 UT) 40
41 (Townsville 29/05/99 05 UT) Fmin? Weak trace rule fof2: easy, autoscale agrees h F2: poorly formed F1, none there h F: ( U A) or ( UH) or ( )?? foes? How many Es traces and which foe? 41
42 (Townsville 29/05/99 05 UT) 42
43 (Townsville 29/05/99 05 UT) 43
44 (Townsville 29/05/99 05 UT) Fmin Weak trace rule - ignore the low bit but some discussion over this. See a sequence. fof2: agreed h F / h F2: h F: ( H) only h F scaled foes: scale the highest foes. Note low type foe: using c, h Es layers, foe = good value 44
45 (Mundaring 02/06/99 02 UT) 45
46 (Mundaring 02/06/99 02 UT) Spread Es example Spreading in the E region is an unusual condition we note by scaling a Q on h Es There may also be a slant Es here Note weak F2 region criticals Also note the odd splitting on the Mundaring trace. An example of an equipment problem you would need to recognise. 46
47 (Christchurch 31/05/99 03 UT) 47
48 (Christchurch 24/05/99 23 UT) 48
49 (Christchurch 24/05/99 23 UT) Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) give some zest to scaling. They affect both the E and F region, but are most prominent in F2 region. When present, scale H on characteristics affected by it. However, this ionogram has several other tricky bits fmin - weak trace rule needed? foe - extrapolation, probably ( UA) (and maybe scaled even higher than here) h Es - extrapolation ( UG) 49
50 (Hobart 26/05/99 00 UT) 50
51 (Hobart 26/05/99 00 UT) 51
52 (Hobart 26/05/99 23 UT) E region spread Es well developed fxes foes + split (spread Es is signal strength dependent) fbes is possibly too low here. F2 region A travelling ionospheric disturbance, the so-called V the meaning of V is contested the inner edge is inconsistent with the multiple fof2: (. V) although (. H) is just as good fxi will have descriptive letter X; no spread. 52
53 (Christchurch 23/05/99 00 UT) 53
54 (Christchurch 23/05/99 00 UT) 54
55 (Christchurch 23/05/99 23 UT) One day earlier it isn t unusual to find similar cases clustering There are several tricky scaling issues foes = fxes - split (note slight change in trace) fmin - weak trace issues foe - extrapolation ( UA) probably Note low type Es, record type, but don t scale it h F - probably ( EA) or maybe ( UA) fxi - outside trace = (-- F) fof2 ( UH ) 55
56 (Hobart 29/05/99 00 UT) 56
57 (Hobart 29/05/99 00 UT) 57
58 (Hobart 29/05/99 00 UT) Large TID & Spread Es - a disturbed ionogram E region spread Es, but h Es difficult to measure foe: ( 00. A) but sequence may give a value F1 present? Need a sequence h F (-- H) F2: major TID implies big gradients normally scale the inside edge the multiple offers some extra information (. H) 58
59 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 30/05/99 15 UT) 59
60 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 30/05/99 15 UT) 60
61 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 30/05/99 15 UT) A nighttime travelling ionospheric disturbance (TID) Note fxi fof2 + split Need to estimate overhead trace carefully, but not much information in one ionogram. h F : this requires considerable extrapolation ( UF ) or even ( EF ) if you are uncertain. 61
62 (Hobart 02/06/99 02 UT) 62
63 (Hobart 02/06/99 02 UT) 63
64 (Hobart 02/06/99 02 UT) fof2 - maybe wrong, multiple not consistent (.H ) or F if spreading is sufficient foe - can t be scaled from this ionogram, maybe knowing foe would help Es is showing clear range spread and fbes may need a sequence to define it Probably no x-mode Es present, although this is contentious, scale foes (.F ) h Es (. Q ) fmin - accept weak trace; whole trace is weakening 64
65 (Hobart 31/05/99 22 UT) 65
66 (Hobart 31/05/99 22 UT) 66
67 (Hobart 31/05/99 22 UT) Dawn: a time of awkward ionograms fof2 - small TID present; use H or not? Probably no. fmin - weak trace rule foe - you NEED a prediction for foe here or a sequence or experience from other similar days Sporadic E, possibly, but probably not 67
68 (Hobart 31/05/99 22 UT) 68
69 (Hobart 23/05/99 22 UT) 69
70 (Hobart 23/05/99 22 UT) Compare these two days Substantial development, but: foe is clearer, isn t it? Still not easy. foes appears in second ionogram layers look more like f0.5, or E2 in the former Note multiples are disorganised; a dynamic change near dawn. 70
71 (Townsville 28/05/99 07 UT) 71
72 (Townsville 28/05/99 07 UT) 72
73 (Townsville 28/05/99 07 UT) Blanketing sporadic E can require much scaling skill Identify primary trace, then O-mode and x-mode then multiples of each Having disentangled all the extra information, scale foe Is it h F? Use other days to know if fof1 is possible 73
74 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 26/05/99 12 UT) 74
75 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 26/05/99 12 UT) 75
76 E region Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 26/05/99 12 UT) figure out where the multiples are fbes slightly higher than fmin foes = fxes - split (note: weakened trace) F region Is fof2 (. F )? Either way, fxi = (.. ); no X 76
77 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 27/05/99 07 UT) 77
78 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 27/05/99 07 UT) 78
79 Sample Ionograms : nighttime (Hobart 27/05/99 07 UT) F region straightforward E region foes: decide where fxes is, and subtract split, or scale where the break in trace appears fbes is easier, foe: ( EB ), since F trace shows retardation h E: ( 00. S ) replacement letter S fmin follow the weak trace through here as no discontinuity 79
80 (Christchurch 24/05/99 19 UT) 80
81 (Christchurch 24/05/99 19 UT) 81
82 F region Sample Ionograms : daytime (Christchurch 24/05/99 19 UT) fof2 (. F ) h F: possibly (.. ), maybe ( UA ) It is reasonably clear where it tends to. E region Identify, and ignore oblique traces foe required? Know the time. foes = fxes - split ( JA ) Let program do it 82
83 Accuracy Feel confident about your interpretation Use accuracy rules to communicate your confidence Estimate of accuracy: no scaling letters; within 5% (.. ) descriptive letter; possible errors (.# ) qualifying letter U; 4 to 10% accurate ( U# ) qualifying letters E&D; within 20% ( E/D # ) replacement letter; over 20% uncertainty ( 0. # ) As many values as possible should be scaled. 83
84 Estimating parameters Frequency use x-mode to infer o-mode, ( J # ) use o-mode to infer x-mode, ( O # ) use z-mode to infer another mode ( Z # ) All these imply an unknown, possible error Heights h z < h o < h x with experience, you can estimate h o 84
85 Flags F : spread F, spread exceeds 0.2 MHz k type Es : particle E present l type Es : fmin is scaled from low type Es layer L : mixed range and frequency spread (unusual) P : fxi measured from oblique, or unusual spur Q : range spread, spread exceeds 30 km X : no spread present in F region Z : Z-mode present in layer Disturbances : R, V, H, Y usually used on parameters 85
86 (Hobart 28/05/99 22 UT) 86
87 (Hobart 28/05/99 22 UT) 87
88 F region very easy E region Sample Ionograms : daytime (Hobart 28/05/99 22 UT) foe: looks spread, but fxe isn t? (. H ) foes: possible meteor traces. Right characteristics. Check the sequence. 88
89 Oblique sporadic E or? 89
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