Design of Photonic Integrated Circuits

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1 New Features Improved Capabilities Photonic Circuits Design of Photonic Integrated Circuits VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits provides a focused modeling and simulation environment for experts in photonic integrated circuit (PIC) design. It provides advanced libraries for modeling PICs comprising a mixture of hundreds of photonic, optoelectronic and electrical elements. Circuit-level abstracted models facilitate rapid prototyping of complex large-scale structures independently from the dispersed technology process (InP, SOI, CMOS- Silicon). The intelligent combination of time-and-frequency domain modeling (TFDM) enables fast and accurate simulations of heterogeneous PICs, consisting of active and passive sub-elements. This approach allows the efficient modeling of multiscale PICs covering subelements of different length scales (from few μm to cm on the same circuit). The VPI Transmission-Line Model (TLM) handles the modeling of multisection semiconductor devices with bulk or MQW active mediums. This includes buried-heterostructure lasers, amplifiers, electrooptic modulators, and distributed Bragg reflectors. The TLM accounts for Kerr and two-photon absorption effects, carrier and tuning dynamics, birefringence, polarization coupling, arbitrary gain and absorption spectra and dispersion. The S-matrix approach sustains the modeling of passive photonic and linear electrical elements such as passive waveguides, directional couplers, MMIs, star couplers, microring resonators, resistors, capacitors, inductors and voltage and current sources. This method provides support for frequency-dependent effective mode indices and attenuation. Benefits Design and evaluate novel photonic circuits, integrated transmitters and receivers, tunable lasers and electric circuits Build upwards from fundamental photonic elements, up to complex large-scale PICs Investigate device tolerances due to fabrication for a preliminary optimization of the device functionality Characterize large signal dynamics, tuning behavior, noise characteristics, side-mode suppression and others Model bidirectional signal and noise processes Find settings for stable laser operation, self-pulsation and mode-locking operation

2 Photonic Circuits Photonic Design Automation VPIphotonics Design Suite embeds expert knowledge in one shared, flexible software environment to support requirements in design, analysis and optimization providing you with the most powerful numerical algorithms as a professional solution for Photonic Design Automation (PDA). Beside VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits the suite includes: VPItransmissionMaker Optical Systems accelerates the design of new photonic and optoelectronic applications for short- range, access, metro and long-haul optical transmission systems. Further, it supports assessment of technology upgrade and component substitution strategies that are to be developed for existing network plants. VPIcomponentMaker Fiber Optics provides professional means for modeling, optimization and design of fiber-based optical devices such as doped-fiber, Raman and parametric amplifiers, continuous-wave and pulsed optical fiber sources, optical signal processing for telecommunication, high-power and ultrafast applications. VPIlabExpert provides great potential for reducing efforts in the lab by applying ready-to-use advanced functionalities and virtualizing lab equipment through emulation of optical and electrical components. It addresses the specific requirements of experimentalists for data pre- & post-processing and signal analysis functions for optical communications. Applications Design and optimize active and passive PICs Model dynamically tunable passive components (optical filter, optical delay line, phase shifter, interleaver) Design microring-based photonic circuits (add-drop filters, optical delay lines, ring modulators, polarization converters), with variable coupled rings Model waveguide Bragg gratings with individually specified index and loss coupling profiles (uniform, sampled, apodized and chirped) Design and optimize MMI-based components and visualization of MMI internal fields Build transmitters and receivers for advanced modulation formats (PSK, DPSK, DQPSK, mpsk, mqam) Engineer large-scale PICs (reconfigurable crossconnects, add-drop multiplexed, optical interconnects) Model multisection semiconductor lasers with longitudinally dependent parameters (tapered or FBG-stabilized lasers) including MQW/Bulk, active/dfb/ DBR/passive device sections and reflective interfaces Design widely tunable and multichannel lasers with sampled Bragg gratings, ring-resonator reflectors and AWGs Optimize gain-clamped and reconfigurable semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA, RSOA) Develop electroabsorption and electrooptical modulators, based on Franz-Keldysh, Stark, Pockels or Kerr effects Analyze active, passive, ring and hybrid mode-locked lasers to determine amplitude and timing stability of ultrafast sources Develop 2R and 3R regenerators and optimize their speed, transfer characteristics and induced chirp Investigate laser dynamics: spectrum evolution, dynamic and adiabatic chirp, spectral-hole burning (SHB), turn-on jitter, mode hopping, intensity noise and data patterning Find optimum mixes of gain, loss and index coupling for power, spectral stability and feedback insensitivity in high-power lasers Enhance modulation speed using MQW materials, gain coupling and optimized drive waveforms Quantify antireflection coating specifications by simulating the full interaction of laser and modulator Develop fast switches, optical logic, modulators, detectors, edge detectors and gain flatteners Compare wavelength conversion based on XPM, XGM and FWM for speed, noise and conversion range Extract laser parameters from simple laboratory measurements, explore design variations based on the real device

3 Semiconductor Lasers and Transmitters DFB Gain-Coupled DFB-EA RSOA DBR-FP Tunable Complex Coupled DFB Mode-Locked DBR-Passive-FP Tunable Signal Processing Elements Control Switch Non- Linear Ring SOA Gate Detector Out Cross Phase Modulation Four Wave Mixing Cross Gain Modulation Passive and Hybrid Circuits 90 H 90 Degree Hybrid Filter Waveguide Crossing Grating Arrayed Waveguide MZ Modulator Electric Circuits Low-Pass Filter EAM Equivalent Circuit

4 Features Accurate analytical models for standard passive photonic devices Advanced models for design of multisection optoelectronic devices: DFB, DBR, SOA, EAM Wide range of specialized optical modulators, optical sources and photodetectors Comprehensive and extensible library of linear electrical devices Support frequency-dependent effective mode indices and attenuations for TE- and TM-like modes Arbitrary carrier-dependent gain and voltagedependent absorption spectra Efficient modeling of large-scale and multiscale PICs Flexible multiple signal representation with uniand bidirectional signal flow DC, AC, and transient analysis of linear electric circuits Cosimulation interface for creating custom PIC elements Comprehensive tools for advanced signal processing Interactive simulations, simulation scripting, data import with automatic file format conversion Cosimulation with Keysight Advanced Design System (ADS) and standard programming languages (Python, Matlab, DLLs) Extensive set of documentation including more than 130 exemplary design templates and application demonstrations Design Examples Passive Photonic Integrated Circuits Passive PICs may comprise many functional subelements, such as directional, MMI and star couplers, microrings, waveguides and branches in a single design. VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits includes a family of passive PIC elements modeled in terms of the S-matrix approach and implements both, the frequencyand time-domain simulation modes. Accurate analytical models (coupled-mode theory, self-imaging MMI model, Fourier optics star coupler model) grant fast PIC design and optimization of design tolerances. Measured models allow to realistically model PICs with customized components. Flexible characterization of TE and TM guided modes allows the investigation of birefringence, polarization coupling and dispersion effects.

5 Widely Tunable Lasers Multisection tunable lasers are used in WDM transmitters to perform wavelength routing and conversion or modulation. Desirable features include wide tuning range, spectral purity and rapid tuning dynamics. Besides, multisection lasers might present self-pulsations as a result of instabilities induced by coupling between saturable-absorption and high-gain regions. VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits offers unique time-domain models to investigate carrier dynamics and nonlinear effects such as spectral-hole burning, carrier heating, and four-wave mixing. It also supports the monitoring of temporal oscillations of the carrier density in MQW and SCH regions of different sections. High-Speed Integrated Modulators The exponential growth of global Internet traffic and network bandwidth of optical interconnects inside datacenters imposes new requirements on high-speed integrated optical modulators. VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits enables designing such modulators for arbitrarily complex modulation formats, employing different physical effects for signal modulation: electro-optical and electro-absorption, carrier injection and carrier depletion. It allows accounting for signal retardation in both, distributed optical waveguides and traveling wave electrodes. In particular, the measured voltage-dependent electro-absorption spectra can be automatically fitted by multi-lorentzian IIR digital filters for accurate time-domain simulations. Voltage-Dependent Absorption Spectra of EAM Optical Signal Processing Higher transmission rates demand circuits that generate and process optical signals at low cost, preferably in the optical domain. Active photonic circuits meet this need by providing all-optical methods of generating, switching and processing information at very high data rates using gain saturation and fast nonlinearities. VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits was especially designed to model the dynamics of ultrafast photonic circuits made from interacting elements, bringing unique insight to their operation. The original time-and-frequency-domain modeling (TFDM) approach supports the handling of large-scale PICs consisting of linear and nonlinear blocks, performing active and passive functions.

6 PDK <fab> Design Kits for Photonics VPIphotonics offers customized library extensions to VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits providing circuitlevel support of a Process Design Kit (PDK) for various integrated photonics technologies (Indium Phosphide, Silicon, Silicon Nitride, Polymer) provided for instance by Fraunhofer HHI, SMART Photonics and LioniX International. These pluggable VPItoolkit PDK <fab> extensions allow the user to rapidly prototype application-specific photonic integrated circuits (ASPICs) with prerequisite functionality utilizing foundry-specific information without going deep into the details of device layout and fabrication process. The designer can choose photonic devices from a fixed list of standard building blocks (BBs) supported by the foundry. Each BB is represented with an adequate simulation model and only a few user-controllable parameters. All the custom building blocks of such a design kit can be used alongside with a broad set of standard modules and instrumentation in VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits. VPItoolkit PDK <fab> implements the novel layout-aware schematic-driven PIC design methodology [1] enabling circuit-level simulations to account for exact physical locations and orientations of PDK BBs on the final layout and to connect sub-circuits having fixed locations by smart elastic optical connectors. This functionality is enabled by the seamless integration with layout design tools (e.g., Opto- Designer, IPKISS) allowing to combine graphical schematic capture and automated waveguide routing. [1] PIC Magazine Issue 4 PIC Design: schematic or layout first? Both! Layout Design (OptoDesigner, IPKISS) ISS) Netlist Design Flow API Circuit Design VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits System Spec s VPItransmissionMaker Optical Systems GDSII File PDKfabABC dll_hhi dll_hh Foundry (fababc) Foundry (FhG-HHI) Design Toolkit Design Design Toolkit Toolkit (VPItoolkit PDK (VPItool PDK fababc) HHI Device Modeling VPImodeDesigner Benefits Prototype integrated photonics and optoelectronics circuits with prerequisite functionality Account for layout information (physical locations, orientations) of BBs in the circuit design Utilize rich libraries of passive and active BBs which can be fabricated at the foundry Analyze fabrication tolerances and yield performance, and compare technology alternatives Build on adequate simulation models of BBs that are based on characterization data Export the circuit to PhoeniX OptoDesigner or Luceda IPKISS for layout, packaging and GDSII mask generation

7 Design Examples using PDK Libraries Transmitter and Receiver PIC for THz applications Examplary ASPIC design based on generic integration technology with HHI PDK building blocks combining a transmitter [1] and receiver for THz applications in a single chip. [1] F.M. Soares, J. Kreissl, M. Theurer, E. Bitincka, T. Goebel, M. Moehrle, and N. Grote, Transmitter PIC for THz Applications Based on Generic Integration Technology, IPRM, May 19-23, 2013, Kobe, Japan. Export to PhoeniX OptoDesigner for mask layout design Circuit design of optical device with VPItoolkit PDK HHI Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Chip design based on [2] using LioniX PDK building blocks for the integrated optical waveguide technology TriPleX and exemplary simulation result: restored Sample after OCT. [2] K. Worhoff, R.G. Heideman, A. Leinse and M. Hoekman, TriPleX: a versatile dielectric photonic platform, Adv. Opt. Techn. 4(2), (2015). Circuit setup in VPIcomponentMaker Photonic Circuits and exported layout in PhoeniX OptoDesigner using PDK LioniX

8 Training & Design Services Training courses are conducted on site, or at VPIphotonics locations in the USA and Germany. A training manual and certificate of completion is awarded to all successful participants. Courses can be tailored to meet individual demands, ranging from beginners to advanced-level participants and addressing general or highly specialized applications. Additionally, VPIphotonics offers customized modeling and design services in various fields of photonics and optical communications. Please contact us and tell us about your design challenges and project requirements. Our experts will get back to you. For more information Americas VPIphotonics, Inc. 1 Edgewater Drive, Suite 108 Norwood, MA USA Phone EMEA & APAC VPIphotonics GmbH Carnotstr Berlin Germany Phone Our network of distributors and regional respresentatives delivers sales and support services for VPIphotonics in China, India, Japan, Korea, and other countries. Contact us for details. Follow us Copyright VPIphotonics sales@vpiphotonics.com VPIphotonics is a company of the SaM Solutions group. VPIphotonics reserves the right to change and update product specifications at any time. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents , & Document Part Number: TC0-DS