Micro- synchrophasors in Distribu2on and Smart Grids

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Gregory Terry
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1 Micro- synchrophasors in Distribu2on and Smart Grids Chair: Alex McEachern, Power Standards Lab Prof. Alexandra von Meier, University of California Berkeley Overview of Micro- Synchrophasors in Distribu9on and Smart Grids Alex McEachern, Power Standards Lab Measurement Challenges and Solu9ons for Millidegree Measurements on Distribu9on Phase Angles Reza Arghandeh Jouneghani, University of California Berkeley Applica9ons for Micro- Synchrophasors in Distribu9on and Smart Grids Sila Kiliccote, Lawrence Berkeley Na2onal Lab ARPA- E Micro- synchrophasor project: Modeling and Simula2on Ron Hofmann, Independent Consultant (presented by McEachern) Commercial Market for Micro- Synchrophasors in Distribu9on and Smart Grids Prof. Alexandra von Meier, University of California Berkeley Status of ARPA- E Project on Micro- synchrophasors in Distribu9on and Smart Grids 1

2 Acknowledgment: The informacon, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency- Energy (ARPA- E), U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE- AR Disclaimer: The informa2on, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any informa2on, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily cons2tute or imply its endorsement, recommenda2on, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. 2

3 Measurement Challenges and Solu2ons for Millidegree Measurements on Distribu2on Phase Angles Alex McEachern, Power Standards Lab 3

4 Acknowledgment: The informacon, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency- Energy (ARPA- E), U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE- AR Disclaimer: The informa2on, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any informa2on, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily cons2tute or imply its endorsement, recommenda2on, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. 4

5 Challenges of measuring phase angle differences in distribu2on (vs. transmission) Transmission Long distances, widely- spaced conductors = big L, big angles Distribu2on Short distances, bundled conductors = small L, 9ny angles 5

6 Challenges of measuring phase angle differences in distribu2on (vs. transmission) Transmission Homogenous Distribu2on Heterogenous 6

7 Challenges of measuring phase angle differences in distribu2on (vs. transmission) Transmission ±1 adequate ± 1% TVE Distribu2on ±0.01 adequate Does TVE apply? 0.01%? (Calibra2on challenges ) Error budget measured in millidegrees; at 60 Hz, 1 millidegree is 46 nanoseconds 7

receiver (disciplined 150 MHz clock) Cable transit 2me ~7

8 Challenges of measuring millidegree phase angles (46 nsec per millidegree) GPS signals ±1 microsecond typical GPS receiver (disciplined 150 MHz clock) Cable transit 2me ~7 nsec per meter (autocalibrate using 9me- of- round- trip) 8

Challenges of measuring millidegree phase angles (46 nsec per millidegree) Quan2za2on Quan2za2on in 2me Quan2za2on in amplitude Errors and Noise

9 Challenges of measuring millidegree phase angles (46 nsec per millidegree) Quan2za2on Quan2za2on in 2me Quan2za2on in amplitude Errors and Noise injec9on in both processes Error in Millidegrees (40 Hz reference, Hz signals) Bits of A- to- D ResoluCon 9

filters at 512 samples/cycle, 2me constant is in the 10 s of

10 Challenges of measuring millidegree phase angles (46 nsec per millidegree) Capacitors in signal chain Signal apenuators An2alias filters at 512 samples/cycle, 2me constant is in the 10 s of microseconds so sensi2ve to ±0.1% change in value Temperature coefficiencts Voltage coefficients 10

disabled in libraries Sensors introduce phase shir constant and non-

11 Challenges of measuring millidegree phase angles (46 nsec per millidegree) Many other challenges Precision of floa2ng- point calcula2ons Interrupts disabled in libraries Sensors introduce phase shir constant and non- constant How do you calibrate a measurement that is so precise? Many, many more 11

µpmu based on commercial PQube instrument 16 GB

01% current channels Class A Power Quality

12 µpmu based on commercial PQube instrument 16 GB of on- board storage TCP- IP (ethernet) coms Cer2fica2ons: UL, emissions, CE, etc. Five ±1000V, 0.01% voltage channels Eight 0.01% current channels Class A Power Quality recorder Class 0.2 Energy Revenue Meter Snap- on module expandability 12

13 µpmu performance results Angular performance maintained over a 70 C temperature range 13

14 µpmu remaining challenges Field installa2on constraints Communica2on 4G, internet, sneaker- net Calibra2on gold standard vs external reference Proprietary filings Integrate phasor firmware in PQube with PQ, energy firmware 14

15 Measurement Challenges and Solu2ons for Millidegree Measurements on Distribu2on Phase Angles Alex McEachern, Power Standards Lab 15

Overview of Micro- Synchrophasors in Distribu8on and Smart Grids

1 Overview of Micro- Synchrophasors in Distribu8on and Smart Grids Alexandra Sascha von Meier Co- Director, Electric Grid Research, California Ins8tute for Energy and Environment (CIEE) Adjunct Associate