Real-World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education

Transcription

1 Real-World Applications for Freshman Engineering Education Lina Karam and Naji Mounsef Electrical Engineering Department Arizona State University 1

2 Resources To probe further Lina J. Karam and Naji Mounsef, Introduction to Engineering: i A Starter s t Guide With Hands-On Digital it Multimedia and Robotics Explorations, Morgan- Claypool, 2008 (ISBN: paperback, pp ISBN: ebook) Lina J. Karam and Naji Mounsef, Introduction to Engineering: A Starter s Guide With Hands-On Analog Multimedia Explorations, Morgan-Claypool, 2008 (ISBN: paperback, ISBN: ebook) 2

3 Objectives Improve recruitment and retention. Excite students about engineering and engineering careers. Provide knowledge and hands-on experience in engineering design and in translating concepts into real-world applications. Introduce students to data acquisition, test, and measurement. Provide experience using tools and equipment commonly used in industry. Provide hands-on instruction tools to other educators. 3

4 Strategy Instrumentation and prototyping boards for data acquisition, analog processing, testing, and measurements, and introduction to circuits, logic, and electromagnetics NI ELVIS NI Week Copyright 2008 by L. Real World Karam Applications for Freshman Engineering Education 4

5 Strategy Embedded real-time DSP technology for data/signal acquisition, digital processing, computing systems, communications and controls and their applications in the development of multimedia systems and robotics Robotics Daughter Card NI SPEEDY33 more 5

6 Strategy Visual instrumentation and programming Block Diagram Front Panel NI LabVIEW 6

7 Hand-On Applications Digital Applications: SPEEDY-33 Audio Level Meter using LEDs Noise Removal using Digital Filters Music Equalizer Telephone Introduction o to Robotics Digital Audio Effects: Echo, Reverb Expanded into Design Project Music Composer Modem AM Radio 7

8 Hand-On Applications Analog Applications: NI ELVIS Level Meter using LEDs: audio, light, temperature Noise Removal using Analog Filters Music Equalizer using Op-Amps Music Composer using 555 timers AM Radio: AM Modulator AM Radio: AM Demodulator 8

9 Hand-On Applications Digital Applications: NI LabVIEW Digital Image Processing Real-Time Video Processing 9

10 Digital Applications: Audio Level Meter 10

11 SPEEDY-33 LEDs and Switches 8 Switches 8 LEDs Primary focus of multimedia applications are real world analog signals (audio, speech signals ) There are applications that benefit from digital inputs and outputs: triggering, interrupts using switches error indicator, LED VU Meter using LEDS. 11

12 SPEEDY-33 LEDs and Switches 8 Switches 8 LEDs Digital Input & Output can be configured easily using LabVIEW LEDs turn on when a 1 is written to them. They turn off when a 0 is sent. Switches states can be read in LabVIEW. If a switch is pressed, then its state is 1. 12

13 Part 1: Controlling LEDs using Switches As a starting application, VI implemented to check the status of the DIP switches and accordingly manipulate the corresponding LEDs; i.e., if DIP switch 1 is ON, turn LED1 ON, and so on. 13

14 Part 1: Controlling LEDs using Switches 14

15 Part 1: Controlling LEDs using Switches 15

16 Part 2: Audio LED VU Meter For audio systems or recorders, an audio VU (VU stands for Volume Units) meter is a device that indicates the relative levels of the audio being recorded or played. An audio signal is acquired and and its energy level is compared with different levels. If the energy is higher than a certain level, corresponding LEDs will be turned on. 16

17 Part 2: Audio LED VU Meter 17

18 Hands-On Connect the SPEEDY-33 board to your computer using the supplied USB cable. Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Audio Level Meter. Select the Audio Level Meter project file. Or, if no project is available, create a project using LabVIEW: Run LabVIEW 8.5. Under Targets, DSP Project should be displayed. Click the Go button under Targets. Click Next under the Define Project Info window. Under Target type, select SPEEDY-33. Click Finish. Under the Project texplorer window, click kfile then select Open. Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Audio Level Meter. Select the Audio_Level_Meter VI then save the project. 18

19 Analog Applications: Audio Level Meter 19

20 Analog Applications: Audio Level Meter Components: Diodes LEDs Comparators Resistors 20

21 Diodes Anode Cathode Diode allows an electric current to flow in one direction. It needs 0.7 V difference between its positive and negative terminal to operate. The negative side (cathode) of a diode is indicated by a gray dash. 21

22 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Small colored lights available in any electronics store. Used widely in different applications: indicator lightsonour our stereos, automobiledashboards, microwave ovens, numeric displays on clock radios, digital watches, and calculators are composed of bars of LEDs, TV remote controls, jewelry and clothing The negative side of a LED is indicated dby the shorter of the two wires extending from the LED. LEDs operate at relative low voltages between about t1v and 4V. 22

23 Comparators Basic Operation If V+ >= V, the comparator output voltage will be Vcc If V+ < V, the comparator output tvoltage will be 0 V 23

24 Part 1: Controlling 1 LED with comparator and Power Supply 24

25 Part 2: Converting AC to DC 25

26 Part 3: Voltage Divider V Divided Voltage = Input Voltage*(R2/R1+R2)

27 Part 4: First Stage of an Audio Level Meter Convert AC to DC V=8*3/(22+3) = 1V 27

28 Part 5: 8-LED Audio Level Meter 28

29 Part 5: 8-LED Audio Level Meter 29

30 Part 5: 8-LED Audio Level Meter 30

31 8-LED Audio Level Meter: Digital Versus Analog SPEEDY 33 ELVIS 31

32 Hands-On Demo 32

33 Digital it Applications: Noise Removal using Digital Filters 33

34 Sinusoidal Signals and Frequency A sinusoid is any function of time having the following form: 34

35 Sinusoidal Signals and Frequency Waveforms can be expressed as the sum of various sinusoidal components. 35

36 Sinusoidal Signals and Frequency Signals (voice, music ) are composed of different frequency components. For example, voice signals are composed of frequencies ranging gfrom 300 Hz to 3300 Hz, while music frequencies range from 20 Hz to 20 khz. One can take advantage of this fact to eliminate unwanted frequencies. 36

37 What is a filter? A filter is a device that accepts an input signal, and passes or amplifies selected frequencies while it blocks or attenuates unwanted ones. Filters can be analog or digital. The Frequency Response of a filter is the measure of the filter's response (filter output) to a sinusoidal signal of varying frequency and unit amplitude at its input. Lowpass Highpass Bandpass Bandstop 37

38 Filter Types Frequency Response 38

39 Plotting Signals in Frequency Domain 39

40 Plotting Signals in Frequency Domain 40

41 Noise Removal Design system to remove noise from a corrupted signal. Download the corrupted audio file and play it. The file was corrupted by adding a sinusoidal tone to it. Connect the output t sound card of the PC to the input of the DSP board using the double jack stereo cable. The corrupted audio file is now the input signal for the Speedy-33 board. Find the frequency of the noise by looking at the FFT of the input signal. Design a bandstop filter to eliminate the noise components and observe the frequency spectrum of the filtered signal. 41

42 Hands-On Connect the SPEEDY-33 board to your computer using the supplied USB cable. Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Noise Removal Select the Noise Removal project file. Connect Audio cable from PC Audio Out to SPEEDY-33 Audio In Connect another Audio Cable from SPEEDY-33 Audio Out to Speakers. 42

43 Analog Applications: Noise Removal using Analog Filters 43

44 Noise Removal with Analog Filters Components: Resistors Capacitor OpAmp 44

45 Noise Removal with Analog Filters Noisy Audio signal Lowpass Filter + Filtered Audio Signal Highpass Filter Noisy Audio signal Filtered Audio Signal ADDER 45

46 Adder Vout = (V1+V2) V1 =lowpass filter output V2=highpass filter output 46

47 OPerational AMPlifier 47

48 Hands-On Demo 48

49 Digital Applications: Music Equalizer 49

50 What is a Music Equalizer? Bass control allows to boost or cut audio signal at low frequencies. Treble control allows to boost or cut audio signal at high frequencies. Music equalizer allows to control audio signal at low, mid and high frequencies. The number of bands in an equalizer control how finely the frequency pattern can be amplified or attenuated. 50 From 2 up to 100 bands

51 Music Equalizer VI freq= index*sampling rate/(fft size) FFT size = 512; Sampling Rate = 8000 Gi Gain Control Slider Indicator 51

52 Allocating Frequency Bands 52

53 Hands-On Connect the SPEEDY-33 board to your computer using the supplied USB cable. Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Music Equalizer. Select the Music Equalizer project. 53

54 Analog Applications: Music Equalizer 54

55 Op-Amp as an Amplifier Vout=Vin*( Rb/Ra) 55

56 Music Equalizer: Volume and Treble Control Volume Control Treble Control 56

57 Volume Control Vout=Vin* (Rf/Ra+Rp) 57

58 Treble Control Control of high frequency components 58

59 Treble Control at Low Frequencies Capacitor acts as a very high resistance (open circuit) V out is not affected by changing R p 59

60 Treble Control at High Frequencies Capacitor acts as a very low resistance (short circuit) V out is affected by changing R p 60

61 Hands-On Demo 61

62 Digital Applications: Telephone 62

63 Telephone - DTMF 1876: Telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell s: DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) DTMF tones are the tones heard when a key on a standard telephone keypad is pressed. With DTMF, each pressed phone key generates two tones of specific frequencies: one tone is generated from a high-frequency group of tones and the other from a low frequency group. The "Central Office" equipment can recognized dfrom the received tones what numbers were dialed. 63

64 Phone Keypad 64

65 Generating Dual Tone 65

66 Specifying Frequencies 66

67 DTMF Generation VI Front Panel 67

68 DTMF Generation VI Block Diagram 0 0 t Index Index

69 Pushing Buttons 69

70 DTMF Generation VI Block Diagram 0 0 t Index Index

71 Tone Length One loop length (s) = number of samples/ sampling rate = 128/8000 = 16 ms Desired tone length = 150 ms Number of loops = (Desired tone length)/(1 loop length) 71

72 Hands-On Connect the SPEEDY-33 board to your computer using the supplied USB cable. Run LabVIEW 8.5. Under Targets, DSP Project should be displayed. Click the Go button under Targets. Click Next under the Define Project Info window. Under Target type, select ect SPEEDY-33. Click Finish. Under the Project Explorer window, click File then select Open. Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/DTMF Select the DTMF VI. 72

73 Digital Applications: Image Processing 73

74 Histogram Equalization 74

75 Segmentation - Thresholding 75

76 Segmentation - Thresholding 76

77 Reading an Image 77

78 Histogram Equaliztion 78

79 Segmentation - Thresholding 79

80 Hands-On Go to folder DigitalHandsOnApplications/Image g Processing Select the Image Processing project. Run using the provided cards.png image. 80

81 Robotics 81

82 Why Robotics? Robots are cool Wide range of functionalities Robots provide an interesting forum to introduce students to engineering design Robotics tie together several engineering concepts including analog and digital components, circuits, software/programming, embedded systems, computer architecture, t signal processing, electrical, l mechanical, and other 82

83 Robotic Project Objectives Build on Intro to Robotics Application Lab Design a robotic device: hardware, are control logic (software/program), body. Robotic device is to traverse obstacle course in the least amount of time Team will apply steps of the engineering design process 83

84 Robotic Design Project: Robot Kit Each team is supplied with a SPEEDY-33 Robot kit NI SPEEDY-33 board Robotics Daughter Card Two 9-Volt drive Motors Two bump sensors Possibly: Infra-red transmitter and receiver One USB cable NI LabVIEW 8.5 and LabVIEW DSP Module software 84

85 SPEEDY-33 and Robotics Daughter Card 85

86 Robotics Daughter Card Major Components M1 M4: Main/Drive Motor Outputs SV1 SV4: SV4 Auxiliary Servo Motors Outputs t RC1 RC4: R/C Controller Inputs (Bump Sensor Connections) PWR:Power Power Connection 86

87 Drive Motors 9V drive motors can be operated without batteries using the DC converter, however this limits motion Speed control and timing should be considered 87

88 Optional Servo Motors Servo Motors Small, powerful motors with built-in circuitry that allows them to be programmed to operate at specific angular positions Require additional power needs 88

89 Temperature, noise, motion, impact, IR, and others Possible to connect to R/C inputs Sensors Require no additional power 89

90 Introduction to Robotics Lab Develop and execute LabVIEW control programs on the SPEEDY-33 Connect and activate two bump sensors Connect and activate two DC Motors Create a bump sensor detection program Build a basic robotics program Counter program LabVIEW Embedded DSP has specific Robot Daughter Module VI s to control RC Inputs, Motor Drive, and Servo Outputs of Robotic Daughter Card 90

91 Robotics: RC Control The VI receives signal from the bump sensor connected to the specified RC Input channel. Continuous output values reporting the resultant voltage. 0V - bump sensor is not pressed -1V- when bump sensor is pressed 91

92 Robotics: Motor Drive Control Receives value between 1 & 1, and sends the speed value to the specified output MotorDrive channel. 92

93 Robtics: Applications Ideas Drive Motors allow motion along surfaces (i.e. an object with wheels) Servo Motors allow secondary motion (i.e. crane, drill, rotating disco ball, etc.) Sensors allow input signals to affect performance (i.e. bump sensors, streaming video, temperature sensors, IR sensors, etc.) Project utilizes a combination of components to produce a device capable of autonomously o ous navigating an obstacle course Many possibilities for creative designs! 93

94 Robot Design Project: Obstacle Course with Turns and Corners 94

95 Robot Design Project: Obstacle Course with ihturns and dcorners 95

96 Robot Design Project: Obstacle Course with ihturns and dcorners 96

97 Robot Design Project: Obstacle Course with ihturns and dcorners 97

98 Robot Design Project: Obstacle Course with ihturns and dcorners 98

99 Robot Design Project: Straight Course with Cylindrical i lobstacles 99

100 Beauty Contest t Fall 2007 Arizona State University 100

101 Beauty Contest 3 rd Place Team # 2 Juan Fermin Daniel Merrill Hamzeh Obeid The Monster Bob 101

102 Beauty Contest 2 nd Place Team # 10 Chris Anderson Cade Bartlett Stephanie Chavez The Mighty Mouse WORD 102

103 Beauty Contest 1 st Place Team # 11 Ronnie Caburian Devon O Brien Manuel Soriano Beast2 D2 103

104 Speed Contest t Fall 2007 Arizona State University 104

105 Speed Contest 3 rd Place Course with Corners/Ramps Team # 11 Ronnie Caburian Devon O Brien Manuel Soriano Best Time: 1 min, 1 sec (no hit) Average Time: 1 min, 23 secs Beast2 D2 105

106 Speed Contest 3rd Place Flat Course with Cans Team # 10 Chris Anderson Cade Bartlett Stephanie Chavez Best Time: 23 secs Average Time: 1 min, 11 secs The Mighty Mouse WORD 106

107 Speed Contest 2 nd Place Course with Corners/Ramps Team # 3 Joseph Abril Chris Elsberry Albert Vasquez Best Time: 53 secs Average Time: 1 min, 3 secs The Black Stallion 107

108 Team # 2 Juan Fermin Speed Contest 2nd Place Daniel Merrill Hamzeh Obeid Best Time: 23 secs Average Time: 43 secs Flat Course with Cans The Monster Bob 108

109 Speed Contest 1st Place Team # 12 Stephen Booher Marc LaPorte Shaun Roberts Best Time: Course with Corners and Ramps: 36 secs (no hit) Flat Course with Cans: 4 seconds BOTH Courses Woody 109