Development of Floating Strip Micromegas Detectors
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1 Development of Floating Strip Micromegas Detectors Jona Bortfeldt LS Schaile Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Science Week, Excellence Cluster Universe December 2 nd 214
2 Introduction Why Detector R&D for High Energy Physics? ATLAS muon spectrometer: New Small Wheel High-Lumi-LHC: high-rate background O 2 khz/cm2 large-area Micromegas detectors O m2 Jona Bortfeldt (LMU Mu nchen) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 2
3 Introduction Why Detector R&D for Medical Physics? ˆ tumor irradiation with ions: accurate dose deposition Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 3
4 Introduction Why Detector R&D for Medical Physics? ˆ tumor irradiation with ions: accurate dose deposition ˆ ions with known initial energy, higher than in therapy ˆ residual energy measurement energy loss contrast ˆ Micromegas: track single particles with accuracy <.5 mm ions head tumor tracking Micromegas range telescope Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 3
5 Introduction The Micromegas Detector charged particle Ar:CO2 ion iza tio n cathode mesh pillars copper anode strips 6mm.5kV/cm.47mm/ns 128μm 39kV/cm 25μm gas amplification 13 to 14 charge signal on strips single strip readout spatial resolution O(5µm) timing O(ns) thin amplification gap & fine segmentation fast drain of positive ions high-rate capable COMPASS: precision tracker, high flux CAST: photon detector, good energy resolution, low background T2K: TPC readout, large area Jona Bortfeldt (LMU Mu nchen) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 4
6 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles Floating Strip Micromegas cathode -8V challenge: discharges mesh pillars copper anode strips 25μm Ar:CO 2 15μm 6mm 128μm.5kV/cm -5V 39kV/cm ˆ charge density e/.1 mm 2 (Raether limit) ˆ conductive channel potentials equalize ˆ non-destructive, but dead time efficiency drop voltage [V] 6 55 standard Micromegas time [ms] Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 5
7 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles Floating Strip Micromegas cathode mesh pillars copper anode strips 25μm voltage [V] Ar:CO μm floating strip MM 6mm 128μm standard Micromegas -3V.5kV/cm 39kV/cm +5V large R small C time [ms] challenge: discharges ˆ charge density e/.1 mm 2 (Raether limit) ˆ conductive channel potentials equalize ˆ non-destructive, but dead time efficiency drop idea: minimize the affected region ˆ floating copper strips: ˆ strip can float in a discharge ˆ individually connected to HV via 22MΩ ˆ capacitively coupled to readout electronics via pf HV capacitor ˆ only two or three strips need to be recharged optimization in dedicated measurements & detailed simulation Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 5
8 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles Discharge Study with Floating Strip Micromegas cathode +HV 1k 22M 22M 22M 22M anode strips mesh ˆ alpha source induces discharges ˆ voltage drop on one to three strips recharge current ˆ global high voltage drop affects all strips ˆ voltage signal on seven neighboring strips discharge topology 22MΩ 1nF 15pF Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 6
9 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles Optimization of the Floating Strip Principle ˆ standard Micromegas (approximate): 1 kω 3 V drop, dead time 8 ms ˆ intermediate: 1 MΩ 2 V drop, dead time 1 ms ˆ floating strip: 22 MΩ.5 V drop negligible cathode -3V SMD capacitor 15pF ground mesh +594V signal signal copper strips SMD resistor measured average voltage pulse Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 7
10 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles Detailed Investigation of the Global Voltage Drop discharges / 1mV ˆ measure voltage drop of common HV potential ˆ discrete structure probably corresponds to discharge of one, two or three strips ˆ how can we show this? investigate discharge topology develop simulation compare predicted with measured voltage drop maximum voltage drop [V] Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 8
11 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles Discharge Topology - Expected Amplitude Correlation expected correlation amplitude strip only 2 only 3 ˆ measure voltage signal on neighboring strips ˆ two reasons for signals on strips: ˆ discharge onto strip ˆ capacitive coupling from neighboring strips 4... amplitude strip 3 Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 9
12 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles Discharge Topology - One Strip voltage channel 2 [V] L23L 1L2 23L L12L L1 12L 2L3 2L34L 34L 3L4 3L45L 45L voltage channel 3 [V] ˆ discharges on separate strips distinguishable ˆ substructure quantitatively described by simulation amplitude strip expected correlation only only 3 amplitude strip 3 Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 1
13 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles LTSpice Detector Simulation mesh strip mesh C ms C asas strip C coupl HV C slsl C slg R vd1 R vd2 C cable U strip mesh C asas strip R hv C slsl detector HV C hvg C hvcoupl 1MΩ U hv ˆ consider the involved capacitances e.g. between neighboring strips, coupling capacitors, cable capacitance... ˆ simulate discharges (blue switch) Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 11
14 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles Optimum Configuration: Global Voltage Drop discharges / 1mV 22 2 simulation: one strip measurement 18 simulation: two strips 16 simulation: three strips maximum voltage drop [V] ˆ good agreement between simulation and measurement ˆ only two free parameters ˆ response time of HV supply: 5 ms ˆ voltage difference between strips at which leakage stops: 22 V ˆ peaks correspond indeed to discharge of one, two or three strip Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 12
15 Floating Strip Micromegas Principles floating strip principle works ˆ discharges: negligible effect on common high-voltage ˆ discharges are localized measurements ˆ muon tracking in high-rate background ˆ tracking of high-energy pions ˆ tracking of ions at highest rates Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 13
16 PM Measurement: MIP Tracking in High-Rate Background Cosmic Muon Tracking under High-Rate Background Irradiation 3 trigger scintillators vacuum-flange PM Kapton window z x questions: mm Gassiplex APV25 proton beam APV25 mm2 APV25 mm3 Gassiplex mm1 floating strip Micromegas 3 trigger scintillators cosmic muon reference reference reference reference PM scintillator ˆ muon 55 khz background ˆ efficiency ˆ spatial resolution ˆ stability floating strip Micromegas ˆ active area: cm 2 ˆ 128 strips, 3 µm width, 5 µm pitch ˆ 1 mm drift gap reference tracking system ˆ two non resistive Micromegas ˆ two resistive Micromegas ˆ 2 3 trigger scintillators proton background irradiation ˆ 2 MeV protons, 55 khz ˆ lateral beam spot: 6.5 cm 2 ˆ traverse detector signal on all strips Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 14
17 Measurement: MIP Tracking in High-Rate Background Distinguishing Cosmic Muon and Proton Background Signals Cosmic Muon + Proton Event charge [adc channels] time [25ns] 5 2 muon strip number two event classes: ˆ only muon ˆ coincident muon and proton direct influence on signal ˆ proton produces coincident signals on many strips ˆ muon signal shape similar to proton ˆ use reference track for cluster selection Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 15
18 Measurement: MIP Tracking in High-Rate Background Cosmic Muon Tracking in High-Rate Background events /.4mm residual distribution muons proton contamination Entries 2784 χ 2 / ndf / 96 p 9.1 p1.589 p p x = predicted position - measured position [mm] ˆ muon detection in background possible ˆ occasionally background misinterpreted as muon spatial resolution [µm] spatial resolution no p irradiation µ, with p irrad. µ + p, with p irrad E amp [kv/cm] ˆ no indirect effects as e.g. space charge ˆ only deterioration if muon and proton are coincident efficiency ˆ expectation for complete blinding: ε irrad /ε no irrad =.617 ˆ ε irrad /ε no irrad =.79 ˆ limited by strip anode stability ˆ discharge rate.17 Hz ˆ inefficiency: minimum ionizing particle tracking in high-rate background possible Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 16
19 Measurement: 12 GeV Pion Tracking 5 48 cm 2 Micromegas in 12 GeV Pion H6 SPS floating-strip Micromegas, x-readout steel frame, rotation, translation 6 standard Micromegas, x-readout 2 resistive-strip Micromegas, x- & y-readout 3 trigger scintillators, y-readout pion beam Gassi Gassi Gassi APV Gassi APV Gassi Gassi APV floating strip Micromegas ˆ 192 strips, 15 µm width, 25 µm pitch ˆ 8 mm drift gap ˆ x-y- and angular scans z x tracking system: ˆ six non resistive Micromegas ˆ two resistive Micromegas ˆ 2 3 trigger scintillators questions: ˆ efficiency ˆ spatial resolution ˆ homogeneity ˆ inclined track reconstruction Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 17
20 Measurement: 12 GeV Pion Tracking 5 48 cm 2 Micromegas in 12 GeV Pion H6 SPS floating-strip Micromegas, x-readout steel frame, rotation, translation 6 standard Micromegas, x-readout 2 resistive-strip Micromegas, x- & y-readout 3 trigger scintillators, y-readout pion beam Gassi Gassi Gassi APV Gassi APV Gassi Gassi APV floating strip Micromegas ˆ 192 strips, 15 µm width, 25 µm pitch ˆ 8 mm drift gap ˆ x-y- and angular scans z x track accuracy [µm] position z [mm] tracking system: ˆ six non resistive Micromegas ˆ two resistive Micromegas ˆ 2 3 trigger scintillators questions: ˆ efficiency ˆ spatial resolution ˆ homogeneity ˆ inclined track reconstruction Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 17
21 Measurement: 12 GeV Pion Tracking Pulse Height pulse height vs E amp pulse height vs E drift pulse height [adc channels] 8 middle, middle top, right top, left cathode mesh E drift pulse height [adc channels] anode E amp 2 middle, middle E amp [kv/cm] ˆ exponential rise as expected (Townsend theory) ˆ gas gain can be selected over wide range as needed ˆ 37.5 kv/cm ˆ= 48 V 1 top, right top, left E drift [kv/cm] E drift <.4 kv/cm: ˆ low charge separation ˆ low drift velocity large E drift > 1. kv/cm: ˆ low electron mesh transparency Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 18
22 Measurement: 12 GeV Pion Tracking Efficiency & Drift Field efficiency vs E drift inefficient spots pillars efficiency hit position x [mm] E amp =37.5kV/cm E amp =36.7kV/cm E amp =35.9kV/cm E drift [kv/cm] hit position y [mm] optimum value: (95 ± 2)%, limited by mesh supporting pillars Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 19
23 Measurement: 12 GeV Pion Tracking Determining the Spatial Resolution floating strip Micromegas resid σ SR σ track σ SR,i ˆ resid = x track x meas ˆ doing this for many tracks residual distribution ˆ σ resid = σ 2 track + σ2 SR z x track reference Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 2
24 Measurement: 12 GeV Pion Tracking Spatial Resolution & Drift Field spatial resolution [µm] E amp =37.5kV/cm E amp =36.7kV/cm E amp =35.9kV/cm ˆ optimum value: (49 ± 2)µm ˆ no strong dependence on absolute pulse height ˆ resolution number of electrons, entering the amplification gap + low diffusion E drift [kv/cm] spatial resolution better 5 µm Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 21
25 Measurement: 12 GeV Pion Tracking Track Inclination Reconstruction in a Single Detector Plane cathode 8mm ϑ z cluster= t v drift mesh x cluster rise time fit time [25ns] linear fit to data points strip simulated signals method: ˆ arrival time drift distance ˆ measure arrival time of charge cluster on strip signal timing t ˆ linear fit to time-strip data points track inclination alternative hit position charge [adc channels] % 5% 9% 4 t t F time [25ns] p F charge [arb. units] strip 5 strip 6 strip 7 strip 8 strip 9 strip 1 strip time [s] systematics: ˆ capacitive coupling of signals onto neighboring strips ˆ simulation with parameter-free LTSpice detector model Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 22
26 Measurement: 12 GeV Pion Tracking Track Inclination Measurement in a Single Detector Plane entries track inclination [ ] reconstructed angle [ ] angular resolution [ ] systematic effect track inclination [ ] ˆ track inclination reconstruction possible for angles 2 ϑ 4 with angular resolution ( ) +6 4 ˆ systematic effect understood calibration possible ˆ combined position reco possible (µtpc + centroid) Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 23
27 Measurement: Highest-Rate Ion Tracking Ion Tracking with Thin Micromegas at Highest HIT beams z particle beam y Micromegas, one-dimensional readout Micromegas 1, one-dimensional readout Micromegas 2, two-dimensional readout scattered particles scintillators + photomultipliers ˆ MeV/u to 43 MeV/u 2 MHz to 8 MHz ˆ 48 MeV to 221 MeV 8 MHz to 2 GHz ˆ thanks to S. Brons and the HIT accelerator team for the support floating strip Micromegas ˆ cm 2 doublet ˆ low material budget (FR4 + Cu 2 µm) APV25 frontend APV25 frontend APV25 frontend additional detectors APV25 frontend ˆ 9 9 cm 2 monitoring Micromegas with x-y-readout ˆ trigger on secondary charged particles Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 24
28 Measurement: Highest-Rate Ion Tracking Beam Characterization signal timing 12 C, Hz bunch spacing signals / ns bunch spacing [ns] micom micom 1 expected signal timing [25ns] ˆ good multihit resolution ˆ bunch spacing measureable ˆ bunch filling measureable beam energy [MeV/u] Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 25
29 Measurement: Highest-Rate Ion Tracking Signals at Lowest and Highest Rate 12 C, E = 43 MeV/u, 5 MHz p, E = 221 MeV, 2 GHz pulse height [arb. units] pulse height [arb. units] time [25ns] strip time [25ns] strips 3 particles clearly distinguishable single particle tracking possible integration over 8 coincident particles envelope of beam profile Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 26
30 Measurement: Highest-Rate Ion Tracking Pulse Height & Spatial Resolution for 88 MeV/u Carbon Ions pulse height [adc channels] C beam micom micom1 micom spatial resolution [µm] mean particle rate [Hz] ˆ up to 8 MHz single particle tracks visible but not all of them separable ˆ only 2% pulse height 8 MHz mean particle rate [Hz] ˆ highest rates: slight distortion of hit position by hits on adjacent strips ˆ limited by multiple scattering ˆ sufficient for medical application tracking of carbon ions at highest rates possible Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 27
31 Measurement: Highest-Rate Ion Tracking Detection Efficiency and Up-Time p, 221 MeV efficiency proton beam micom micom1 micom mean particle rate [Hz] single particle detection efficiency detector up-time no efficiency & up-time reduction in floating strip Micromegas Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 28
32 Measurement: Highest-Rate Ion Tracking Rate Capability & Multi-hit Resolution reconstructed hits per multi-event track finding algorithm number of hits in detector reconstr., measurement reconstr., simulation true, simulation mean particle rate [Hz] track distance r [mm] track inclination α [rad] ˆ reconstruction of all particles up to 1 MHz = 7 MHz/cm 2 ˆ Hough transform: d = x cos(α) + z sin(α) point in position space line in Hough space line in position space point in Hough space ˆ up to seven coincident tracks reconstructable Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 29
33 Summary Summary ˆ floating strip Micromegas were optimized and work ˆ discharges: ˆ behavior and topology understood special thanks to ˆ negligible influence on efficiency ˆ cosmic muon tracking in Otmar intensebiebel proton background possible ( 5 khz/strip) ˆ high-energy pion trackingralf using Hertenberger a 48 5 cm 2 floating strip Micromegas ˆ efficiency >.95 the hardware crew at LS Schaile ˆ spatial resolution < 5 µm ˆ homogeneous pulse height, Dorothee efficiency Schaile & position resolution ˆ medium-energy carbon ion DFG and proton tracking at highest rates ˆ separation of all particles at rates 1 MHz ˆ only 2% pulse height reduction at 8 MHz ˆ spatial resolution better Raphaela 18 µm at Bortfeldt all rates 8 MHz ˆ stable operation up to highest rates of 2 GHz floating strip Micromegas: versatile, discharge tolerant, high-rate capable tracking detectors with good spatial resolution Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 3
34 Summary Summary ˆ floating strip Micromegas were optimized and work ˆ discharges: ˆ behavior and topology understood ˆ negligible influence on efficiency ˆ cosmic muon tracking in intense proton background possible ( 5 khz/strip) ˆ high-energy pion tracking using a 48 5 cm 2 floating strip Micromegas ˆ efficiency >.95 ˆ spatial resolution < 5 µm ˆ homogeneous pulse height, efficiency & position resolution ˆ medium-energy carbon ion and proton tracking at highest rates ˆ separation of all particles at rates 1 MHz ˆ only 2% pulse height reduction at 8 MHz ˆ spatial resolution better 18 µm at all rates 8 MHz ˆ stable operation up to highest rates of 2 GHz floating strip Micromegas: versatile, discharge tolerant, high-rate capable tracking detectors with good spatial resolution Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 3
35 Summary Summary ˆ floating strip Micromegas were optimized and work ˆ discharges: ˆ behavior and topology understood ˆ negligible influence on efficiency ˆ cosmic muon tracking in intense proton background possible ( 5 khz/strip) ˆ high-energy pion tracking using a 48 5 cm 2 floating strip Micromegas ˆ efficiency >.95 ˆ spatial resolution < 5 µm ˆ homogeneous pulse height, efficiency & position resolution ˆ medium-energy carbon ion and proton tracking at highest rates ˆ separation of all particles at rates 1 MHz ˆ only 2% pulse height reduction at 8 MHz ˆ spatial resolution better 18 µm at all rates 8 MHz ˆ stable operation up to highest rates of 2 GHz floating strip Micromegas: versatile, discharge tolerant, high-rate capable tracking detectors with good spatial resolution Thank you! Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 3
36 backup backup Discrete & Integrated Floating Strip Micromegas discrete cathode -3V ground SMD capacitor 15pF 6mm mesh +5V 128µm cathode mesh integrated 6mm 128μm -HV +HV signal copper strips SMD resistor 22MΩ copper strips copper strips resistor 1MΩ signal ˆ exchangable Rs and Cs optimization possible ˆ more complicated assembly soldering 2 for each strip ˆ space requirements due to HV sustaining components strip pitch limited to.5 mm ˆ anode strips: connected to HV via printable paste resistors ˆ readout strips: second layer of copper strips capacitive coupling through the board, intrinsically HV sustaining Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 31
37 backup backup Track Inclination Reconstruction Systematics: LTSpice-Simulation mesh strip mesh C ms C asas strip C asas mesh strip C coupl R hv HV C slsl C slsl C slg C cr C cc signal ˆ use LTSpice to simulate 16 neighboring strips, read out via charge-sens.-preamps ˆ consider mesh-anode strip, anode strip-ground, anode strip-anode strip, coupling, stripline-stripline and stripline-ground capacitance, no free parameter ˆ inject time dependent current on anode strips study signals on all other strips detector HV cathode C hvg C hvcoupl 1MΩ charge [arb. units].2.15 strip 5 strip 6 strip 7 strip 8 strip 9 strip 1 strip 11 mesh current time time [s] Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 32
38 backup backup Hough Transform Based Track Building x x 1 track with slope -b 1 & intersect a 1 a a 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 z 1 z 2 z 3 z b 1 b point in position space (z i,x i ) line in Hough space a = z i b + x i line in position space x = -b j z + a j point in Hough space (b j,a j ) ˆ for improved stability: use Hesse normal form as transform function ˆ up to seven valid tracks reconstructed per event Jona Bortfeldt (LMU München) Development of Floating Strip Micromegas 2/12/14 33
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