Measurement and Prediction of DTMB Reception Quality in Single Frequency Networks
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1 Measurement and Prediction of DTMB Reception Quality in Single Frequency Networks Keqian Yan, Wenbo Ding, Liwei Zhang +, Yanbin Yin +, Fang Yang, and Changyong Pan Electronic Engineering Department, Tsinghua University Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Beijing , P. R. China + Radio Institute, Academy of Broadcasting Science of SARFT, Beijing , P. R. China yankeqian@gmail.com Abstract This paper presents a method to measure and predict the reception quality of the digital terrestrial/television multimedia broadcasting (DTMB) system in a single frequency network (SFN) environment. Measurement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold at several market commercial receivers was carried out in the laboratory. After analyzing the channel capacity loss produced by the multiple transmitter reception, a prediction model of SNR threshold is presented. Simulation results are also performed to verify the accuracy of the prediction method. This model and method could be adopted for SFN planning to ensure a good service quality in the SFN environment. Keywords SFN, SNR threshold, multipath channel modeling, channel capacity. I. INTRODUCTION A single frequency network (SFN) is a network of transmitter stations using the same frequency to broadcast the same program synchronously. It can easily provide complete coverage of the service area as regards to the business plan. With the advantage of higher spectrum efficiency and lower operation power compared to multi frequency network (MFN) [1], SFN is widely used for broadcasting systems employing OFDM modulation, such as digital audio broadcasting (DAB) standard, digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T) standard, and integrated services digital broadcasting-terrestrial (ISDB- T) standard. In an SFN with multiple transmitter stations, the interference between electromagnetic waves from different transmit antennas brings in inter symbol interference (ISI), hence the network creates a self-interference environment. Due to the robustness against the channel impairment, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation has been proposed as the key technology for the implementation of SFN [2]. In the OFDM scheme, ISI can be controlled if the maximum channel delay spread is smaller than the duration of guard interval. Terrestrial DTV transmission systems offer a selection of multiple guard intervals. A large scale SFN requires a long guard interval to handle in the ISI, otherwise a huge loss of the reception performance will occur. However, longer guard interval also reduces the data throughput, so the maximum length of the guard interval is 1/4 of the signal frame [3]. Even if the SFN is properly designed so that the signals can contribute to the reception with low ISI, degradation of frequency characteristics introduced by the echoes still influences the reception quality. Multiple waves with different delays make the spectrum not flat. Signals strengthen each other in some frequencies, while in others they weaken each other [4]. Generally, SNR required to achieve the same BER will increase in the area of overlapping, especially when the received signals from transmitters are all strong. The layout program and configuration parameters of the SFN should be well designed to avoid the impact of SFN effects on the reception performance as far as possible. SFN planning always requires a detailed evaluation of the system performance in the service area. Parameters that should be taken into consideration when evaluating an SFN system include not only the coverage area, but also the reception quality at the digital receiver [5]. Few studies have been carried out in order to investigate the reception quality influence of SFN [6] [7]. Most of them are based mainly on laboratory measurements or field tests. In these tests, heavy labor work is required and only reception information at testing points is available. It is quite hard to obtain the overall reception data in the whole service area just by measurement. The SFN planning needs better techniques to evaluate the reception performance, with low workload and enough accuracy. The main objective of this work is to propose a prediction model of the SNR threshold at the receiver in the DTMB [8] standard SFN environment. The achievement to this main goal was divided into two procedures. The first step is to carry out the measurement of required SNR in several typical SFN reception environments. Targets of these tests are to provide the statistical data foundation for the prediction and to obtain a precise verification of the prediction results. The second step is to develop a prediction method of SNR threshold, where signals from two or more transmit antennas will arrive with echoes falling within the guard interval. In this paper, a prediction model based on the analysis of channel capacity and measurement data is proposed to provide an accurate prediction of the reception quality in SFN environment. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. First, the laboratory measurement system based on channel modeling will be presented in Section II. Second, the method to predict SNR threshold will be illustrated in Section III. Section IV shows simulation results to verify this prediction method. Finally, some conclusions will be draw in Section V /11/$ IEEE 936
2 Fig. 1. Measurement system based on multipath simulation. TABLE I THE LIST OF SIMULATION DEVICES Signal Generator Multipath Simulator Receivers Monitor EIDEN 3530A EIDEN 4409A Chang Hong KINGVON JC3018 KINGVON Au8820 KINGVON Hd2816 Hisense TLM2233 II. MEASUREMENT In the overlapping areas, the same signal with different channel delays from different transmit antennas in SFN environment is added at the receiver, which appears to be the result of multipath propagation. The most powerful signal is considered as the line of sight (LOS) signal, with other signals as echoes of the same source. Then SFN effects can be explained as the time dispersion introduced by multipath channel, hence the multipath simulator can be used to imitate the SFN environment. Fig. 1 gives a description of the laboratory measurement system based on multipath imitation devices to test the reception quality in the overlapping area. Multipath channel parameters such as time delays and amplitudes can be calculated from SFN planning softwares, as long as the SFN configuration information is available [9]. DTMB standard video signal produced by the signal generator is sent to the multipath simulator after modulation. SFN effects introduced by the superposition of reception signals at the receiver will be imitated by the multipath propagation. The output signal is directly connected to the receiver after power adjustment through the adjustable attenuator and splitter. Demodulation and decoding are performed in the receiver to reconstruct the transmitted data, and the reception quality will be observed via the video monitor. In this study, receivers used for testing are DTMB standard commercial receivers on the market. The list of simulation devices is shown in Table I. In general, the reception failure is defined by the bit error rates (BER) of the reinstated signal. However, it is hard for the commercial receivers to calculate the BER value without any transport stream (TS) interface. Instead, the subjective failure point (SFP) method is used for protection ratio measurements in a unified manner according to ITU-R BT [10]. A reception failure takes place when more than one error is visible in the video for an average observation time of 20 s within the total observation time of 60 s. The process of the measurement in an SFN includes: 1 Set the operation mode of signal generator. 2 Set the time delays and amplitudes of multipath simulator. 3 Set a high SNR to assure the signal is received successfully. 4 Decrease the SNR gradually by the step of 0.1 db until the reception failure takes place at the first time, then record it as the SNR threshold for correct reception. 5 Change the transmission mode and multipath parameters, repeat step 1-4 to measure the SNR threshold in other SFN environments. The DTMB standard consists of single-carrier mode and multi-carrier mode. Only the latter employing OFDM modulation technology is discussed in this paper. Three LDPC rates are supported, they are LDPC0.4(7488,3048), LDPC0.6(7488,4572), and LDPC0.8(7488,6096). From all the modes supported by DTMB, measurement has been performed for 16QAM and 64QAM modulation, and the PN modes for choice are PN420 and PN945. The interleaving depth is set to 720 corresponding to 510 basic frame delays in tests. The configuration of network adopted in the measurement consists of SFN with two and three transmit antennas. The amplitude and time delay of the main-path signal is set to 0 db and 0 us, and parameters of signals from other transmitters are defined relative to the main-path component. For PN420 mode, the testing time delays are set as 1/5/10/30/40/50/55 us before or after the main-path signal, while for PN945 mode, they are 2/10/20/65/90/110/120 us. The alternative amplitude attenuates of the echoes are 0/-1/-2/-3/-4/-5/-10/-15 db. When time delays of echoes exceed the guard interval duration, good reception quality always cannot be achieved in the usual SNR region, so we only focus on the situation when echoes fall within the guard interval. III. SNR THRESHOLD PREDICTION In this section, the prediction method based on the analysis of channel capacity is interpreted in detail, and the algorithm of the channel capacity is also described. This method is designed for the prediction of SFN reception performance in DTMB system, but it could also be adopted in other OFDM modulation wireless communication systems under multipath channel. A. Preprocess of SNR In a coded modulation system, the channel capacity could be calculated when the channel conditions and the SNR value are confirmed. Taking into consideration that the measured 937
3 value of SNR may be influenced by system parameters such as the effective bandwidth and signal frame structure. In DTMB system, the actual frequency band in use is 7.56 MHz of the 8 MHz band. The power of noise should be converted to that in 7.56 MHz band, thus resulting in an increase of db in the SNR. Moreover, considering the power doubling in PN sequences, the actual SNR of data sub-carriers should decrease db for PN420 and db for PN945 respectively. B. Calculation of channel capacity Tapped delay line channel models of the SISO channel can be derived from the SFN environment [11]. The channel impulse response and channel frequency response of multipath model at the receiver with L transmitters can be expressed as h(t) = A i δ(t τ i ), (1) H(f) = A i e j2πfτi, (2) where A i and τ i stand for the amplitudes and time delays of the signal from the i-th transmit antenna. In the OFDM system, if the symbol period is T s, then the channel impulse response can be given by h(n) = A i δ (n τ i /Ts ). (3) The N-point FFT of h(n) is the channel frequency response for each sub-carriers in the OFDM symbol. At the receiver, the SNR of the n-th (n =1,...,N) sub-carrier should be modified by an increment denoted by the multipath effect: SNR(n) ˆ = 10log 10 H(n) 2 + SNR(n). (4) Here SNR(n) denotes the origin SNR for each sub-carrier. After the influence of multipath channel is disposed, the single remaining factor that affects the capacity impairment is the Gaussian white noise. According to the channel capacity computation model of coded modulation (CM) system presented in [12], channel capacity of the n-th sub-carrier can be calculated by the equation C CM = m E x,y,θ [ log 2 z χ p θ(y z) p θ (y x) ], (5) in which x and y denote the input and output signals, χ represents the set of input signals, θ 1 stands for the AWGN channel, m =log 2 M for M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) mode, and the channel transition probability depends on the SNR. In the OFDM system, transmission in multiple sub-carriers can be seen as a parallel channel, so the average channel capacity of N sub-carriers could be obtained as the system capacity under the multipath propagation, i.e., C system = 1 N C(n). (6) N n=1 Modulation mode 4QAM 16QAM 64QAM TABLE II THE SNR THRESHOLD UNDER THE AWGN CHANNEL PN mode Rate=0.4 Rate=0.6 Rate= For each working mode, the SNR left column is the measured SNR threshold, while SNR right column is the actual SNR threshold of the data sub-carriers. BTR (b/s/hz) QAM measurement 2 4QAM fitting 16QAM measurement QAM fitting 1 64QAM measurement 64QAM fitting Fig. 2. Fitting curves of BTR and SNR threshold. C. Prediction of SNR In this sub-section, the analysis of the measurement results is presented, and the prediction method based on the collected data is described. Considering the SNR required for ensuring the correct reception under the AWGN channel given in Table II, the bit transfer rate (BTR) of the data sub-carrier when successfully received can be obtained by multiplying the square root of M with the coding rate (CR). A linear model is used to fit the relationship of BTR and SNR threshold under the AWGN channel as shown in Fig. 2: R awgn = R awgn(snr threshold). (7) In a communication system, the BTR has a close relationship related with the channel capacity. When the working mode is confirmed, both the BTR and the channel capacity depend on the channel condition and system SNR value. We proposed a model as below to investigate the BTR and the channel capacity affected by the channel factor with the same SNR in transmission as R h(snr)=αr awgn(snr)+β, (8) C h(snr)=αc awgn(snr)+β, (9) 938
4 TABLE III PARAMETERS OF PREDICTED MODES Mode Modulation Rate PN mode Net rate (Mbps) 1 16QAM 0.4 PN QAM 0.6 PN QAM 0.8 PN QAM 0.6 PN TABLE IV MODEL PARAMETERS AND PREDICTION ERRORS Mode dsnr (db) β Mean squared error where R awgn and C awgn stand for BTR and channel capacity under AWGN channel respectively, while R h and C h stand for corresponding parameters under multipath channel, similarly. The parameter β is a correction coefficient. Employing testing points in the measurement to build a model without correction, then β could be achieved as the statistics error between the model and the actual testing data. The parameter α can be estimated after the calculation of channel capacity as ˆα = C h(snr) β C awgn(snr), (10) Here we used the SNR threshold SNR awgn under AWGN channel to estimate parameter α. The effect of system such as coding, modulation, decoding and demodulation modules on the SNR threshold needs to be removed before estimation as the focus is the multipath factor. If dsn R represents the gap between the coded modulation system and the Shannon limit, which can be achieved by AWGN channel measurement data, SNR used for estimation should be modified by SNR ˆ = SNR awgn dsnr. (11) Notice that the actual BTR of broadcast system is the same when the service quality is ensured, that is, the following equation is effective with SNR h as the SNR threshold under multipath channel, which is to be predicted. R h(snr h) =R awgn(snr awgn). (12) When the estimation of α is achieved, SNR h could be predicted by following steps: 1) Equation(13) provides R awgn(snr h), which stands for the available BTR in DTMB system under AWGN channel when the SNR threshold is SNR h, R h(snr h) =αr awgn(snr h)+β. (13) 2) The prediction of SNR h could be obtained by the inverse function of the linear fitting model given in (7). IV. PREDICTION RESULTS In this section, prediction cases of four DTMB working modes are performed, with simulation results presented corresponding to measurement results. These modes are recommended by the state administration of radio film and television (SARFT), and their parameters are listed in Table III. For each mode, the measurement of SNR threshold in several SFN reception environments was carried out according Fig. 3. and prediction results for Mode 1. to Section II. Then the prediction model described in Section III can be established according to measurement data. The correction coefficient β is calculated by the statistics error of the model at testing points. dsnr, the gap between the coded modulation system and Shannon limit is acquired by the empirical value of the corresponding transmission mode. When the SFN environment is confirmed, SNR required for correct reception can be predicted by the model. The prediction results and measurement results for these four working modes are shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, and Fig. 6, respectively. The horizontal axis is the sequence of the measured SFN conditions, and the vertical axis stands for the SNR threshold. Both prediction data and measurement data are presented in the plots by points. Model parameters and mean squared errors (MSE) of the prediction results are summarized in Table IV. For the four modes, the mean squared errors are all lower than 0.5, which is tolerable in industrial application. Simulation results indicate that the method presented in this paper has an accurate prediction of the reception quality in SFN environment, the only labor work required is the measurement under AWGN channel and several multipath channels. V. CONCLUSION In this paper, an SNR threshold model based on the analysis of channel capacity is presented, to predict the SNR required for ensuring the DTMB reception quality in an SFN environment. The algorithm of channel capacity found on the parallel 939
5 Fig. 4. and prediction results for Mode channel has also been described. The comparison between prediction results and measurement data in four typical DTMB standard modes verifies the effective significance of the prediction method. With low workload and enough accuracy, this prediction model can provide a better evaluation of SFN in industry, thus giving directions on SFN planning. REFERENCES [1] A. Mattsson, Single frequency networks in DTV, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 51, no. 4, pp , Dec [2] A. M. Gallardo, M. E. Woodward, and J. Rodriguez-Tellez, Performance of DVB-T OFDM based single frequency networks effects of frame synchronisation, carrier frequency offset and non-synchronised sampling errors, in VTC 2001 Fall, Oct [3] W. Yi-yan, E. Pliszka, B. Caron et al., Comparison of terrestrial DTV transmission systems: the ATSC 8-VSB, the DVB-T COFDM, and the ISDB-T BST-OFDM, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 46, no. 2, pp , Jun [4] J. Hirono, M. Saito, and C. Kamise, Digital terrestrial television broadcasting with OFDM-a study on the performance of single frequency networks, in Proc. IBC 96, Aug. 2002, pp [5] Santella, G. D. Martino, R. Ricchiuti et al., Single frequency network (SFN) planning for digital terrestrial television and radio broadcast services: the italian frequency plan for T-DAB, in VTC 2004 Spring, May [6] Y. J. Lee, S. W. Lee, Y. H. Kim et al., Field trials for terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting system, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 53, no. 1, pp , Mar [7] G. Guerra, P. Angueira, M. M. Velez et al., Field measurement based characterization of the wideband urban multipath channel for portable DTV reception in single frequency networks, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 51, no. 2, pp , May [8] Framing Structure, Channel Coding and Modulation for Digital Television Terrestrial Broadcasting System (in Chinese), Chinese National Standard GB Std., Aug [9] Coverage prediction methods and planning software for digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) networks, ITU-R BT [10] Planning criteria for digital terrestrial television services in the VHF/UHF bands, ITU-R BT [11] K. Jeong, S. H. Kim, K. M. Chung et al., Multipath channel models for wireless local and metropolitan area networks, in Proc. ICITA 05, Aug. 2005, pp [12] G. Caire, G. Taricco, and E. Biglieri, Bit-interleaved coded modulation, IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, vol. 44, no. 3, May Fig. 5. and prediction results for Mode Fig. 6. and prediction results for Mode
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