Subscriber loop. Claude Rigault ENST FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 1
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1 Subscriber loop Claude Rigault ENST FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 1
2 FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 2
3 2-wire / 4-wire Transformation FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 3
4 Simplex transmission Only one direction of transmission Symbol for the earphone Symbol for the microphone FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 4
5 Half duplex transmission 1 Each party talks in its turn : Alice talks to Bob A B FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 5
6 Half duplex transmission 2 Each party talks in its turn : Bob answers to Alice A B FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 6
7 Full Duplex transmission The 2 parties may talk at the same time FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 7
8 The differential transmission requirement Noise on a single wire transmission with ground return e = d dt Φ FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 8
9 Differential Transmission on a twisted pair Noise cancellation by means of a second lead return e d ( ) = Φ Φ = dt FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 9
10 Full duplex transmission requires 4 leads A full duplex channel is achieved with 2 simplex channels FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 10
11 Full duplex transmission on 2 leads Ideal Hybrid circuit : (X+Y) - X Y X X+Y X Y FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 11
12 The 2-leads channel carries the sum of the 2 signals Ideal Hybrid circuit : (X+Y) - X Y Y X X X+Y X Y FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 12
13 The Hybrid circuit At the condition that all impedances be equal, the power input in one side splits equally between the 2 adjacent sides and cancels completely on the opposite side 0 P/2 P/2 P FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 13
14 The Hybrid circuit (2) If all impedances are equal, the power in one side is the sum or the two adjacent powers less the power in the opposite side D C A B A = B - C + D B = C - D + A C = D - A + B D = A - B + C FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 14
15 Real hybrid circuit 4 wire / 2 wire transformation creates a 6 db loss Y/4 X/4 X/2 Y/2 X/2+Y/2 X X+Y/4 Y+X/4 Y FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 15
16 Hybrid circuit applications (1) Amplified full duplex 2 wire circuit Z ref Z ref FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 16
17 Hybrid circuit applications (2) A full duplex 2-wire telephone circuit Z ref Line FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 17
18 The complex impedance : Z ref Z ref is a compromise value The line has a lot of capacitance 210 Ω 150 nf 880 Ω FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 18
19 The Near End Echo (side tone) The complex impedance having a compromise value, some amount of impedance mismatch remains resulting in a small Near End Echo (NEE) or side tone. By chance the human brain requires this side tone to allow speech Z ref Line FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 19
20 Near End Echo Cancellation in ISDN Side tone is felt as noise by the decoder resulting in slowing down the channel rate. A DSP matches exactly the line impedance Decoder DSP Line Coder FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 20
21 «Generic» implementation of an Hybrid circuit 2 transformers are used SOURCE Cancellation FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 21
22 Electronic implementation of an Hybrid circuit The line is terminated on 600 ohms and matched by Z ref 150 nf. Matching Z ref 210Ω 880Ω Ω termination 600Ω FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 22
23 A telecommunication link The UNI is implemented on 2 leads, the NNI is implemented on 4 leads Switching is done on 4 leads OLEX TLEX UNI UNI NNI FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 23
24 Far End Echo The Far End Echo (FEE) is caused by the Terminating Exchange hybrid circuit Due to human brain effects, after a certain delay the FEE becomes intolerable Long transmissions require Echo Cancellers OLEX TLEX FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 24
25 Far End Echo Canceller Long links require echo cancellers OLEX OLEX FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 25
26 FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 26
27 The subscriber loop FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 27
28 The analog subscriber loop Ringing current generator Line d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 28
29 The Borsht functions Battery : 48 V line feed Overload : serial and parallel protection Ringing : Ringing current, Ring Trip circuit Supervision : Off Hook / On Hook detection Hybrid : 2 leads / 4 leads transformation Test : periodic test of line continuity FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 29
30 B : Battery and S : Supervision (1) Alice is ON HOOK Line Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 30
31 B : Battery and S : Supervision (2) Alice is OFF HOOK Line Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 31
32 B : Battery and S : Supervision (3) Loop current flows Line Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 32
33 B : Battery and S : Supervision (4) Supervision Contact closes Line Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 33
34 Ringing (1) Control Unit Activates Ring Relay Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 34
35 Ringing (2) Ring Relay self sustains Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 35
36 Ringing (3) Line changes over to ringing current generator Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 36
37 Ringing (4) AC component of ringing current flows Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 37
38 Ringing (5) Bob goes OFF HOOK Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 38
39 Ringing (7) DC component of Ringing current flows Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 39
40 Ringing (8) Ring Trip circuit activates Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 40
41 Ringing (9) Self sustainement of Ring relay opens Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 41
42 Ringing (10) Ring relay Trips Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 42
43 Test The historical operator is in charge of line maintenance He must make sure that every line is in working order Every night a line test is performed FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 43
44 Test (1) Control Unit Activates Test Relay Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 44
45 Test (2) T contacts make and connect to test robot Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r rt 1 r 3 Test robot (RELA) Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 45 s 1
46 Test (3) test robot sends a test wave Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r rt 1 r 3 Test robot (RELA) Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 46 s 1
47 Test (4) Control Unit relases test relay Ringing current generator d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r s 1 rt 1 r 3 Line circuit FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 47
48 Test with telephone set removed 6 point telephone connector The line connects to points 1 and 3 When the telephone set is removed, brake contacts connect points 1 and 3 to 2 and 4, where a capacitor is equipped, enabling the test 1 2 line FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 48
49 FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 49
50 Signaling on the subscriber loop FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 50
51 Loop disconnect signaling (Decadic Out-pulsing) The dial brake contact outpulses the digits Supervision relay replicates the pulses Line d' Off normal dial d Dial contact h Hook switch rt r 1 Z ref. bell s r 2 Telephone set t 1 t 2 t r rt 1 r 3 FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 51 Line circuit s 1
52 Decimal or Decadic Out-pulsing i digit "2" 33 ms >200 ms 66 ms «Inter digital time-out" t FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 52
53 Dial Mechanism Setting spring Dial contact Ratchet Cam Free wheel Regulating brake FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 53
54 Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) Q Hz 1336 Hz 1447 Hz 1633 Hz 697 Hz A 770 Hz B 852 Hz C 941 Hz * 0 # D FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 54
55 DTMF receiver connection A Subscriber Receiver (SURE) is connected to the Calling line Access trunk Interconnection Network Line Circuit SURE Concentrator FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 55
56 DTMF receiver FC0 FC1 FC2 FC3 FL0 FL1 FL2 FL3 DT Dial Tone DT FC0 FC1 FC2 FC3 FC0 FC1 FC2 FC3 Scan points drive point FCN, 29/09/2002 Claude Rigault, ENST 56
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