Automatic Control System
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1 Sensor types
2 Automatic Control System Automatic Control System Construction Material or Power Object Output Signal Sensor Disturbances Converter Measuring Device Controller Industry Controller Executive Device
3 Graphic Symbols- Sensors and Detectors PROXIMITY SENSOR PROXIMITY DEVICE (FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL)
4 CAPACITIVE CRYSTAL SET TACTILE SENSOR - TACTILE SENSOR WITH NORMAL CLOSED CONTACT
5 PROXIMITY SENSOR WITH NORMAL OPEN CONTACT CONTACTRON IRON SENSOR
6 SENSORS SELECTION (CLASSIFICATION)
7 1. Contact versus Non-contact Contact sensor : There is physical contact betwen the sensor an the parametr it measures Non-contact sensor : Also called proximitysensors. Proximity indicates that the object is near, but contact is not required.
8 Contact Sensor
9 Non- Contact Sensor
10 2. Digital (binary) versus Analog Digital sensors Have two states: on or off Detect presence/absence of object Counting such as used in a rotary encoder Analog sensors They sense continuous variables (temp, pressure) and provide a continuous (usually linear) voltage or current according to an input/output transfer function. More complex than digital and can provide more information.
11 3. Principles and Designs Sensor principles Inductive Capacitive Resistive Sensor designs Extrinsic Intrinsic
12 4. Digital Sensors Switches Optical (photoelectric) sensors Encoders Ultrasonic sensors Inductive sensors Capacitive sensors
13 5. Industrial sensors Proximity Mechanical Optical Inductive/Capacitive Position/Velocity Potentiometr LVDT Encoders Tachogenerator Force/Pressure Vibration/Acceleration
14 Inductive sensors
15 Types of inductive sensors proximity movement
16 Proximity sensors I. Schematic diagram metal generator liminal construction with hysteresis output amplifier output signal
17 Proximity sensors II. Principle of working metal generator liminal construction with hysteresis output amplifier output signal
18 III.. Parameters Proximity sensors Nominal zone of working Trip - out Switches on Metal plate Hysteresis Zone of working Inductive sensor
19 Frequency of jumpering Sensor Measuring plate St37 Traffic trend Real zone of working Working zone of action
20 Hysteresis of jumpering Corrective coeficiences Repeatability Temperature of working Admission Residual voltage Residual current
21 Movement sensors I. Schematic diagram
22 Movement sensors II. Principle of working
23 III.. Parameters Movement sensors Zone of working Trip - out Switches on Metal plate Hysteresis Zone of working Inductive sensor Corrective coeficiences
24 Hysteresis of frequency Out lowering speed Increase speed Liminal frequencies Maximum frequency of jumpering Time of deceleration
25 IV. Symbol of inductive sensors
26 V. Examples of inductive sensor
27 VI. Inductive sensor in use Quantity control Detection unevenness on packaging
28 VI. Inductive sensor in use Control of screw tight the screws
29 Capacitive sensors
30 Capacitive sensors I. Schematic diagram object periphery of oscillator comparator amplifier active surface screen
31 Capacitive sensors II. Principle of working O b j e c t periphery of oscillator comparator amplifier
32 III. Symbol of capacitive sensors
33 IV. Capacitive sensor in use Silicon Wafer deposition & etching Silicon Wafer proximity Wafer cutting/processing Robot arm control Computer hard disc drive Printing Press/Photocopiers Tooling parallelism/alignment alignment
34 IV. Capacitive sensor in use Detection of movement Detection of position
35 IV. Capacitive sensor in use Counting of rotational speed Steering mechanical process
36 Optical sensors
37 Optical (Photoelectric) Sensors All optical sensors use light to sense objects. Operation method: - Lasers, Incandescend bulbs, or Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used as light source - The light source is turned off and on (modulation) at a high frequency (could be as hight as several khz) - A photodetector senses the pulsed light - The light emitter and receiver are turned to the modulation frequency.
38 Example of Sensor using LED as a light source
39 Types of Optical Sensors Reflective (Diffuse) Sensors Retroreflective Sensors Thru-beam Sensors Polarizing Photo Sensors Convergent Photo Sensors Fiber Optic Sensors Laser Sensors
40 Reflective (Diffuse) Sensors
41 T - Transmitter R - Receiver Transmitter and receiver are combined into one casing
42 OBJECT T R Work relies on the reflective surface on the target to reflect the light from the transmitter to the receiver
43 Advantages Singular casing (Transmitter + Receiver) Objects detection with high reflect parameter (0,6-0,9)
44 Disadvantages Low detecting distance Sensitive to colour and quality Sensitive to background Dead zone
45 Retroreflective Sensors
46 Transmitter and receiver are combined into one casing Make use of a reflector to reflect the light from the transmitter to the receiver
47 OBJECT T REFLECTOR R
48 Easy instalation Advantages Singular casing ( Transmitter + Receiver) Good working zone
49 Disadvantages Sensitive to lights objects Use reflector Dead zone
50 Thru-beam Sensors
51 System has a separate transmitter and receiver
52 OBJECT T R It s capable of sensing very small object by narrowing the light beam
53 Advantages Detection for long distance Lack of dead zone Detection light objects Detection in several environment
54 Disadvantages Large separate casings Problems with instalation ( set- up Transmitter and Receiver)
55 Typical Application Detecting the presence or absence of an object Positioning and counting Detection the end of travel of an object Packaging machinery Sorting and labelling machinery Textile machinery Pharmaceutical Small part detection High speed detection Door controls
56 Parameters - Operating Temperature (10 C C) - Vibration - Supply Voltage (10 30 VDC or 230 VAC) - Detecting Distance - Output Current - Max. Switching Frequency - Degree of Protection - Hysteresis
57 Encoders An encoder is a device that senses a modification of speed and position and converts it to a digital value
58 There are two main types of rotary encoders: - Incremental - Absolute
59 Principle of working The light from Light Source shines through the lines on disk and Grid Assembly and is then sensed by photo detector
60 Construction of encoder s disk:
61 Incremental encoders: An incremental encoder generates a series of square waves Encoders transform rotary movement into a sequence of electrical pulses
62 There are two main types of incremental encoders: -Tachometer - Quadrature
63 Absolute encoder An absolute encoder provides a word of output with a qunique pattern that represents each position. The output is proportional to the angle of the shaft
64 Principle of working
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