Examples of RF Transmissions in Europe
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1 Examples of RF Transmissions in Europe Surveillance/MICA Workshop Jérôme Bodart February 2019
2 RF Measurements EUROCONTROL has the necessary equipment to performed RF measurements 1030 and 1090MHz RF recording and analysis Ground RF measurements of airborne RF measurements RF measurement To evaluate the interrogations and replies of aircraft vs ICAO limits To detect specific problem in a region To evaluate the impact of specific surveillance systems on the environment (e.g. WAM) Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 2
3 Use of Ground Measurements The RF bands are recorded on the ground and analysed: Select aircraft with the highest number of replies and with good power budget Verify if the peak reply rates of these aircraft are below or above ICAO capability Limitations Measurement < reality not all replies are decoded Difficult to determine the causes of excessive number of replies Limited view on 1030 MHz transmissions Advantages Permanent More affordable than airborne recording Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 3
4 Use of Airborne Measurements The RF bands are recorded on a test aircraft Measure the 1090 MHz replies transmitted by the test aircraft transponder Measure the interrogations received on 1030MHz Measure of activity on the suppression bus Limitations Limited in time Not necessarily at the peak time Cost Advantages 100 % level of confidence on own AC 1090 transmissions Full visibility of 1030 Xpdr occupancy calculation Determination of sources of interrogations including military Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 4
5 Example of Airborne Measurement Campaign Schiphol Netherlands Dubrovnik Croatia Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 5
6 Maximum number of Mode S replies / second ICAO minimum reply rate capability: 50 Mode S replies / second Between Schiphol and Dubrovnik Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 6
7 All-Call replies on II<>00 Maximum number of All-Call replies per second to ground Mode S radar including TRD radars (II14 and matching SI), excluding mobile radars on II 00 Red: max number of All-Call replies per second > 20 High number of All-Call replies due to: Some Mode S interrogators trigger too many All-Call replies in the beam (on average, more than 6 All-Call replies per period of 200 msec). Some Mode S interrogators don t apply lockout on the aircraft Due to high number of Mode S radar Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 7
8 All-Call replies to TRD radar Maximum number of All-Call replies per second to TRD Mode S radars (II14 and matching SI) Red: max number of All-Call replies per second > 10 This particular TRD radar triggers up to 26 Mode S replies in its beam ICAO: Max 6 All-Call replies in the beam Max 18 Mode S replies per 100ms Max 50 Mode S replies per second Test Mode S radar shall be programmed and monitored carefully Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 8
9 TCAS Replies Maximum number of TCAS replies per second Red: max number of TCAS replies per second > 10 Mean number of TCAS replies per second Red: mean number of TCAS replies per second > 10 Highest TCAS activity in the vicinity of large airports, otherwise the impact is limited Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 9
10 Maximum number of long Mode S replies / sec ICAO minimum reply rate capability: 16 long Mode S replies / sec In general, due to the number of interrogators which 3 long replies (BDS40, BDS50 and BDS60) every scan. Peak 1 is due to selective interrogations from military interrogators on II 00 (up to 41/sec). Other peaks are due to the abnormal behavior of an interrogator (not the same in all peaks) which triggers many long replies due to BDS re-extraction Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 10
11 Mobile interrogators on II = 00 (1/2) Operation of mobile interrogators on II = 00 shall be carefully monitored as the number of interrogations may be very high Below a radar sending more than 200 All-Call interrogations in the beam, and triggering in the example 95 All-Call replies in 1.64s. Nbr All-Call interrogations vs Time (sec) UF11 on II00 DF11 on II Scale: 250ms Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 11
12 Mobile interrogators on II = 00 (2/2) Below 3 mobile interrogators on II = 00 triggering 12 long Mode S replies to radar at 1.95s 15 long Mode S replies to radar at 2.9s 14 long Mode S replies to radar at 2.9s The Mode S interrogators trigger more than 6 Mode S long replies per 100msec, which is above the minimum transmission rates specified in ICAO Annex 10 Vol. IV. Radars turning at 2.9s: BDS 10, 17, 20, 40, 50 and 60 are continuously extracted. Radar turning at 1.95s: BDS 10, 17 and 20 are continuously extracted (not 40, 50 and 60). UF4/5 on II00 to test aircraft DF20 and 21 on II00 Scale: 50ms Examples of RF transmissions in Europe 12
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