Peter Dack, Vice President Sales & Marketing Radian Research, Inc.

Transcription

1 Peter Dack, Vice President Sales & Marketing Radian Research, Inc.

2 Radian Research, Inc. is a world leader in State of the Art energy measurement instrumentation. Radian designs, develops, and manufactures a broad range of electronic instruments, systems and software that meet the growing global requirements of electric power utilities, meter manufactures and national metrology institutes. RADIAN CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS LAFAYETTE, INDIANA RADIANS SUBSIDIARY WATT HOUR ENGINEERING CO. PEARL, MISSISSIPPI

3 Our product range includes; Energy Reference Standards, Laboratory Energy Calibration /Reference Systems, Energy Meter Testing Systems for the shop and field, Current Transformer Testers for the field, Software for Data Acquisition, Control and Storage of energy meter test data and associated electric meter shop asset management. -

4 Laboratory Energy Reference Systems Watt & Watt/hr Traceability to National and Labs. NRC, PTB & NIST Power Quality Traceability NPL UK. A2LA accredited

5 Our Quality Management System We are certified to ISO 9001:2008 Our Metrology Laboratory is also ISO/IEC Accredited

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7 Lab Meter Testing Optical and Register based testing (Turbo test). Series/Parallel or True Three Phase test solutions Sine or Distorted source 330 Amps Full load Watt Net Compatible database Power Quality

8 Meter Site Analysis Customer load or Phantom load testing. PT s, CT s & Meter Power Quality 200 Amps direct measurement or 3000Amps Indirect (Clamp probes) Power Quality Watt Net Plus Asset Database compatible

9 Services On site Technical Training Equipment Installations Meter Assessment Lean Process improvement Metrology Classes On site Calibration Technical Consultant

10 Electricity Revenue Meter or an energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed (or generated) by a residence (your home), a factory, a business or transmission grid. Electric Utilities use electric meters installed at customers premises to measure electric energy delivered to their customers for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour [kwh]. Meters are assigned a Class Index which relate to Accuracy at P.F. =1. e.g. Class 1 or 2, Class 0,5 or 0,2 Meters Accuracy testing in most countries is regulated

11 INNER TIE METERS

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13 The global meter market is divided into two basic groups, those following the international standards of ANSI and IEC. The major countries that follow ANSI are the US, Canada, Mexico, Central America and the Philippines with the remainder of the world essentially IEC. Radian is a member and participates in the ANSI C12 Metering Working Group ANSI C FOR ELECTRICITY METERS The International Electro technical Commission TC 13 Electrical Energy measurement & control

14 Electrical Metrology is the science and practice encompassing the broad area of measurements related to electrical parameters and Traceable to the International System of units (SI). DC Volts, AC Volts, AC Current, Resistance, Time, Watt-hours Legal Metrology is the application of legal requirements to measurements and measuring instruments It s an issue of fair commerce and trade National Metrology Institute (NMi) is often part of the Ministry of Trade, Commerce or Weights and Measures or Science For electrical metrology, this consists of accurate measurement of various electrical parameters Watts, Volts, Current, Phase angle, Time

15 MEASURANDS Volts Frequency Power Factor VARs Vhr V2hr Whr Qhr Amps Phase Angle Watts VA Ihr I2hr VARhr VAhr

16 The Electric Utility Company Meter Site or Installation Meter Lab Standards Lab OEM Customers Test Boards Portable Testers IEC STANDARDS ANSI C12 STANDARDS Energy Meter Manufacturers Standards Lab Production Testing NMI Power & Energy Lab

17 The most common unit of measurement is the kilowatt hour [kwh], which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour. Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage and current to determine energy used. Self Contained Meters for smaller services (such as residential customers) can be connected directly in line between source and customer. Transformer Rated Meter for larger loads, more than about 150 amperes, current transformers are used, so that the meter can be located other than in line with the service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic.

18 TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION & METERING (T.D.& M.) What is Smart Grid? Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Advanced Meter Reading (AMR) Increase Load Load shedding, Off Peak Demand & Distributed Generation (e.g. wind, solar) Tariff metering Disconnect & Pay per use Net Billing New more accurate Meters Increased Class Index (0.2 & 0.1) Increasing non linear loads (originally Standards were developed for Sine wave) Evolving Standards and Test Equipment to address complex load simulation. Poorly installed, maintained or incorrectly rated metering installations. Emerging Revenue Recovery departments Losses, System inefficiencies and theft More testing, more data, more analysis, more information. Software Automation and Consolidated Databases

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20 Waveforms used (cont d) Voltage Current Narrow Current Pulse NRC WF 23 Real!

21 Waveforms used (cont d) Voltage Current NRC WF Real! NRC WF Real!

22 The results Calculated Actual Radian 703 Calculated VAR (watts) Sine Wave, 60 Lag Phase Dimming, 90 Conduction Angle Imaginary, VA < W Narrow Current Pulse Fundamental Waveform Method Integral Phase Shift Method 60 Hz Fixed Integral Phase Shift Method Exact Frequency Differential Phase Shift Method Quarter Cycle Delay Method Cross Connected Phase Shift Method Vector Method using VA RMS Vector Method using VA Average Responding Signed Vector Method using VA RMS & Fundamental Waveforms NRC WF 23 NRC WF NRC WF Radian RD

23 The most common application of electric energy standards is the accuracy testing of revenue billing meters. There are five primary hardware components required for testing a revenue meter. They are: 1. Working Reference Standard: The Working Reference Standard is the heart of the accuracy test. It is the reference measurement to which the meter's energy measurement is compared. It is important to utilize a Reference Standard with an accuracy that is significantly better than the meter you are testing.

24 2. Comparison Method: A Phantom Load is used to generate the test Current and Voltage for the meter test. Both the Reference Standard and the meter under test must have the exact same Voltage and Current signal applied. Voltage and Current sources are available in both portable configurations for field testing and in larger stationary configurations for laboratory or meter shop applications.

25 2a. Meter Accuracy Testing Customer Load

26 3. Pulse Sensors or Pickups: Sensors are used to automate the timing of a meter test. These devices "sense" a calibration pulse from a revenue meter. 4. Counters: The counter automates meter testing by counting pulses from a sensor for a specified test length. 5. Comparators: A comparator will count calibration pulses from the Reference Standard and the Meter and perform an automated calculation of meter accuracy.

27 Define the organization authorized to test meters? Government Institutions Approved Service Providers Utilities Defined Meter Test Type? Type Test conformity testing on one or more meters representative of the production. Routine Test - conformity test made on each individual meter during or after manufacture. Acceptance Test - contractual test to prove to the customer that the meter meets required specifications Commission Test - test on a meter at the site to prove installation. Maintenance Test periodic or meter audit to verify performance remains within specified limits. Define what tests need be performed? Minimum tests are specified and may vary between test type e.g. Commission test.

28 There are specific Standards (controls) to help maintain the checks and balances of metrology: related to metering IEEE Measurement Quantity Definitions for Sine, Non Sine, Balanced and Unbalanced conditions. IEC Equipment used for Meter Type and Acceptance testing. IEC XX General requirements, tests and test conditions Part 11: Metering equipment. IEC XX Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) Particular requirements for Static meters for active energy. (Part 21 classes 1 and 2. Part 22 0,2 and 0,5 S) IEC Laboratory Accreditation. JCGM 100:2008 Guide to the Expression of Measurement Uncertainty (GUM)

29 METER TYPE TEST APPROVAL MSTRD APPROVED METER ACCEPTANCE TEST

30 An Electricity Reference Standard is an instrument that measures electrical parameters and is accepted as a basis for comparison. This acceptance is based upon its traceable accuracy and the criteria used to define its accuracy. The most common measurement function of an electricity energy reference standard is Watt hours, VA hours and VAR hours. Electricity Reference Standards are used as a comparison to measurement instruments of lesser accuracy. For example, a portable working watt hour standard is used to test watthour billing meters. Reference standards are needed to ensure the check and balance system associated with billing for the use of electrical energy and power.

31 Primary Watt-hour Standards The Primary Watt-hour Standard is the highest order reference standard maintained by an electric utility, manufacturer or laboratory. It is also referred to as a Master Standard, Company Standard or Gold Standard. All lower order standards in the company are periodically calibrated or certified against the Primary Standard RD-22 Single phase Reference Standard Accuracy Class ±0.005% RD-23 Single phase Reference Standard Accuracy Class ±0.01%

32 Working Standards Portable working standards are used to test revenue billing electricity meters. Serve as the Reference Standard inside meter test benches and field test kits Reference Standard Accuracy Class ±0.02% or ±0.05% Phantom Load Accuracy Class ±0.02% or ±0.05% Meter Test Bench Accuracy Class ±0.02% or ±0.05%

33 Uncertainty The degree of confidence that a given measurement is within a certain bound. This variable is applied so that those using the instrument can assess the reliability of certainty of the results. Total Expanded Uncertainty includes all uncertainty contributions. Traceability The accuracy path of a given instrument back to a National Metrology Institute e.g. NIST, INTI, INN, INEN, SIC Traceability is related to an unbroken chain of standardization events. Each calibration step may increase Uncertainty

34 Repeatability: Variation of values of a result obtained by multiple measurements of the same measurand taken over a relatively short time period under the same set of conditions (operator, equipment, environment). Traceability: The property of a measurement whereby the value can be related to national or international standards through an unbroken chain of comparisons, each with stated uncertainties. Resolution: Property of a measurement result indicating the degree to which it may be differentiated from other results of approximately the same magnitude. Usually used to refer to the number of meaningful digits or significant figures available in a displayed result. Precision: Variation of values of a result obtained by multiple measurements of the same measurand using the same measurement process. Accuracy: Closeness/tolerance of a measured value to the value of the same measurand that would be realized by standards. Reproducibility: Variation of values of a result obtained by multiple measurements of the same measurand taken over a reasonable range of conditions that might be expected in normal operation (operator, equipment, environment).

35 Watt/hr Traceability achieved through intercountry Measurements Assurance Programs RD 22 Traveling Reference Bank International traceability achieved Legal Metrology requirement satisfied RD 22 Primary Reference Bank Annually RS 933 Working Standards UUTs

36 Customer s RD 22 Reference Bank RD 22 Traveling Reference Bank Annually RD 22 Primary Reference Bank Annually Complete transfer test within 2 weeks of receiving cal d RD 22 Customer s RS 933

37 THANK YOU QUESTIONS Peter Dack, Vice President Sales & Marketing Radian Research, Inc. Visit our web site at Radianresearch.com

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39 Pulse Comparison Method Not including Error of Standard W dut N c dut dut c N st st 1 100% Error of standard taken into account where: N dut cst W ( 1 ) 1 dut Wst 100% cdut N st W dut W st is the displayed energy of the DUT; is the displayed energy of the working standard; δw dut is the relative error of the DUT ( W dut / W st ); c dut is the meter constant of the DUT; c st is the meter constant of the working standard; N dut are the number of pulses of the DUT; N st are the number of pulses of the working standard; δw st is the relative error of the working standard related to the measured energy ( W st / W st ) is known from the calibration report

40 Quantity Unit Definition δw dut Relative error of the DUT W dut N c dut dut c N st st 1 100% N dut Number of pulses of the DUT C st 1/ kwh Meter constant of the standard C dut 1/kWh Meter constant of the DUT N st Number of pulses of the standard N dut Mean value: ,2 Standard deviation of the individual observation: 2,8 Standard deviation of the mean: 0,879 Degree of freedom: 9. C st Type B rectangular distribution Value: x 1/kWh Half breadth of the limits: 2 x 1/kWh; corresponds to the specification of ±0.02% C dut Type B rectangular distribution Value: x 1/kWh Half breadth of the limits: 2 x 1/kWh; corresponds to the specification of ±0.02%

41 Quantity Unit Definition δw dut Relative error of the DUT W dut N c dut dut c N st st 1 100% N dut Number of pulses of the DUT C st 1/ kwh Meter constant of the standard C dut 1/kWh Meter constant of the DUT N st Number of pulses of the standard N st Mean value: ,0 Standard deviation of the individual observation: 0,0 Standard deviation of the mean: 0,0 Degree of freedom: 9. Quantity Value Standard measurement uncertainty (u) Degree of freedom (V eff ) Sensitivity coefficient (c i ) Uncertainty contribution u i =u. c i N dut ,20 0, ,010 0, ,7% C st ,00 x 1/kWh 1,15 x 1/kWh 0,010 0,012 63,3 % C dut ,0 x 1/kWh N st ,0 0,0 9 0,0 0,0 0,0% δw dut 0,102 0, Index No. Observation on working standard Result Quantity: δw dut in % Value 0,102% Expanded measurement uncertainty (u); ±0,029%; u u N u dut cst

42 N dut cst W ( 1 ) 1 dut Wst 100% cdut N st Quantity Unit Definition δw dut % Relative error of the DUT N dut Number of pulses of the DUT C st 1/kWh Meter constant of the standard δw st % Relative error of the standard; value from the calibration certificate C dut 1/kWh Meter constant of the DUT Number of pulses of the standard N st N dut Mean value: ,2 Standard deviation of the individual observation: 2,8 Standard deviation of the mean: 0,879 Degree of freedom: 9. C st Constant Value: x 1/kWh; manufacturer s specification No. Observation of DUT N dut Mean value: ,2 Standard deviation of the individual observation: 2,8 Standard deviation of the mean: 0,879 Degree of freedom: 9.

43 C st Type B rectangular distribution Value: x 1/kWh Half breadth of the limits: 2 x 1/kWh; corresponds to the specification of ±0.02% C dut Type B rectangular distribution Value: x 1/kWh Half breadth of the limits: 2 x 1/kWh; corresponds to the specification of ±0.02% C dut : The following indication is taken from the calibration certificate ( W st / W st ) Type B Standard distribution Value: -0,000 1 Relative expanded measurement uncertainty: 0, Coverage factor : 2 Constant Value: x 1/kWh

44 N st : Type A; Observation method: direct; Number of observations: 10 Mean value: ,0; Standard deviation of the individual observation: 0,0; Standard deviation of the mean: 0,0; Degree of freedom: 9. No. Observation on working standard Result: Quantity: δw dut in % Value: 0,092% Expanded measurement uncertainty (u): ±0,021% u 2,3 u N u dut Wst Coverage factor: 2.3 Coverage: t-table 95% 2 Quantity (X i ) Value (x i ) Standard measurement uncertainty (u) Degree of freedom (V eff ) Sensitivity coefficient (c i ) Uncertainty contribution u i =u. c i N dut ,20 0, ,010 8, ,6% C st ,0 x 1/kWh δw st 100,0 x ,0 x ,0 x ,4% C dut 10,000,0 x 1/kWh N st 10,000,0 0,0 9 0,0 0,0 0,0% δw dut 0, ,29 x Index

45 The DUT and the standard meter are simultaneously supplied with the same test quantities (e.g. 120 V, 5 A, power factor 1) by a power source. The active power is measured and displayed as a measurement value. The measurement values are recorded at regular time intervals. Relative error of Active Power P dut P S dut q Pdut Pst U I q q Taking into account display resolution, drift and the error of the Standard meter P dut P S dut q ( Pdut Pdut _ res ) ( Pst Pst Pst _ res Pst _ drift U q I q ) Quantity Unit Definition δp dut Rel. error of the DUT related to the apparent power (ΔP dut / S q ) P dut W Display of the DUT ΔP dut_res W Resolution of the measured value display of the DUT P st W Display of the standard DP st W Correction of the standard, known from calibration ΔP st_res W Resolution of the standard display ΔP st_drift W Drift of the standard U q V Voltage set at the power source I q A Current set at the power source

46 δp dut : Result P dut : Type A Observation method: direct Number of observations: 10 Mean value: 599, W Standard deviation of the individual observation: 790 x 10-6 W Standard deviation of the mean: 249 x 10-6 W Degree of freedom: 9 No , , , , , , , , , ,84 Observation of DUT P dut_res : Type B rectangular distribution Value: 0 W Half breadth of the limits: 0, W Resolution of the digital display of the DUT (at 600 W on 7 positions, this corresponds to 100 µw)

47 P st : DP st : Type A Observation method: direct Number of observations: 10 Mean value: 599, W Standard deviation of the individual observation: 510 x 10-6 W Standard deviation of the mean: 163 x 10-6 W Degree of freedom: 9 Type B Standard distribution Value: 0,105 6 W Expanded measurement uncertainty: 0,012 W Coverage factor : 2 No. Observation of working standard 1 599, , , , , , , , , ,959 Correction of the standard is determined during the calibration of the standard 20 x 10-6 corresponds to 12 mw at 600 W

48 P st_res : Type B rectangular distribution. Value: 0 W Half breadth of the limits: 0, W Resolution of the digital display of the standard (at 600 W on 7 positions, it corresponds to 100 µw) P st_drift : U q : Type B rectangular distribution. Value: 0 W Half breadth of the limits: 0,003 W The uncertainty due to the drift of the standard is estimated to be 5 x This corresponds to 3 mw at 600 W. Type B Standard distribution. Value: 120 V Expanded measurement uncertainty: 0,12 V Coverage factor : 2 U q is the voltage set at the power source. Estimated measurement uncertainty: 1 x 10-3

49 I q : Type B Standard distribution. Value: 5 A Expanded measurement uncertainty: 0,005 A Coverage factor : 2 I q is the current set at the power source. Estimated measurement uncertainty: 1 x 10-3 Quantity (X i ) Value (x i ) P dut 599, W 249 x 10 6 W 9 0, x ,2% ΔP dut_res 0 W 28,9 x 10 6 W 0, x ,0% P st 599, W 163 x 10 6 W 9 0, x ,1% DP st 0, W 0, W 50 0, x ,1% ΔP dut_res 0 W 28,9 x 10 6 W 0, x ,0% ΔP st_drift 0,0 W 0, W 0, x ,7% U q 120,000 0 V 0,060 0 V x x ,0% I q 5, A 0, A 50 4,5 x x ,0% δp dut 22 x ,4 x Result: Quantity: δp dut Value: -22 x 10-6 Expanded measurement uncertainty: ± 21 x 10-6 Standard measurement uncertainty (u) Degree of freedom (V eff ) Sensitivity coefficient (c i ) Uncertainty contribution u i =u. c i Index u up u dut P u st P u st Pst _ drift 2 2 Coverage factor: 2,0 Coverage: t-table 95%