Outline. Paradigms for interaction. Introduction. Chapter 5 : Paradigms. Introduction Paradigms for interaction (15)

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Outline 01076568 Human Computer Interaction Chapter 5 : Paradigms Introduction Paradigms for interaction (15) ดร.ชมพ น ท จ นจาคาม [kjchompo@gmail.

Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 2 Introduction The designer of an interactive system is posed with two open questions: 1. How can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability? 2. How can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or measured?

1 Outline Human Computer Interaction Chapter 5 : Paradigms Introduction Paradigms for interaction (15) ดร.ชมพ น ท จ นจาคาม [kjchompo@gmail.com] สาขาว ชาว ศวกรรมคอมพ วเตอร คณะว ศวกรรมศาสตร สถาบ นเทคโนโลย พระจอมเกล าเจ าค ณทหารลาดกระบ ง C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 2 Introduction The designer of an interactive system is posed with two open questions: 1. How can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability? 2. How can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or measured? Successful interactive system enhance usability, serve as paradigmsfor the development of future products. Paradigms for interaction Time sharing A single computer could support multiple users (1940s-1950s). Previously, human (programmer) was restrict to batch session, in which complete job were submitted on punch cards or paper tape to the operator who run them individually on the computer. C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 3 C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 4

Paradigms for interaction Video display units (VDU) Display screens could provide a more suitable medium than a paper printout for presenting vast quantities of

Paradigms for interaction Programming toolkits The power of programming toolkits is small, wellunderstood components can be composed in fixed ways in order to create

Engelbart sidea (graduate student at the University of California) was to use the computer to teach humans, which complex technology only the intellectually

2 Paradigms for interaction Video display units (VDU) Display screens could provide a more suitable medium than a paper printout for presenting vast quantities of strategic information for rapid assimilation (1950s). Paradigms for interaction Programming toolkits The power of programming toolkits is small, wellunderstood components can be composed in fixed ways in order to create larger tools. Engelbart sidea (graduate student at the University of California) was to use the computer to teach humans, which complex technology only the intellectually privileged were capable of manipulating. => toolkit C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 5 C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 6 Paradigms for interaction Personal computing Graphic programming language for children called LOGO to control turtle that dragged a pen along a surface to trace its path. Ex. Go forward/ turn left. Not matter how powerful a system may be, it will always be more powerful if it is easier to use. C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 7 C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 8

Turtle Basics The turtle looks like a little triangle in the middle of the screen.

You can turn the turtle by telling him to turn RIGHT or LEFT.

Instead of typing out RIGHT and LEFT I use the smaller words RT and LT, which mean the same thing to

Window systems and the WIMP interface Interaction based on windows, icons, menus and pointers (1981).

steps, so you need to tell him to move FORWARD many steps, like 100, to get him to move enough to

FD 100 To get the turtle to draw a shape, like a square, you can give him the instructions he needs

word processor VR system rigged with special devices so system can locate user and interpret their

3 Turtle Basics The turtle looks like a little triangle in the middle of the screen. The head shows you which direction he is facing. When the turtle moves he draws a line behind him. You can turn the turtle by telling him to turn RIGHT or LEFT. This pictures shows how to make the turtle turn in different directions. Instead of typing out RIGHT and LEFT I use the smaller words RT and LT, which mean the same thing to the turtle. Window systems and the WIMP interface Interaction based on windows, icons, menus and pointers (1981). To get the turtle to draw a line, just tell him to move FORWARD a number of steps (turtles take small steps, so you need to tell him to move FORWARD many steps, like 100, to get him to move enough to see). I like to use the smaller word FD instead of typing FORWARD. Both work the same way. FD 100 To get the turtle to draw a shape, like a square, you can give him the instructions he needs to "walk" around the shape of a C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 9 C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 10 The metaphor LOGO language to teach children => metaphor of a turtle dragging its tail in the dirt. (Turtle head direction) Space key for typewriter vs. word processor VR system rigged with special devices so system can locate user and interpret their motion correctly. Direct manipulation involves continuous representation of objects of interest and rapid, reversible, and incremental actions and feedback. Ex. of direct-manipulation is resizing a graphical shape, such as a rectangle, by dragging its corners or edges with a mouse. C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 11 C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 12

Direct manipulation Ben Shneiderman describe the appeal of graphicsbased interactive systems such as Sketchpad.

all actions, so that users are encouraged to explore without severe penalties syntactic correctness of all actions, so that every user action is a legal operation replacement of complex command

action Action paradigm Good: much easier to perform simple tasks without risk of certain classes of error. Ex.

4 Direct manipulation Ben Shneiderman describe the appeal of graphicsbased interactive systems such as Sketchpad. He highlights the following features of a direct manipulation interface: visibility of the objects of interest incremental action at the interface with rapid feedback on all actions reversibility of all actions, so that users are encouraged to explore without severe penalties syntactic correctness of all actions, so that every user action is a legal operation replacement of complex command languages with actions to manipulate directly the visible objects (and, hence, the name direct manipulation). C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 13 Language vs. action Action paradigm Good: much easier to perform simple tasks without risk of certain classes of error. Ex. Recognizing and pointing to an object reduces the difficulty of identification and the possibility of misidentification. Bad : complicated tasks are often rather tedious to perform in the action paradigm, as they require repeated execution of the same procedure with only minor modification. Language paradigm possibility of describing a generic procedure once (Ex. looping construct which will perform a routine manipulation C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 14 Hypertext text displayed on a computer display or other electronic device with references (hyperlinks) to other text which the reader can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail The hypertext pages are interconnected by hyperlinks, typically activated by a mouse click, key press sequence or by touching the screen. Multi modality interaction with the virtual and physical environment through natural modes of communication, ex. the modes involving the five human senses. enables a more free and natural communication, interfacing users with automated systems in both input and output. input modalities, ex. speech, handwriting, hand gesture and gaze, output modalities, ex. speech synthesis, smart graphics and others modalities, opportunely combined. C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 15 C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 16

Computer supported cooperative work CSCW is a generic term, which combines the understanding of the way people work in groups with the enabling

The world wide web The web is built on top of the internet, and offers and easy to use, predominantly graphical interface to information, hiding the

Agent-based interfaces Agents can perform repetitive tasks, watch and respond to events when the user is not present and even learn from the user s own

Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 18 Ubiquitous computing Ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in any format.

5 Computer supported cooperative work CSCW is a generic term, which combines the understanding of the way people work in groups with the enabling technologies of computer networking, and associated hardware, software, services and techniques. The world wide web The web is built on top of the internet, and offers and easy to use, predominantly graphical interface to information, hiding the underlying complexities of transmission protocols, address and remote access to data. Agent-based interfaces Agents can perform repetitive tasks, watch and respond to events when the user is not present and even learn from the user s own actions. Ex. agents filter your for you. Verilobi.com C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 17 C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 18 Ubiquitous computing Ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in any format. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms, including laptop computers, tablets and terminals in everyday objects such as a fridge or Google glasses. Many computers serve one person. C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 19 C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 20

6 Sensor based and context aware interaction Information can be gathered from sensor in the environment, ex. Pressure mat, ultrasonic movement detectors, weight sensors, video cameras Our information world, ex. Web pages visited, times online, books purchased online Our own bodies, ex. Heart rate, skin temperature, brain signals This information is used by systems that make inferences about our past patterns and current context in order to modify the explicit interfaces, ex. Modify menu options or adjust air conditioning Sensor based and context aware interaction (cont.) Context-aware computing challenges what it means to interact with a computer. A tablet computer switching the orientation of the screen, maps orienting themselves with the user s current orientation and adapting the zoom level to the current speed, and switching on the backlight of the phone when used in the dark are examples of computers that are aware of their environment and their context of use. An ipadswitching orientation of the screen is good example of context-aware computing C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 21 C. Jinjakam, CE, KMITL 22

Direct Manipulation. and Instrumental Interaction. CS Direct Manipulation

Direct Manipulation. and Instrumental Interaction. CS Direct Manipulation Direct Manipulation and Instrumental Interaction 1 Review: Interaction vs. Interface What s the difference between user interaction and user interface? Interface refers to what the system presents to the