What is an Interval?
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1 Music Theory Part 2
2 Intervals
3 What is an Interval?
4 Simply put, an interval is the distance between two notes. I like to think of them as a sound distance, not a physical distance.
5 These melodic skips are the basis of melody (along with rhythm) and give us a way to classify sounds. They are an important part of chord construcdon and ear training as well.
6 Knowing the locadons of these intervals is helpful in construcdng melodic ideas when you solo. PracDcing them will also aid in training your ear.
7 Intervals can go up (ascending) or down (descending). These sounds can be memorized which is what ear training is all about.
8 There are a couple of ways to figure out intervals. The first one involves coundng half steps on the chromadc scale.
9 One half step (the notes right next to each other on the chromadc scale) is known as a minor second. A whole or two half steps is known as a major second.
10 The following table details all of the intervals in the chromadc scale.
11 Distance In Half Steps Interval Name 0 Unison 1 Minor 2nd 2 Major 2nd 3 Minor 3rd 4 Major 3rd 5 Perfect 4th 6 Augmented 4th, Diminished 5 th, Ttritone 7 Perfect 5th 8 Minor 6th 9 Major 6th 10 Minor 7th 11 Major 7th 12 Octave
12 Distance In Half Steps Interval Name 0 Unison 1 Minor 2nd 2 Major 2nd 3 Minor 3rd 4 Major 3rd 5 Perfect 4th 6 Augmented 4th, Diminished 5 th, Ttritone 7 Perfect 5th 8 Minor 6th 9 Major 6th 10 Minor 7th 11 Major 7th 12 Octave Looking at the chromadc scale all you have to do is count half steps to figure out the interval A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G G# Bb Db Eb Gb Ab
13 Distance In Half Steps Interval Name 0 Unison 1 Minor 2nd 2 Major 2nd 3 Minor 3rd 4 Major 3rd 5 Perfect 4th 6 Augmented 4th, Diminished 5 th, Ttritone 7 Perfect 5th 8 Minor 6th 9 Major 6th 10 Minor 7th 11 Major 7th 12 Octave What is the interval from E to C#? A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G G# Bb Db Eb Gb Ab
14 Distance In Half Steps Interval Name 0 Unison 1 Minor 2nd 2 Major 2nd 3 Minor 3rd 4 Major 3rd 5 Perfect 4th 6 Augmented 4th, Diminished 5 th, Ttritone 7 Perfect 5th 8 Minor 6th 9 Major 6th 10 Minor 7th 11 Major 7th 12 Octave CounDng from E to C# we get 9 half steps. Therefore, E to C# is a major 6th A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G G# Bb Db Eb Gb Ab
15 Distance In Half Steps Interval Name 0 Unison 1 Minor 2nd 2 Major 2nd 3 Minor 3rd 4 Major 3rd 5 Perfect 4th 6 Augmented 4th, Diminished 5 th, Ttritone 7 Perfect 5th 8 Minor 6th 9 Major 6th 10 Minor 7th 11 Major 7th 12 Octave What is the interval from F to Db? A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G G# Bb Db Eb Gb Ab
16 Distance In Half Steps Interval Name 0 Unison 1 Minor 2nd 2 Major 2nd 3 Minor 3rd 4 Major 3rd 5 Perfect 4th 6 Augmented 4th, Diminished 5 th, Ttritone 7 Perfect 5th 8 Minor 6th 9 Major 6th 10 Minor 7th 11 Major 7th 12 Octave Once again, coundng half steps the answer is 8, a minor sixth A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G G# Bb Db Eb Gb Ab
17 Distance In Half Steps Interval Name 0 Unison 1 Minor 2nd 2 Major 2nd 3 Minor 3rd 4 Major 3rd 5 Perfect 4th 6 Augmented 4th, Diminished 5 th, Ttritone 7 Perfect 5th 8 Minor 6th 9 Major 6th 10 Minor 7th 11 Major 7th 12 Octave What is the interval from A to C? Type your answer in the chat box A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G G# Bb Db Eb Gb Ab
18 Distance In Half Steps Interval Name 0 Unison 1 Minor 2nd 2 Major 2nd 3 Minor 3rd 4 Major 3rd 5 Perfect 4th 6 Augmented 4th, Diminished 5 th, Ttritone 7 Perfect 5th 8 Minor 6th 9 Major 6th 10 Minor 7th 11 Major 7th 12 Octave CounDng from A to C we get 3 half steps. Therefore, A to C is a minor 3rd A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G G# Bb Db Eb Gb Ab
19 You can see how easy this is. Pick a few more and figure out what the intervals are.
20 Now let s learn how to name intervals using the major scale.
21 In total there are 6 different interval qualides. The most common are major, minor, augmented and diminished. TheoreDcally it s possible to have doubly augmented and doubly diminished intervals. These are rare so I will not be discussing them here.
22 Using the major scale intervals can be idendfied and named stardng from the tonic. When doing this all of the intervals are either major or perfect. Look at the following chart: From To Interval 1 1 Perfect Unison 1 2 Major 2nd 1 3 Major 3rd 1 4 Perfect 4th 1 5 Perfect 5th 1 6 Major 6th 1 7 Major 7th 1 8 Perfect Octave
23 As you can see the unison, 4th, 5th and octaves are referred to as perfect intervals and the 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 7th are major intervals. Using the C major scale as a reference, C to D is a major 2nd, C to E is a major 3rd, C to F is a perfect 4th and so on. From To Interval 1 1 Perfect Unison 1 2 Major 2nd 1 3 Major 3rd 1 4 Perfect 4th 1 5 Perfect 5th 1 6 Major 6th 1 7 Major 7th 1 8 Perfect Octave C D E F G A B C
24 What about intervals inside the scale? What if we start on G and want to know the interval from G to F? C D E F G A B C
25 You can either refer to the chromadc scale and count up or you have to reference the G major scale. Why? Because using the major scale to name intervals we always have to start on the tonic.
26 Let s take a look at the G major scale G A B C D E F# G Now a problem arises. Why? Because we want to know the interval from G to F. The note F does not exist in the G major scale. The G major scale contains F#. What are we to do?
27 Holding the tonic constant, any other note in the major scale can be sharped (raised a half step) or flafed (lowered a half step). When we change the notes in this fashion the interval changes as well. Look at the following to see how things change: FlaAed Interval Sharped Minor Major Augmented Diminished Perfect Augmented
28 FlaAed Interval Sharped Minor Major Augmented Diminished Perfect Augmented Major and perfect intervals both become augmented when raised a half step. When lowered by a half step the major interval becomes minor and the perfect interval becomes diminished.
29 G A B C D E F# G FlaAed Interval Sharped Minor Major Augmented Diminished Perfect Augmented In our example of G to F, the F has been lowered a half step from F# to F natural so this interval is a minor 7th.
30 G A B C D E F# G FlaAed Interval Sharped Minor Major Augmented Diminished Perfect Augmented Let s do another one. Using the G scale again consider the interval from G to B. That is the first note to the third note. No problem, a major third. If we lower the B to Bb we know have a minor third. If we raise the B to B# we have an augmented third.
31 What s that you say? There s no such thing as a B#. Well, once again, theoredcally it s possible.
32 The note B# is he same as a C and in the real world it would probably make more sense to call it a C. There are Dmes however, when spelling chords you will run across a situadon like this or have a note like Bbb (B double flat). Even though this note is an A to be theoredcally correct you might have to call it Bbb.
33 If you are confused that s ok. If you have any quesdons ask and I will clear them up. Knowing these intervals by sound is very important. They also play a big role in building chords as you will see in the next secdon.
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