Project #: 148-A Licencee/#: Kim Slocki/P029 CIF#: P July 2009

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1 Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (AA) of: The Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station Within part of Lots 2 and 3, Concession 5 City of Vaughan Regional Municipality of York Ontario Project #: 148-A Licencee/#: Kim Slocki/P029 CIF#: P July 2009 Presented to: AECOM 105 Commerce Valley Drive West, Floor 7 Markham, ON L3T 7W3 T: F: Prepared by: Yonge Street, Suite #1029 Newmarket, ON L3X 1X4 T: F:

2 Executive Summary was initially retained by AECOM, of Thornhill, Ontario to conduct a Stage 2 archaeological assessment for the proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, located west of Jane Street and south of Highway 407, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York (see Figure 1). The proposed subway station is part of the Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) project; this subway to run north from Downsview Station to the Vaughan Corporate Centre. The recommended alignment of the subway extension begins at Dufferin Street, north of Sheppard Avenue, and runs generally northwest to Highway 7. The alignment will cross Black Creek, west of Jane Street, where the proposed Highway 407 Station is to be located. Pre-survey research, generally outlined in the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of (New Directions Archaeology Ltd., 2006), and specifically collected by has identified potential for the recovery of both Aboriginal archaeological remains and historic Euro-Canadian remains within undisturbed sections of the study area. This was based on the presence of already encountered, registered archaeological sites within close proximity to the study area, the bisection of Black Creek and the identification of two historic structures within the study area limits. During the Stage 2 archaeological assessment, observed disturbances measuring approximately 2.5 acres in size and consisting of existing house structures, associated garages and outbuildings, and driveways were not surveyed due to their low archaeological potential classification. Furthermore, physiographic factors negatively affecting potential included steeply sloping terrain adjacent to Black Creek and the watercourse itself; these areas also not surveyed due to its low archaeological potential classification. The undisturbed areas, comprised of 19.5 acres of open agricultural fields and approximately 5.5 acres of fallow fields and valleylands were subjected to pedestrian and test-pit survey as appropriate, complying with the Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2006), published by the Ministry of Culture. During the pedestrian survey, two historic scatters were encountered and identified as H1 (UTM 17T: , ) and H2 (UTM 17T: , ). No additional archaeological resources were encountered during the test-pit survey. Due to the early date of the H2 (1850s-1880s) site and its ability to inform upon the early settlement of the region, further Stage 3 investigations should be undertaken prior to the commencement of construction activities. Due to the scarce resources recovered from site H1 and the late date of the material, no further archaeological investigations are recommended for the H1 site area. Therefore, with the exception of the H2 site area, the study area can be considered free of further archaeological concern. Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan i

3 Project Personnel: Project/Field Director: Kim Slocki Field Archaeologists: Julia De Decker Sarah De Decker Adam Griffiths Alvina Tam Report Preparation: Sarah De Decker Graphics: Sarah De Decker Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan ii

4 Contents Executive Summary Project Personnel Contents i ii iii Introduction 1 1. Stage 1 Summary 2 2. Stage 2 Field Assessment Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography 7 Tables: Table 1: H1 Historic Artifact Inventory Pedestrian survey 3 Table 2: H2 Historic Artifact Inventory Pedestrian survey 3 Figures: Figure 1: 1:50,000 Map Identifying Location of Study Area 1 Figure 2: Historical Map of Study Area 2 Figure 3: Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment 5 Appendix A: Plates Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan iii

5 Introduction was initially retained by AECOM, of Thornhill Ontario to conduct a Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, located west of Jane Street and south of Highway 407, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York (see Figure 1). This site forms part of the Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) project, which is proposed to run north from Downsview Station to the Vaughan Corporate Centre; the recommended alignment of the subway extension beginning at Dufferin Street, north of Sheppard Avenue, and running generally northwest to Highway 7. The subway extension will cross Black Creek, west of Jane Street, where the proposed Highway 407 Station is to be located. The Stage 2 assessment, reported herein, was conducted under the project direction of Ms. Kim Slocki, in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act (1990) under an archaeological consulting licence (P029). Permission to enter the subject lands, and to collect any artifactual, material, was granted on December 4 th, Figure 1: 1:50,000 Map Identifying Location of Study Area (Bolton 30M/13) Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 1

6 1) Stage 1 Summary The pre-survey research, outlined in the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of (New Directions Archaeology Ltd., 2006), and specifically collected by has identified potential for the recovery of both Aboriginal archaeological remains and historic Euro-Canadian remains within undisturbed sections of the study area. This was based on the presence of already encountered, registered archaeological sites within close proximity to the study area, the bisection of Black Creek and the identification of two historic structures within the study area limits (see Figure 2). Thus, it was recommended that, due to this established archaeological potential, a Stage 2 archaeological assessment, following the Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2006), published by the Ministry of Culture, be undertaken in all undisturbed locations. The results of our Stage 2 survey are listed below. Figure 2: Historical Map of Study Area: York County Atlas ) Stage 2 Field Assessment The Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the study area, illustrated in Figure 3, was undertaken on April 20-22, 2009 and on May 22 nd, The weather during the Stage 2 investigations was overcast with temperatures reaching 10ºC during April, but reached approximately 15 ºC on May 22 nd. Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 2

7 The study area is primarily rural in condition, consisting of open agricultural fields, fallow fields and valley lands. Observed disturbances consisted of existing house structures, associated garages and outbuildings, and driveways; all of these areas classified as low in archaeological potential (see Figure 3, see Plates 1-6). Also affecting archaeological potential were physiographic factors, including steeply sloping terrain surrounding Black Creek and the watercourse itself (see Plates 7-9). Due to the low archaeological potential classification of all of these areas listed above, totalling approximately 2.5 acres in size, systematic survey was not warranted nor was it undertaken. The open agricultural fields, totalling 19.5 acres in size, were subjected to pedestrian survey at intervals of five metres, complying with the Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2006), published by the Ministry of Culture. The fields had been recently ploughed and weathered and were assessed to have % visibility (see Plates 10-11). During the survey, two historic scatters, both located just west of Jane Street, were encountered and identified as H1 (UTM 17T: , ) and H2 (UTM 17T: , ). Once each historic scatter was encountered, survey intervals were reduced to a halfmetre, for a radius of 15 metres around each surface find. All artifacts encountered during our Stage 2 assessment in the field were collected (see Plates 16-17). Catalogues of the historic finds for each site have been provided in Tables 1-2 and a description of the sites finds is listed below. Table 1: H1 Historic Artifact Inventory Pedestrian survey Cat. No. Quantity Material Class Object Ceramic Foodways White ironstone Ceramic Foodways Green transfer printed ware on white ironstone Total: 4 artifacts Table 2: H2 Historic Artifact Inventory Pedestrian survey Cat. No. Quantity Material Class Object Ceramic Foodways RWE Blue Transferprint Ceramic Foodways RWE blue sponge ware Ceramic Foodways RWE late palette Ceramic Foodways RWE blue banded ware Ceramic Foodways RWE undecorated Ceramic Foodways Brown banded ironstone rim sherd Earthenware Utilitarian Red earthenware sherds with brown glaze Ferrous Architectural Machine cut nails Ball clay Personal Pipe stem fragment HENDERSON Total: 17 artifacts Site H1 Despite intensive survey efforts, only four ceramic fragments dating from the mid to the late nineteenth century were recovered at Site H1. Based on artifact count and type, it is possible Site H1 represent an isolated dumping event as it would appear that the ceramics are all from the same vessel. Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 3

8 Site H2 The sample collection of artifacts retrieved at H2 represents a typical mid to late nineteenth century domestic, historic assemblage in rural Ontario. The dates of common use for refined white earthenware (RWE) tablewares range from the 1820s to the 1860s and for white ironstone from 1847 to the 1880s. The date range form machine cut nails is from the 1790s to the 1890s while Henderson pipes were manufactured from 1847 to Taking into consideration all of this data, it can be stated that Site H2 ranges in date from the 1850s to 1880s. The fallow fields and valleylands, totalling approximately 5.5 acres in size, were subjected to a test-pit survey at intervals of five metres, complying with the Archaeological Assessment Technical Guidelines (1993), published by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Recreation, now the Ministry of Culture. Shovel test-pit surveys are defined as excavating 30x30cm units at set intervals on a grid pattern in areas requiring this form of assessment. Approximately 880 test-pits were excavated to sterile subsoil depths of centimetres and the topsoil was screened through six-millimetre mesh in order to facilitate the recovery of artifacts. All testpits were backfilled (see Figure 3, Plate 12-15). Despite careful scrutiny, the test pit survey did not yield any archaeological resources within the study area limits. Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 4

9 Figure 3: Stage 2 archaeological assessment Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 5

10 3) Conclusions and Recommendations During the Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, located west of Jane Street and south of Highway 407, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, two historic sites were encountered (H1 and H2). As a result, it is recommended that: 1. Due to the late date and scarcity of material recovered from site H1, and the likelihood that it represents an isolated dumping event, further investigations are unlikely to yield any significant data about early pioneer settlement in the immediate area. Thus, no further archaeological concern is warranted for H1. 2. If site H2 cannot be protected from disturbance, further work at this site area should be undertaken to determine its limits and function and to gather a larger sample of artifacts. Further investigations should commence with a controlled surface collection (CSC) to determine the precise extent of the site. The CSC should then be followed by the excavation of a series of 1x1metre units, excavated to subsoil to identify the presence or absence of any cultural features and to determine the extent of deposits in the ploughzone. The placement of these units should be based on the location and frequency of surface artifacts and where discreet concentrations of artifact classes have been encountered. The soil from these units should be screened through 6mm mesh to facilitate artifact recovery. The results of the Stage 3 investigation will determine if further Stage 4 mitigations are necessary. 3. The remainder of the proposed construction area, as illustrated in Figure 3, be cleared of further archaeological concern. 4. This report is filed with the Minister of Culture in compliance with Section 65 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The ministry reviews reports to ensure that the licensee has met the terms and conditions of the licence and archaeological resources have been identified and documented according to the standards and guidelines set by the ministry, ensuring the conservation, protection and preservation of the heritage of Ontario. It is recommended that construction not proceed before receiving confirmation that the Ministry of Culture has entered the report into the provincial register of reports. 5. Should previously unknown or unassessed deeply buried archaeological resources be uncovered during development, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The office of the Heritage Operations Unit, Ministry of Culture ( ) should be contacted immediately. 6. Any person discovering human remains must immediately notify the office of the Heritage Operations Unit, Ministry of Culture ( ), the police or coroner, Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 6

11 and the Registrar of Cemeteries, Cemeteries Regulation Unit, Ministry of Government Services ( ). Under Section 6 of Regulation 881 of the Ontario Heritage Act, will, keep in safekeeping all objects of archaeological significance that are found and all field records that are made. 4) Bibliography Burke, Charles 1982 From Potter to Spoilheap: Temporal Ranges and Popularity of Nineteeth- Century Ceramics. MS on file, Canadian Parks Service, Ontario Regional Office, Cornwall. Chapman, L. J. and Putnam, D. F The Physiography of Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Government of Ontario: Toronto. Collard, Elizabeth 1967 Nineteenth-Century Pottery and Porcelain in Canada. McGill University Press, Montreal. Miles & Co Illustrated Historical Atlas of York County. Toronto. Murphy, James L Clay Pipes in the Upper Great Lakes: The Ermatinger Assemblage, by CS Paddy Reid and Reed Stem Tobacco Pipes from Point Pleasant, Clearmont Countuy, Ohio. Northeast Historical Archaeology. Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation (now the Ministry of Culture) 1997(revised 1998) Conserving a Future for our Past: Archaeology, Land Use Planning & Development in Ontario. An Educational Primer and Comprehensive Guide for Non-Specialists. Cultural Programs Branch, Archaeology & Heritage Planning Unit. Toronto. Ontario Ministry of Culture 2006 Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists. htm Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 7

12 Appendix A: Plates Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 8

13 Plate 1: Looking north at structures & driveway located within western half of study area Plate 2: Looking SW at structures located within western half of study area Plate 3: Looking south at structure & gravel laneway adjacent to ploughed cultivated fields in western half of study area Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 9

14 Plate 4: Looking at gravel laneway at southern boundary of study area Plate 5: Looking at structures located at north eastern section of study area Plate 6: Looking at structures and gravel driveway located within south eastern section of study area Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 10

15 Plate 7: Looking SE at culvert associated with Black Creek and raised grade of Jane Street Plate 8: Looking north at sloping terrain leading to Black Creek & surrounding floodplain/wetlands Plate 9: Looking NE at Black Creek and adjacent floodplain/wetlands Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 11

16 Plate 10: Looking west at pedestrian survey of agricultural fields Plate 11: Looking north at recently ploughed agricultural fields Plate 12: Looking east at test-pit survey within Black Creek floodplain Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 12

17 Plate 13: Looking east at test-pit survey surrounding existing structures on western half of study area Plate 14: Looking east at test-pit survey surrounding existing structures on western half of study area Plate 15: Looking SE at test-pit survey within Black Creek floodplain Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 13

18 Plate 16: Collection of artifacts recovered at Site H2 Plate 17: Collection of artifacts recovered at Site H1 Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 14

19 Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment Report: Richard Brown Historic Site (H2) Within part of Lot 2, Concession 5 City of Vaughan Regional Municipality of York Ontario Project #: 148-A Licencee/#: Kim Slocki PIF#: P August 2009 Presented to: AECOM 105 Commerce Valley Drive West, Floor 7 Markham, ON L3T 7W3 T: F: Prepared by: Yonge Street, Suite #1029 Newmarket, Ontario L3X 1X4 T: F:

20 Project Personnel: Project/Field Director: Kim Slocki Field Archaeologists: Julia De Decker Sarah De Decker Rob Dmytruk Adam Griffiths Jessica Lytle Lara McFadden Alvina Tam Report Preparation: Sarah De Decker Graphics: Sarah De Decker Ragavan Nithiyanatham Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station i

21 Contents Executive Summary Project Personnel Contents i ii iii Introduction 1 1. Stage 1 Summary 2 2. Stage 2 Summary Stage 3 Summary Material Culture Analysis Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography 16 Tables: Table 1: Abstract Index to Deeds for Lot 2, Con 5, Township of Vaughan 3-4 Table 2: Assessment Rolls for the Township of Vaughan 4 Table 3: Excavated Units at Richard Brown Site 7 Table 4: Ceramic Assemblage of the Richard Brown Site 12 Table 5: Historic Artifact Assemblage of the Richard Brown Site Figures: Figure 1: 1:50,000 Map Identifying Location of Study Area 1 Figure 2: Historical Map of Study Area 2 Figure 3: Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment 5 Figure 4: Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Richard Brown Site 8 Figure 5: Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Richard Brown Site 9 Figure 6: Limits of the Richard Brown Site overlaying the Draft Plan 10 Appendix A: Plates Appendix B: Artifact Catalogue Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station ii

22 INTRODUCTION was initially retained by AECOM, of Thornhill, Ontario to conduct a Stage 2 archaeological assessment for the proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, located west of Jane Street and south of Highway 407, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York (see Figure 1). The proposed subway station is part of the Toronto- York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) project; this subway to run north from Downsview Station to the Vaughan Corporate Centre. The recommended alignment of the subway extension begins at Dufferin Street, north of Sheppard Avenue, and runs generally northwest to Highway 7. The alignment will cross Black Creek, west of Jane Street, where the proposed Highway 407 Station is to be located. During the Stage 2 assessment, two Euro-Canadian historic sites were encountered: H1 and H2, for which further Stage 3 archaeological assessments were recommended for H2. Following the recommendation set forth within the Stage 2 assessment, was directly retained to complete the Stage 3 investigation of the historic H2 Site, now referred to as the Richard Brown Site (Figure 3). The Stage 3 archaeological assessment summarized herein was conducted under the project and field direction of Ms. Kim Slocki, archaeological licence P029, from June 8 th thru to 12 th, Permission to enter this study area, to collect artifactual remains and conduct field investigations, was granted on March 27, This study was conducted in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act (1990). Figure 1: 1:50,000 Map Identifying Location of Study Area (Bolton 30M/13) Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 1

23 1.0 Stage 1 Summary The pre-survey research, outlined in the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of (New Directions Archaeology Ltd., 2006), and specifically collected by has identified potential for the recovery of both Aboriginal archaeological remains and historic Euro-Canadian remains within undisturbed sections of the study area. This was based on the presence of already encountered, registered archaeological sites within close proximity to the study area, the bisection of Black Creek and the identification of two historic structures within the study area limits (see Figure 2). Thus, it was recommended that, due to this established archaeological potential, a Stage 2 archaeological assessment, following the Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2006), published by the Ministry of Culture, be undertaken in all undisturbed locations. Figure 2: Historical Map of Study Area: York County Atlas Stage 2 Summary The Stage 2 archaeological assessment, presented in the Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, Within Part of Lots 2 and 3, Concession 5, City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario (Archeoworks 2009), resulted in the identification of two nineteenth century Euro-Canadian historic sites, which were subsequently identified as sites H1 and H2; H1 located within the northeastern limit of the study area (UTM 17T: , ), and H2 situated within the Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 2

24 southeastern limits of the study area, approximately 30 metres west of Jane Street (UTM 17T: , ) (see Figure 3). While site H1 was not considered a significant archaeological resource, due to the late date and scarcity of material, the early 1850s to 1880s time frame of Site H2 warranted the need for further Stage 3 investigations. Given the discovery of mid nineteenth century historic artifacts encountered at Site H2, historical research was undertaken at the Archives of Ontario, Vaughan Archives, and the York Land Registry Office No. 65 to try to connect this site with former occupants. Background research established that the original Crown Land Patent for 200 acres in Lot 2, Concession 2, was granted to King s College on January 3 rd, 1828 who, in 1837, sold all 190 acres to James Brown (see Table 1). James Brown sold 60 and 130 acres to Richard Brown in 1848 and 1849, respectively. While this 190 acres in the east half (E ½), changes hands over the years with individuals within and outside the Brown family, the E ½ of Lot 2 stays predominately within the Brown family until As Site H2 ranges in date from the 1850s to the 1880s, and is entirely located within the E ½ of Lot 2, it can be assumed that the encountered artifacts belonged to the Brown family. Furthermore, the 1878 Historical Atlas of York County confirms that the Brown family owns the property associated with the study area. Table 1: Abstract Index to Deeds for Lot 2, Con 5, Township of Vaughan Its Date Date of Reg Grantor Grantee Consid. Land Quantity 3 Jan 1828 King s College 200 ac. all 14 Aug Jul 1837 King s College James Brown ac. 18 Jul Oct 1848 James Brown Richard Brown 375 West part 60 ac. 16 Nov Nov 1849 James Brown Richard Brown 500 East part 130 ac. 6 Jul Jul 1866 Richard Brown Joseph Brown 5/- All land lying north of line by P.S. Gibson 6 Dec Dec 1869 Richard Brown Catherine Foy et al 700 West ½ 95 ac 8 Feb Feb 1876 Catherine Foy et al Richard Brown 700 West ½ 95 ac Feb Feb 1876 Richard Brown rt Mary Strong 1000 W ½ 95 ac ux 23 Nov Dec 1877 Richard Brown Catherine Foy et al 200 W ½ of E ½ & Way 4 Mar Mar 1878 Richard Brown Catherine Foy et al 200 W ½ of E ½ & Way 11 Nov Nov 1878 Richard Brown James J Foy (Trustee) 900 W ½ of E 1/2 & pts 12 Nov Nov 1878 Catherine Foy et al Richard Brown 200 W ½ of E ½ & Way 12 Nov Nov 1878 Catherine Foy et al Richard Brown 200 W ½ of E ½ & Way Jan Jan 1879 Richard Brown et ux Catherine Foy et al 1500 E ½ of E ½ 50 ac. 11 Nov Nov 1879 Richard Brown et ux James Crowther 3500 E ½ of W ½ SM 15 Nov Nov 1879 James Crowther Sophia B Ross 3500 E ½ of W ½ Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 3

25 SM 10 Nov Nov 1879 Catherine Foy et al Richard Brown 1500 E ½ of E ½ 50 ac Nov Nov 1879 James J Foy Richard Brown 900 W ½ of E ½ & pts Feb Feb 1881 Richard Brown et Sophia B Ross 1500 E ½ of W ½ ux 15 Sept Oct 1884 Sophia B Ross Exrx Charles G Ross E ½ of W ½ SM 15 Sept Oct 1884 Sophia B Ross Exrx Charles G Ross E ½ of W ½ SM 11 Jan Jan 1887 Richard Brown et James Crowther 600 E ½ of W ½ ux 26 Feb Mar 1889 Richard Brown et ux Charles G Ross 7500 E ½ 100 ac & W ½ 4 Mar Mar 1889 Charles G Ross Richard Brown 3500 E ½ of W ½ Mar Mar 1889 Mary Fuller Richard Brown 1000 W ½ Mar Mar 1889 Charles G Ross Richard Brown 1500 E ½ & W ½ Mar Mar 2889 James Crowther et al Exrs. Richard Brown 600 E ½ & W ½ Mar Sept 1891 Charles G Ross Richard Brown 7500 E ½ & W ½ 4975 The Assessment Rolls provide greater detail into who lived or worked on the site, their profession, and how they used the land, though they provide little structural data. For the purposes of archaeological research, profession, land use and structure data can place discoveries into context (see Table 2). The Assessment Rolls for indicate that Richard Brown and his relatives lived and farmed on the land, with the 1878 Atlas map indicating two structures in the eastern portion of the study area (see Figure 2), one of them corresponding to historic H2 Site. Table 2: Assessment Rolls for the Township of Vaughan* Name Occupation Con. Lot Acres Acres Year Cleared Richard Brown Richard Brown Richard Brown Yeoman Richard Brown John Annings Yeoman 5, East part Abraham Winger Yeoman 5, East part *Assessments rolls from , were not evaluated due to their absence within the Ontario Archives, Vaughan Archives, and the York Land Registry Office No. 65 Due to the historical significance of the historic site H2, and given that the option of protecting the site was not available to AECOM, the H2 site, now referred to as the Richard Brown Site, was subjected to a Stage 3 archaeological assessment conducted by, the results of which are reported below. Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 4

26 Figure 3: Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 5

27 3.0 Stage 3 Assessment The Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site was conducted from June 8 th thru June 12 th, The weather throughout the investigations varied from overcast and drizzling conditions to sunny. The relocation of Richard Brown Site was based on existing Stage 2 knowledge and the presence of artifacts located on the surface of an open agricultural field. Upon relocation of the site, a datum ( stake) was established and a grid system superimposed over the scatter location (UTM Reading 17T: , ) (see Plate 1). This was subsequently followed by a Controlled Surface Collection (CSC) within the ploughed agricultural field. In total, 24 one-metre units were excavated within and surrounding the high surface artifact concentration, which proceeded systematically outward as to define the limits of the site (see Figure 4). The soil fills were screened through six-millimetre wire mesh to facilitate artifact recovery and all units were excavated to sterile subsoil (see Plate 2). Once the excavation of each unit was complete, the units were filled back in. Details of the screening are listed below. The entire area tested by unit excavations measured approximately 35 x 30 metres. A total material culture assemblage of 604 historic artifacts was recovered from the Controlled Surface Collection (CSC) and the excavation of the 24 one-metre units. The stratigraphy of the undisturbed units consisted of a loamy plough zone, ranging from 14 to 56 centimetres in depth, overlying sandy loam to clay loam subsoil. Artifact frequencies ranged from zero to 96 artifacts with all artifacts distributed throughout the topsoil layer (see Table 3). Cultural features were encountered in units and and Units , and yielded a total of four pieces of Native lithic debitage. Due to the absences of additional Aboriginal artifacts on the surface of the ploughed agricultural field and scarcity within the excavated test units, further insight into the history and evolution of the Aboriginal people inhabiting these lands by way of additional archaeological investigations is unlikely. As such, no further archaeological concerns have been recommended for the Native material recovered. A catalogue of both surface finds and test-unit yields is located below in Appendix B. Significant disturbances were encountered along the eastern boundary of the site area resulting from gravel fill associated with a gas line and the adjacent storm water management pond. After the disturbance along the eastern boundary was encountered in one test-unit unit , the extent of this disturbance long the eastern boundary of the site was confirmed by additional test-pits extending north, south, and east for approximately 20 metres from the aforementioned unit (see Plate 3, Figure 5). Thus, based on the data obtained through the excavation of 24 one-metre units, the dispersion of surface artifacts, and the physiography and disturbance evident at the site, the limits of the site area are defined as follows: to the north, south and west by low artifact counts, and to the east by the gravel fill disturbance associated with a gas line and storm water management pond (see Figure 6). Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 6

28 Table 3: Excavated Units at Richard Brown Site UNIT # ARTIFACT COUNT DEPTH FEATURES UNIT SIZE No 1m No 1m No 1m No 1m No 1m (1 Native) 24 No 1m No 1m No 1m No 1m No 1m No 1m Yes 1m No 1m (1 Native) 28 No 1m (2 Native) 29 No 1m No 1m No 1m No 1m No 1m Yes 1m No 1m No 1m No 1m No 1m CSC TOTAL Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 7

29 Figure 4: Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Richard Brown Site Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 8

30 Figure 5: Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Richard Brown Site Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 9

31 Figure 6: Limits of the Richard Brown Site overlaying the Draft Plan Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 10

32 4.0 Material Culture Analysis A total of 604 artifacts were recovered during the Stage 3 archaeological assessment at the Richard Brown site from the CSC and the 1m x 1m units. All of the artifacts were from the historic period except four pieces of Native lithic debitage on a grey glacial till chert. The debitage consisted of three thinning flakes and a piece of shatter possibly from the reduction sequence of a single tool (see Plate 4). One of the thinning flakes and the piece of shatter came from unit Another of the thinning flakes (from unit ) had some retouch on one end and may have been a utilized flake while the other thinning flake, which was broken came from unit The small size of the assemblage from the Stage 3 (under 10 lithic fragments per 1 m x 1 m unit) indicates that this lithic scatter is too small and diffuse to be archaeologically significant and does not warrant Stage 4 mitigation. Of the 600 historic period artifacts 408 (68%) were vessel ceramics, 94 (15%) were architectural items and 80 (13%) were vessel glass. A few personal items (7-1%) related to clothing and smoking pipes were also found. The architectural items were dominated by nails (75) of which most, were machine cut (61), a number of wrought nails (11) were also found along with only two wire nails. The presence of the wrought nails does not on its own indicate an early 19th century occupation of the site as wrought nails are often found in small numbers on rural sites as late as the 1880s. However the lack of wire nails, which are common by the 1890s indicates that the site was likely abandoned in the late nineteenth century. Pane glass accounted for 16 pieces of glass and further indicates the presence of a building on the site. Other architectural items identified include an iron window shim, a wood screw and a brass plate either from a small padlock or a keyhole cover from a door lock. The lack of brick fragments or mortar from the site likely indicates that the structure was heated with a wood stove and was constructed of wood. The ceramic assemblage was dominated by coarse earthenwares, vitrified white earthenware and white-bodied stoneware (ironstone) (see Plate 5). The latter two body types mainly occurred in the white graniteware decorative form. At least eight different moulded graniteware vessels were noted in the assemblage compared to two plain white graniteware ones. It can be presumed that most of the plain graniteware sherds actually come from moulded vessels. At least five coarse earthenware vessels were noted including two cream pans and a kitchen pot. Of the refined earthenwares and stonewares (241) 88% were plain or moulded white graniteware. Spongeware was the next most common decorative type accounting for 7% of the assemblage. A few sherds of hand painted (3), industrial slipware (2), transfer print (5) and flow blue (2) were the only other decorated refined sherds. Some yellow ware was also found mostly decorated with a Rockingham glaze and likely coming from a single dish/bowl. Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 11

33 Table 4: Ceramic Assemblage of the Richard Brown Site Ware Type # % Decoration # % coarse red earthenware % plain (white graniteware) % stoneware 5 1% moulded (white graniteware) 18 7% refined white earthenware 17 4% hand painted 3 1% vitrified white earthenware % industrial slipware 2 1% white ironstone 85 21% spongeware 16 7% yellow ware 12 3% transfer print 5 2% transfer print: flow 2 1% Total % % The ceramics indicate an occupation of the site from the sometime in the 1860s to the 1880s. The domination of the ceramic assemblage by moulded white graniteware indicates a post 1865 occupation of the site. The findings of the excavations of the John D. Leonard site (BbGd-17) dating from and the 1865 burn layer at the Market Square (BbGc-88) in Kingston indicate that white graniteware up until the late 1860s was mostly plain or simply moulded and that the wheat pattern, although registered in 185? was not yet popular. As most of the ceramics found at the site have broad ranges of manufacture from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century the dating of the site is implied more from the absence of ceramic types than their presence. On a site from the 1890s one would expect to find semi-porcelain, bone china, Japanese porcelain, decal printed wares, which are all absent from the site. Certainly the cost of these ceramic types may have excluded them from the assemblage as the lack of middle class ceramic types such as transfer printing indicates that this site was frugal out of either choice or necessity. However, a lack of machine made bottles and the paucity of wire nails also implies that the site was abandoned before the end of the 19th century. Sites dating from the 1850s would be expected to have blue edged wares with unscalloped rims and simple repetitive patterns such as chicken foot. Also refined white earthenwares should be much more prevalent on a site from the 1850s and the popular decorations of that period spongeware, industrial slipware, late palette hand painted, pale transfer prints and flow blue. Unfortunately no marked pieces of ceramic were recovered to aid in the dating of the site. Two Prosser (white porcelain) four hole buttons were recovered during the Stage 3 along with a ferrous alloy four hole button (see Plate 6). These along with a brass toe/heel plate from a shoe represented the clothing related artifacts recovered (see Plate 6). Prosser buttons were first made c but remained popular into the 20th century. Table 5: Historic Artifact Assemblage of the Richard Brown Site Artifact Class Artifact Type # by class # by type % of total Faunal (food) 7 1% Architectural 94 16% wrought nails 11 cut nails 62 10% wire nails 2 pane glass 16 3% wood screw 1 window shim 1 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 12

34 lock part 1 Ceramics (vessel) % Clothing/Adornment 4 <1% Prosser button 2 ferrous 4 hole 1 shoe part 1 Smoking pipe fragments 3 3 <1% Vessel Glass 80 13% blue-green 1 clear 7 dark-green 4 green 1 Miscellaneous Metal scrap sheet 3 finial 1 Total Based on the historic period assemblage the site appears to have been occupied from the period c s, the inhabitants of the Richard Brown Site of modest economic resources, living very much the life of the average early settler in Canada West. Due to the early component of this site and, thus, the archaeological significance it represents because of its early time frame and belonging to just one family, it is recommended that the Richard Brown site proceed immediately to a Stage 4 investigation. Owing to past ploughing of the site area and the high potential for the location of intact subsurface features, the Stage 4 mitigations should focus on block excavation around the identified midden area; the midden area including and immediately adjacent to unit Upon the identification of the limits of the midden, the remainder of the site area should be stripped of its topsoil using a Gradall machine or back hoe with a smooth bucket, to full expose and document any cultural features present. Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 13

35 5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations From June 8 th thru to June 12 th, 2009, undertook the Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Euro-Canadian site: Richard Brown Site, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. The overall site assemblage, and the ceramic assemblage in particular, recovered during the Stage 3 archaeological work conducted on the Richard Brown Site exhibit trends that are in keeping with the documented dates of popularity and production for the various artifacts collected on site, and support the documented dates of occupation from the 1860s to 1880s. On the basis of the results of the completed Stage 3 assessment, the following recommendations are submitted to the Ministry of Culture (MCL): 1. The Richard Brown Site should immediately proceed to a Stage 4 archaeological assessment, to mitigate impacts posed by construction activities. The excavation strategy should consist of block excavation adjacent to unit , proceeding north, south, and west until the limits of the midden is completely identified. Following the identification of the limits of the midden, the remainder of the site area should be stripped of its topsoil using a Gradall machine or back hoe with a smooth bucket, to locate any subsurface settlement pattern features. This work must be monitored by a licenced archaeologist, who can properly guide depth of soil removal. All identified archaeological features should be mapped using tape measure and transit and recorded relative to the grid established during the Stage 3 investigations. All archaeological features and cultural deposits should be hand-shovel excavated in their entirety, with profile drawings made during the course of excavation. All feature fills and cultural deposits should be screened through 6mm mesh in order to facilitate artifact recovery, with the exception of any samples reserved for floatation analysis. Soil samples should be taken for floatation analysis where appropriate. A thorough photographic record of on-site investigations should be maintained. Finally, a report documenting the methods and results of excavation and laboratory analysis, together with an artifact inventory, all necessary cartographic and photographic documentation should be produced in accordance with the licencing requirements of the Ministry of Culture. 2. This report is filed with the Ministry of Culture in compliance with Section 65 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The ministry reviews reports to ensure that the licensee has met the terms and conditions of the licence and archaeological resources have been identified and documented according to the standards and guidelines set by the ministry, ensuring the conservation, protection and preservation of the heritage of Ontario. It is recommended that development not proceed before receiving confirmation that the Ministry of Culture has entered the report into the provincial register of reports. 3. Should previously unknown or unassessed deeply buried archaeological resources be uncovered during development, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 14

36 compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The office of the Heritage Operations Unit, Ministry of Culture ( ) should be contacted immediately. 4. Any person discovering human remains must immediately notify the office of the Heritage Operations Unit, Ministry of Culture ( ), the police or coroner, and the Registrar of Cemeteries, Cemeteries Regulation Unit, Ministry of Government Services ( ). Under Section 6 of Regulation 881 of the Ontario Heritage Act, will, keep in safekeeping all objects of archaeological significance that are found and all field records that are made. Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 15

37 6.0 Bibliography 2009 Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, Within Part of Lots 2 and 3, Concession 5, City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. Newmarket. Burke, Charles 1982 From Potter to Spoilheap: Temporal Ranges and Popularity of Nineteeth- Century Ceramics. MS on file, Canadian Parks Service, Ontario Regional Office, Cornwall. Chapman, L. J. and Putnam, D. F The Physiography of Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Government of Ontario: Toronto. Collard, Elizabeth 1967 Nineteenth-Century Pottery and Porcelain in Canada. McGill University Press, Montreal. Miles & Co Illustrated Historical Atlas of York County. Toronto. Murphy, James L Clay Pipes in the Upper Great Lakes: The Ermatinger Assemblage, by CS Paddy Reid and Reed Stem Tobacco Pipes from Point Pleasant, Clearmont Countuy, Ohio. Northeast Historical Archaeology. Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation (now the Ministry of Culture) 1997(revised 1998) Conserving a Future for our Past: Archaeology, Land Use Planning & Development in Ontario. An Educational Primer and Comprehensive Guide for Non-Specialists. Cultural Programs Branch, Archaeology & Heritage Planning Unit. Toronto. Ontario Ministry of Culture 2006 Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists. al.htm Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 16

38 APPENDIX A: PLATES Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 17

39 Plate 1: Establishing the grid across the H2 site area Plate 2: Stage 3 unit excavation and screening for artifacts Plate 3: Test-pit survey at reduced intervals to determine extent of disturbance Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 18

40 Plate 4: Prehistoric lithic debitage from the historic H2 Site (Gromoff 2009) Plate 5: Typical ceramics from the historic H2 Site - A) Coarse red earthenware cream pan base, B) Moulded white graniteware cup rims, C) Rockingham glazed yellowware dish rim, D) Coarse red earthenware cream pan base, E) Blue spongeware saucer rim (Gromoff 2009) Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 19

41 Plate 6: Special finds from the historic H2 Site - A) Prosser button, B) brass toe/heel plate, C) lock part (Gromoff 2009) Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 20

42 APPENDIX B: ARTIFACT CATALOGUE Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 21

43 Unit Material Class Type Variety Item Portion # Notes CSC ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware fragment 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown cream pan base 1 ceramic coarse grey stoneware glazed:clear lead container body 1 Albany Slip interior kitchenware body 1 ceramic coarse cream stoneware ceramic refined white earthenware sponge: stamped red hollowware body ceramic vitrified white earthenware transferprint: black unid pattern unid microfragment 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain plate base 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain plate body 4 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid microfragment 5 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain plate rim 3 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid rimlet 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware moulded:unid plate rim 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain flatware base 6 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain hollowware footring 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain cup rim 1 burnt ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain saucer rim 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:unid cup base 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:grapevine flatware body 2 1 burnt ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:grapevine cup rim 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:wheat plate rim 1 glass vessel glass clear container shoulder 1 glass vessel glass clear: dull container body 1 glass vessel glass pale blue green turn paste mould bottle neck 2 c :505 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 3 glass pane glass clear thick window shard 1 metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 1 finishing nail 294:497 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 1 metal iron machine made:cut nail complete 1 framing nail Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 22

44 294:519 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware fragment 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 4 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: caramel kitchenware spall 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware microfragment 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: dark brown kitchenware spall 1 glazed: greenbrown glazed both sides kitchenware body 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware ceramic coarse cream stoneware glazed:clear lead glazed both sides container body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware transferprint: blue unid unid spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid microfragment 4 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 4 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid handle 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain flatware base 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 4 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:wheat cup rim 1 glass vessel glass clear bottle base 1 glass vessel glass clear turn paste mould container body 1 c glass vessel glass clear moulded glass vessel glass clear:burnt container base 1 glass vessel glass pale blue green turn paste mould container body 1 c glass vessel glass olive mould blown oval bottle body 1 gin bottle glass vessel glass olive: orange peel mould blown bottle base 1 glass vessel glass manganese glass bottle base 1 c glass pane glass clear thick window shard 1 glass pane glass clear thin window fragment 1 metal iron wrought nail incomplete 1 framing nail metal iron wrought nail incomplete 1 finishing nail metal iron machine made:cut nail complete 1 finishing nail metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 2 framing nail metal iron machine made:wire nail incomplete 1 framing nail glass vessel glass clear hazy bottle base 1 298:510 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware fragment 1 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 23

45 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware spall 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware rim 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:stamped blue hollow ware spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 3 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain flatware base 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid fragment 1 glass vessel glass clear unid body 1 glass or fine bottle glass vessel glass olive liquor bottle body 1 metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 2 framing nail stone chert Huronia Chert thinning flake 1 stone chert Huronia Chert shatter 1 299:504 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware fragment 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware body 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware body 1 burnt ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:dark brown kitchenware spall 1 ceramic coarse red-brown stoneware Albany slip 2 sides moulded unid body 1 leaf mould ceramic refined white earthenware glazed:clear lead unid spall 3 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 5 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 2 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 1 burnt ceramic yellow ware glazed:clear lead unid body 1 faunal bone:mammal ungulate butchered food chop/steak 1 glass vessel glass clear unid body 2 glass or fine bottle glass vessel glass clear unid microfragment 1 glass vessel glass pale blue-green container base 1 glass vessel glass pale blue-green container body 2 glass pane glass clear window fragment 2 glass unid glass clear: melted unid body 1 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 24

46 metal iron machine made:cut framing nail incomplete 6 3 with heads metal iron rolled 1.25 inch wide strap fragment 1 300:494 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware spall 1 ceramic refined white earthenware glazed:clear lead unid spall 4 ceramic refined white earthenware sponged:blue unid spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 3 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 2 faunal bone:mammal unid calcined unid microfragment 1 glass vessel glass pale green container fragment 1 glass vessel glass olive container fragment 1 glass vessel glass manganese (pink) container fragment 1 glass pane glass clear window microfragment 1 metal iron machine made:cut framing nail incomplete 2 metal iron machine made:cut lathe nail complete 1 metal iron machine made:cut lathe nail incomplete 1 stone chert Huronia Chert thinning flake incomplete 1 301:485 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel cream pan base 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware body 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid rim 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:wheat cup rim 1 faunal bone:mammal large ungulate vertebra incomplete 1 vertical body mould sauce bottle finish 1 seam to lip: glass vessel glass pale blue-green metal iron machine made:cut framing nail incomplete 2 metal iron machine made:cut lathe nail incomplete 1 301:504 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 3 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 4 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware spall 4 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 25

47 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware microspall 5 ceramic refined white earthenware flow blue unid microspall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid body 2 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid footring 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid microspall 3 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid rimspall 2 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 4 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 1 ceramic yellow ware Rockingham unid microfragment 1 glass vessel glass clear unid fragment 1 glass or fine bottle glass vessel glass clear unid body 2 glass vessel glass pale green container body 3 glass vessel glass olive vertical body mould gin bottle body 1 glass pressed clear ribbed flatware body 1 glass pane glass clear window shard 1 metal iron wrought nail incomplete 1 metal iron machine made:cut framing nail incomplete 2 301:506 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware fragment 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 5 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware fragment 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware spall 4 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware rim 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware spall 5 ceramic refined white earthenware sponged:stamped blue hollowware rimspall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 8 ceramic vitrified white earthenware delaminated unid body 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid fragment 2 ceramic yellow ware glazed:clear lead unid rimlet 1 glass vessel glass clear unid body 1 glass or fine bottle glass vessel glass olive liquor bottle body 1 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 26

48 stone chert Huronia Chert thinning flake 1 retouched 305:514 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid fragment 1 glass vessel glass brown container body 1 metal iron wrought nail incomplete 1 metal iron machine made:cut framing nail incomplete 1 306:490 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware body 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware body 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:dark brown kitchenware body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware industrial slipware banded (grey) unid spall 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid spall 3 ceramic white ball clay decorated shell pattern smoking pipe bowl frag 1 glass vessel glass clear unid body 1 metal iron wrought rosehead nail complete 1 framing metal iron wrought nail incomplete 1 metal iron machine made:cut framing nail incomplete 3 framing 307:500 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware body 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:dark brown kitchenware spall 3 ceramic refined white earthenware glazed:clear lead unid spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid microspall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware overglaze painted red unid microfragment 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded hollowware body 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded cup rim 1 ceramic refined yellow stoneware glazed:clear lead container base 1 glass vessel glass pale green patinated container microfragment 1 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 27

49 glass vessel glass pale green melted container body 1 glass pressed glass clear tableware body 1 glass pane glass clear window shard 1 metal iron machine made:cut nail complete 1 framing metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 1 framing metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 2 lathe metal iron stamped four hole button complete 1 corroded 308:484 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware body 1 ceramic refined white earthenware glazed:clear lead moulded unid spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid fragment 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain flatware brim 1 ceramic yellow ware Rockingham fragment 1 faunal bone:mammal ungulate butchered unid 1 glass vessel glass clear unid microfragment 1 glass or fine bottle glass pressed glass clear sunburst tableware body 1 309:498 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware fragment 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware fragment 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: dark brown kitchenware spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware transferprint: black unid pattern unid microfragment 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 4 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain hollowware body 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain hollowware microfragment 2 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:unid pitcher handle 3 ceramic porcelain Prosser 4 hole button complete 1 glass vessel glass clear square bottle base 1 glass vessel glass pale blue green turn paste mould container body 1 c glass vessel glass pale green turn paste mould container body 1 c glass vessel glass dark green mould blown bottle body 1 flat sided gin bottle Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 28

50 glass pane glass clear thin window fragment 1 metal iron wrought nail incomplete 1 framing nail metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 3 framing nail metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 1 finishing nail metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 1 lathe nail metal iron machine made:wire nail complete 1 finishing nail 309:502 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel cream pan base 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 2 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded: unid plate rim 1 glass vessel glass clear unid fragment 2 glass or fine bottle glass vessel glass clear container body 2 glass vessel glass pale blue-green vertical mould blown container body 1 metal iron wrought flathead nail complete 1 1 inch metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 2 framing metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 1 finishing metal iron machine made:cut nail complete 1 lathe metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 1 lathe 309:507 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 2 glass vessel glass clear container body 1 glass pane glass pale aqua window shard 1 311:500 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 7 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware microspall 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware body 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware spall 6 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware body 1 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 29

51 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:dark brown kitchen pot rim 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:dark brown kitchenware spall 3 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware body 3 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware fragment 3 ceramic refined white earthenware glazed:clear lead unid spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid rimlet 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 2 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid microspall 6 ceramic vitrified white earthenware hand painted late palette: red hollowware spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:blue unid spall 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain flatware base 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 1 blue tinge ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 1 burnt ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid spall 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:wheat cup body 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:wheat saucer rim 1 ceramic yellow ware Rockingham hollowware spall 1 large spall ceramic porcelain Prosser 4 hole button complete 1 glass vessel glass clear container body 2 glass vessel glass pale blue-green container body 2 glass vessel glass pale blue-green container rim 1 glass vessel glass brown container body 1 metal brass tooled toe/heel plate complete 1 metal iron wrought nail shaft 1 framing metal iron machine made:cut nail complete 2 framing metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 2 framing metal iron machine made:cut nail complete 1 lathe 313:498 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 3 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware body 1 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 30

52 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware microspall 3 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware body 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 3 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:dark brown kitchenware body 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:dark brown kitchenware spall 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware spall 3 ceramic refined white earthenware glazed:clear lead unid body 2 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 6 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid microspall 3 ceramic vitrified white earthenware hand painted late palette hollowware body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware hand painted late palette hollowware spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:blue hollowware body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:stamped hollowware body 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid fragment 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid spall 2 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware moulded:unid cup rim 1 burnt ceramic yellow ware Rockingham unid body 2 ceramic white ball clay undecorated smoking pipe bowl frag 1 ceramic white ball clay undecorated smoking pipe stem 1 glass vessel glass clear container body 2 glass vessel glass pale blue-green container base 1 glass vessel glass pale blue-green container body 2 metal iron machine made:cut nail complete 2 framing metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 3 framing 313:506 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchen pot spall 1 large spall ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware base 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 3 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:dark brown kitchenware spall 1 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 31

53 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware spall 2 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 3 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid microspall 4 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged: stamped hollowware rimlet 1 glass vessel glass clear container body 1 glass vessel glass pale blue-green container body 2 glass vessel glass pale blue-green milk bottle finish 1 glass vessel glass dark-green bottle fragment 1 glass pane glass clear window fragment 2 metal ferrous alloy stamped shield shaped lock part complete 1 key hole cover metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 1 framing 314:500 ceramic coarse buff earthenware glazed:grey-brown hollowware body 2 mend ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:clear lead kitchenware spall 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed: brown kitchenware body 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:caramel kitchenware spall 2 ceramic coarse red earthenware glazed:dark brown kitchenware body 1 ceramic coarse red earthenware delaminated kitchenware spall 1 ceramic coarse red-brown stoneware Albany slip 2 sides hollowware body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid body 2 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 3 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid microspall 3 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware unid rimlet 7 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:black unid microbody 2 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:blue teaware body 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:blue teaware rim 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:blue teaware spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:blue teaware microspall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:stamped unid microspall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware transferprint:brown willow flatware body 2 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain flatware base 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain hollowware base 2 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 32

54 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid body 8 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain plate rim 2 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid rimspall 2 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid spall 5 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid microspall 3 ceramic white bodied stoneware flow blue unid body 1 ceramic yellow ware Rockingham dish rim 2 ceramic yellow ware Rockingham dish spall 3 faunal bone:mammal ungulate long bone fragment 2 faunal bone:mammal ungulate tooth incomplete 1 glass vessel glass clear container body 2 glass vessel glass clear unid microfragment 1 glass or fine bottle glass vessel glass pale blue-green container body 2 glass vessel glass pale blue-green moulded printing panel bottle body 1 glass vessel glass dark-green liquor bottle body 3 glass pane glass clear window fragment 4 metal ferrous alloy machine made finial complete 1 7mm diam metal iron wrought nail shaft 2 metal iron machine made:cut nail complete 1 framing metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 5 framing metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 1 finishing metal iron machine made:cut nail complete 1 lathe metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 2 lathe metal iron cut unid 1 window shim? metal iron rolled unid scraps 2 315:490 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid rim 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware white graniteware plain unid spall 1 ceramic vitrified white earthenware sponged:blue unid base 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware white graniteware plain unid spall 1 ceramic white bodied stoneware industrial slipware hollowware microbody 1 glass vessel glass clear moulded container body 1 Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 33

55 glass vessel glass brown container body 1 metal iron machine made:cut nail incomplete 1 framing metal iron machine made wood screw complete inches Stage 3 AA of the Richard Brown Site within Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station 34

56 Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (AA) of: The Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station Within part of Lots 2 and 3, Concession 5 City of Vaughan Regional Municipality of York Ontario Project #: 148-A Licencee/#: Kim Slocki/P029 CIF#: P July 2009 Presented to: AECOM 105 Commerce Valley Drive West, Floor 7 Markham, ON L3T 7W3 T: F: Prepared by: Yonge Street, Suite #1029 Newmarket, ON L3X 1X4 T: F:

57 Executive Summary was initially retained by AECOM, of Thornhill, Ontario to conduct a Stage 2 archaeological assessment for the proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, located west of Jane Street and south of Highway 407, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York (see Figure 1). The proposed subway station is part of the Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) project; this subway to run north from Downsview Station to the Vaughan Corporate Centre. The recommended alignment of the subway extension begins at Dufferin Street, north of Sheppard Avenue, and runs generally northwest to Highway 7. The alignment will cross Black Creek, west of Jane Street, where the proposed Highway 407 Station is to be located. Pre-survey research, generally outlined in the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of (New Directions Archaeology Ltd., 2006), and specifically collected by has identified potential for the recovery of both Aboriginal archaeological remains and historic Euro-Canadian remains within undisturbed sections of the study area. This was based on the presence of already encountered, registered archaeological sites within close proximity to the study area, the bisection of Black Creek and the identification of two historic structures within the study area limits. During the Stage 2 archaeological assessment, observed disturbances measuring approximately 2.5 acres in size and consisting of existing house structures, associated garages and outbuildings, and driveways were not surveyed due to their low archaeological potential classification. Furthermore, physiographic factors negatively affecting potential included steeply sloping terrain adjacent to Black Creek and the watercourse itself; these areas also not surveyed due to its low archaeological potential classification. The undisturbed areas, comprised of 19.5 acres of open agricultural fields and approximately 5.5 acres of fallow fields and valleylands were subjected to pedestrian and test-pit survey as appropriate, complying with the Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2006), published by the Ministry of Culture. During the pedestrian survey, two historic scatters were encountered and identified as H1 (UTM 17T: , ) and H2 (UTM 17T: , ). No additional archaeological resources were encountered during the test-pit survey. Due to the early date of the H2 (1850s-1880s) site and its ability to inform upon the early settlement of the region, further Stage 3 investigations should be undertaken prior to the commencement of construction activities. Due to the scarce resources recovered from site H1 and the late date of the material, no further archaeological investigations are recommended for the H1 site area. Therefore, with the exception of the H2 site area, the study area can be considered free of further archaeological concern. Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan i

58 Project Personnel: Project/Field Director: Kim Slocki Field Archaeologists: Julia De Decker Sarah De Decker Adam Griffiths Alvina Tam Report Preparation: Sarah De Decker Graphics: Sarah De Decker Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan ii

59 Contents Executive Summary Project Personnel Contents i ii iii Introduction 1 1. Stage 1 Summary 2 2. Stage 2 Field Assessment Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography 7 Tables: Table 1: H1 Historic Artifact Inventory Pedestrian survey 3 Table 2: H2 Historic Artifact Inventory Pedestrian survey 3 Figures: Figure 1: 1:50,000 Map Identifying Location of Study Area 1 Figure 2: Historical Map of Study Area 2 Figure 3: Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment 5 Appendix A: Plates Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan iii

60 Introduction was initially retained by AECOM, of Thornhill Ontario to conduct a Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, located west of Jane Street and south of Highway 407, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York (see Figure 1). This site forms part of the Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) project, which is proposed to run north from Downsview Station to the Vaughan Corporate Centre; the recommended alignment of the subway extension beginning at Dufferin Street, north of Sheppard Avenue, and running generally northwest to Highway 7. The subway extension will cross Black Creek, west of Jane Street, where the proposed Highway 407 Station is to be located. The Stage 2 assessment, reported herein, was conducted under the project direction of Ms. Kim Slocki, in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act (1990) under an archaeological consulting licence (P029). Permission to enter the subject lands, and to collect any artifactual, material, was granted on December 4 th, Figure 1: 1:50,000 Map Identifying Location of Study Area (Bolton 30M/13) Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 1

61 1) Stage 1 Summary The pre-survey research, outlined in the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of (New Directions Archaeology Ltd., 2006), and specifically collected by has identified potential for the recovery of both Aboriginal archaeological remains and historic Euro-Canadian remains within undisturbed sections of the study area. This was based on the presence of already encountered, registered archaeological sites within close proximity to the study area, the bisection of Black Creek and the identification of two historic structures within the study area limits (see Figure 2). Thus, it was recommended that, due to this established archaeological potential, a Stage 2 archaeological assessment, following the Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2006), published by the Ministry of Culture, be undertaken in all undisturbed locations. The results of our Stage 2 survey are listed below. Figure 2: Historical Map of Study Area: York County Atlas ) Stage 2 Field Assessment The Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the study area, illustrated in Figure 3, was undertaken on April 20-22, 2009 and on May 22 nd, The weather during the Stage 2 investigations was overcast with temperatures reaching 10ºC during April, but reached approximately 15 ºC on May 22 nd. Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 2

62 The study area is primarily rural in condition, consisting of open agricultural fields, fallow fields and valley lands. Observed disturbances consisted of existing house structures, associated garages and outbuildings, and driveways; all of these areas classified as low in archaeological potential (see Figure 3, see Plates 1-6). Also affecting archaeological potential were physiographic factors, including steeply sloping terrain surrounding Black Creek and the watercourse itself (see Plates 7-9). Due to the low archaeological potential classification of all of these areas listed above, totalling approximately 2.5 acres in size, systematic survey was not warranted nor was it undertaken. The open agricultural fields, totalling 19.5 acres in size, were subjected to pedestrian survey at intervals of five metres, complying with the Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2006), published by the Ministry of Culture. The fields had been recently ploughed and weathered and were assessed to have % visibility (see Plates 10-11). During the survey, two historic scatters, both located just west of Jane Street, were encountered and identified as H1 (UTM 17T: , ) and H2 (UTM 17T: , ). Once each historic scatter was encountered, survey intervals were reduced to a halfmetre, for a radius of 15 metres around each surface find. All artifacts encountered during our Stage 2 assessment in the field were collected (see Plates 16-17). Catalogues of the historic finds for each site have been provided in Tables 1-2 and a description of the sites finds is listed below. Table 1: H1 Historic Artifact Inventory Pedestrian survey Cat. No. Quantity Material Class Object Ceramic Foodways White ironstone Ceramic Foodways Green transfer printed ware on white ironstone Total: 4 artifacts Table 2: H2 Historic Artifact Inventory Pedestrian survey Cat. No. Quantity Material Class Object Ceramic Foodways RWE Blue Transferprint Ceramic Foodways RWE blue sponge ware Ceramic Foodways RWE late palette Ceramic Foodways RWE blue banded ware Ceramic Foodways RWE undecorated Ceramic Foodways Brown banded ironstone rim sherd Earthenware Utilitarian Red earthenware sherds with brown glaze Ferrous Architectural Machine cut nails Ball clay Personal Pipe stem fragment HENDERSON Total: 17 artifacts Site H1 Despite intensive survey efforts, only four ceramic fragments dating from the mid to the late nineteenth century were recovered at Site H1. Based on artifact count and type, it is possible Site H1 represent an isolated dumping event as it would appear that the ceramics are all from the same vessel. Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 3

63 Site H2 The sample collection of artifacts retrieved at H2 represents a typical mid to late nineteenth century domestic, historic assemblage in rural Ontario. The dates of common use for refined white earthenware (RWE) tablewares range from the 1820s to the 1860s and for white ironstone from 1847 to the 1880s. The date range form machine cut nails is from the 1790s to the 1890s while Henderson pipes were manufactured from 1847 to Taking into consideration all of this data, it can be stated that Site H2 ranges in date from the 1850s to 1880s. The fallow fields and valleylands, totalling approximately 5.5 acres in size, were subjected to a test-pit survey at intervals of five metres, complying with the Archaeological Assessment Technical Guidelines (1993), published by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Recreation, now the Ministry of Culture. Shovel test-pit surveys are defined as excavating 30x30cm units at set intervals on a grid pattern in areas requiring this form of assessment. Approximately 880 test-pits were excavated to sterile subsoil depths of centimetres and the topsoil was screened through six-millimetre mesh in order to facilitate the recovery of artifacts. All testpits were backfilled (see Figure 3, Plate 12-15). Despite careful scrutiny, the test pit survey did not yield any archaeological resources within the study area limits. Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 4

64 Figure 3: Stage 2 archaeological assessment Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 5

65 3) Conclusions and Recommendations During the Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment Stage 2 archaeological assessment of the proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, located west of Jane Street and south of Highway 407, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, two historic sites were encountered (H1 and H2). As a result, it is recommended that: 1. Due to the late date and scarcity of material recovered from site H1, and the likelihood that it represents an isolated dumping event, further investigations are unlikely to yield any significant data about early pioneer settlement in the immediate area. Thus, no further archaeological concern is warranted for H1. 2. If site H2 cannot be protected from disturbance, further work at this site area should be undertaken to determine its limits and function and to gather a larger sample of artifacts. Further investigations should commence with a controlled surface collection (CSC) to determine the precise extent of the site. The CSC should then be followed by the excavation of a series of 1x1metre units, excavated to subsoil to identify the presence or absence of any cultural features and to determine the extent of deposits in the ploughzone. The placement of these units should be based on the location and frequency of surface artifacts and where discreet concentrations of artifact classes have been encountered. The soil from these units should be screened through 6mm mesh to facilitate artifact recovery. The results of the Stage 3 investigation will determine if further Stage 4 mitigations are necessary. 3. The remainder of the proposed construction area, as illustrated in Figure 3, be cleared of further archaeological concern. 4. This report is filed with the Minister of Culture in compliance with Section 65 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The ministry reviews reports to ensure that the licensee has met the terms and conditions of the licence and archaeological resources have been identified and documented according to the standards and guidelines set by the ministry, ensuring the conservation, protection and preservation of the heritage of Ontario. It is recommended that construction not proceed before receiving confirmation that the Ministry of Culture has entered the report into the provincial register of reports. 5. Should previously unknown or unassessed deeply buried archaeological resources be uncovered during development, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The office of the Heritage Operations Unit, Ministry of Culture ( ) should be contacted immediately. 6. Any person discovering human remains must immediately notify the office of the Heritage Operations Unit, Ministry of Culture ( ), the police or coroner, Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 6

66 and the Registrar of Cemeteries, Cemeteries Regulation Unit, Ministry of Government Services ( ). Under Section 6 of Regulation 881 of the Ontario Heritage Act, will, keep in safekeeping all objects of archaeological significance that are found and all field records that are made. 4) Bibliography Burke, Charles 1982 From Potter to Spoilheap: Temporal Ranges and Popularity of Nineteeth- Century Ceramics. MS on file, Canadian Parks Service, Ontario Regional Office, Cornwall. Chapman, L. J. and Putnam, D. F The Physiography of Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Government of Ontario: Toronto. Collard, Elizabeth 1967 Nineteenth-Century Pottery and Porcelain in Canada. McGill University Press, Montreal. Miles & Co Illustrated Historical Atlas of York County. Toronto. Murphy, James L Clay Pipes in the Upper Great Lakes: The Ermatinger Assemblage, by CS Paddy Reid and Reed Stem Tobacco Pipes from Point Pleasant, Clearmont Countuy, Ohio. Northeast Historical Archaeology. Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation (now the Ministry of Culture) 1997(revised 1998) Conserving a Future for our Past: Archaeology, Land Use Planning & Development in Ontario. An Educational Primer and Comprehensive Guide for Non-Specialists. Cultural Programs Branch, Archaeology & Heritage Planning Unit. Toronto. Ontario Ministry of Culture 2006 Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists. htm Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 7

67 Appendix A: Plates Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 8

68 Plate 1: Looking north at structures & driveway located within western half of study area Plate 2: Looking SW at structures located within western half of study area Plate 3: Looking south at structure & gravel laneway adjacent to ploughed cultivated fields in western half of study area Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 9

69 Plate 4: Looking at gravel laneway at southern boundary of study area Plate 5: Looking at structures located at north eastern section of study area Plate 6: Looking at structures and gravel driveway located within south eastern section of study area Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 10

70 Plate 7: Looking SE at culvert associated with Black Creek and raised grade of Jane Street Plate 8: Looking north at sloping terrain leading to Black Creek & surrounding floodplain/wetlands Plate 9: Looking NE at Black Creek and adjacent floodplain/wetlands Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 11

71 Plate 10: Looking west at pedestrian survey of agricultural fields Plate 11: Looking north at recently ploughed agricultural fields Plate 12: Looking east at test-pit survey within Black Creek floodplain Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 12

72 Plate 13: Looking east at test-pit survey surrounding existing structures on western half of study area Plate 14: Looking east at test-pit survey surrounding existing structures on western half of study area Plate 15: Looking SE at test-pit survey within Black Creek floodplain Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 13

73 Plate 16: Collection of artifacts recovered at Site H2 Plate 17: Collection of artifacts recovered at Site H1 Stage 2 AA of proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, City of Vaughan 14

74 Stage 4 Mitigation Report of: Richard Brown Historic Site (AkGv-303) Within part of Lot 2, Concession 5 City of Vaughan Regional Municipality of York Ontario Project #: 148-A PIF#: P March 2010 Presented to: AECOM 105 Commerce Valley Drive West, Floor 7 Markham, ON L3T 7W3 T: F: Prepared by: Yonge Street, Suite #1029 Newmarket, ON L3X 1X4 T: F:

75 Executive Summary was initially retained by AECOM, of Thornhill, Ontario to conduct a Stage 2 archaeological assessment for the proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, located west of Jane Street and south of Highway 407, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York Ontario. During the Stage 2 assessment, two Euro-Canadian historic sites were encountered: H1 and H2, for which further Stage 3 archaeological assessments were recommended for H2, identified as the Richard Brown site (AkGv-303). Due to the significance this site represented, based on the number and early date of the archaeological resources collected, further Stage 3 investigations were undertaken. Upon the conclusion of the Stage 3 investigation of this site, further Stage 4 mitigations were recommended, the results for which are documented herein. The Stage 1 background research identified potential for the recovery of archaeological resources within undisturbed portions of the overall study area; this potential confirmed by the identification of the Richard Brown site. The Stage 3 assessment of the Richard Brown site included the excavation of 24 one-metre test units. A total of 604 artifacts, 600 Euro- Canadian artifacts and four Native lithic artifacts, were recovered during both the Stage 2 and Stage 3 assessments. Research conducted at the Archives of Ontario to address the historic component of this site revealed that the original Crown Land Patent of 200 acres was issued to King s College in January of 1828, and 190 of these acres were sold to James Brown in In 1848 and 1849, James Brown sold 60 and 130 acres, respectively, to Richard Brown. The eastern half of Lot 2 stayed with the Brown family until The Assessment Rolls from 1850 to 1863 indicate that Richard and his family/relatives lived on and farmed the land. A historic map from 1860 and the 1878 Historical Atlas of York County continues to list the Browns as owners of the property. There is one structure depicted on the west side of the creek running through the study area in the 1860 map, and then a second one, on the east side of the creek, in shown in the 1878 Atlas. The latter appears to correspond with the site under study. The Stage 4 mitigations began with the manual excavation of an historic midden and prehistoric lithic scatter area, with a total of 60 being excavated. No additional prehistoric remains were encountered during the block excavation of the prehistoric lithic scatter area; however, 12 lithic pieces were recovered from the historic midden block excavation. Moreover, during the hand excavation of the midden area, two culturally significant features, identified as Features 1 and 2 were encountered. Both features were initially partially exposed by hand excavation and later completely delineated via mechanical stripping. The remainder of the site area was subjected to mechanical stripping of approximately 525 square metres of topsoil over the site area. In total, two stains /features were encountered on site; both of which were determined to be culturally significant. A total of 3729 Euro- Canadian artifacts were recovered from the Richard Brown site. The recovered artifactual remains were subjected to extensive independent analysis; the results of which are discussed in detail below. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York i

76 The overall site assemblage and the ceramic assemblage in particular, recovered during the Stage 4 archaeological investigations on the Richard Brown site exhibits trends that are in keeping with the documented dates of popularity and production for the various artifacts discussed above, and support the c.1860 to 1891 date for the domestic occupation of site. The archaeological findings suggest that Richard Brown and his family likely moved from an earlier home on the west side of Black Creek to a new home just to the south-east on the east bank of the creek closer to the road sometime in the 1860s. They presumably left the first, and later their second, homestead for a larger, more formal frame or brick home elsewhere. In regards to the debitage assemblage, given no diagnostic tools were recovered, and the assemblage is so paltry, nothing can be stated beyond the generalization that Aboriginal knappers once were present on the site. No affinity and no time frame can be identified. Due to the extensive archival research and field investigations the Richard Brown site has been subjected to, it is now recommended that the investigated area be considered fully free from archaeological concern. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York ii

77 PROJECT PERSONNEL: Project/Field Director: Kim Slocki Field Archaeologists: Julia De Decker Leta Greer Adam Griffiths Daniel Jang Mike Lawson Jessica Marr Jae Park Jessica Paquette Alvina Tam Report Preparation: Nimal Nithiyanantham Artifact Analysis: Helen Sluis Graphics: Mike Lawson Nimal Nithiyanantham Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York iii

78 Contents Executive Summary Project Personnel Contents i-ii iii iv Introduction 1 1. Stage 1-3 Archaeological Assessment Summary Stage 4 Mitigation Material Culture Analysis Conclusions & Recommendations Bibliography Figures: Figure 1: 1:50000 map identifying location of Study Area 1 Figure 2: 1860 Historic Map of Study Area 3 Figure 3: 1878 Historic Atlas of Study Area 3 Figure 4: Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment 4 Figure 5: Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment 5 Figure 6: Stage 4 Excavations of the Richard Brown Site 8 Figure 7: Stage 4 Mitigation limits overlying the Draft Plan 9 Tables Table 1: Artifact Frequency by Provenience 11 Table 2: Site Artifact Assemblage by Class 12 Table 3: Foodways Class by Group 19 Table 4: Ceramic Tableware by Decorative Type Appendices Appendix A: Plates Appendix B: Plan and Profile Figures Appendix C: Artifact Catalogue McIntosh Site (AkGw-401) Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York iv

79 Introduction was initially retained by AECOM, of Thornhill, Ontario to conduct a Stage 2 archaeological assessment for the proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, located west of Jane Street and south of Highway 407, in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York (see Figure 1). The proposed subway station is part of the Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) project; this subway to run north from Downsview Station to the Vaughan Corporate Centre. The recommended alignment of the subway extension begins at Dufferin Street, north of Sheppard Avenue, and runs generally northwest to Highway 7. The alignment will cross Black Creek, west of Jane Street, where the proposed Highway 407 Station is to be located. During the Stage 2 assessment, two Euro-Canadian historic sites were encountered: H1 and H2, for which further Stage 3 archaeological assessments were recommended for H2. was directly retained to complete the Stage 3 investigation of the historic H2 Site, hereafter, referred to as the Richard Brown site (AkGv-303). Upon the conclusion of the Stage 3 investigation of this site, further Stage 4 mitigations were recommended, the results for which are documented herein The Stage 4 field mitigations of the Richard Brown site were conducted under the project and field direction of Ms. Kim Slocki during the months of September and October Permission to enter this study area, to collect artifactual remains and conduct field investigations, was granted on September 1 st, This study was conducted in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act (1990) under an archaeological consulting licence (P029). A summary of the Stage 1-3 investigations is provided below, followed by details of the Stage 4 field work. Figure 1: 1:50,000 Map Identifying Location of Study Area (Brampton 30M/12) Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 1

80 1) Stage 1-3 Archaeological Assessment Summary The Stage 1 background research, summarized in the Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension: Downsview Station to Highway 7, CEAA Screening Report (March 2008), and specifically collected by has identified potential for the recovery of both Aboriginal archaeological remains and historic Euro-Canadian remains within undisturbed sections of the study area. This was based on the presence of already encountered, registered archaeological sites within close proximity to the study area, the bisection of Black Creek and the identification of two historic structures within the study area limits (see Figures 2 & 3). Thus, it was recommended that, due to this established archaeological potential, a Stage 2 archaeological assessment, following the Final Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2006), published by the Ministry of Culture, be undertaken in all undisturbed locations. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment, presented in the Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, Within Part of Lots 2 and 3, Concession 5, City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario (Archeoworks 2009), resulted in the identification of two nineteenth century Euro-Canadian historic sites, which were subsequently identified as sites H1 and H2; H1 located within the northeastern limit of the study area (UTM 17T: , ), and H2 situated within the southeastern limits of the study area, approximately 30 metres west of Jane Street (UTM 17T: , ) (see Figure 4). While site H1 was not considered a significant archaeological resource, due to the late date and scarcity of material, the early 1850s to 1880s time frame of Site H2 warranted the need for further Stage 3 investigations. Archival research revealed that the original Crown Land Patent for 200 acres in Lot 2, Concession 2, was granted to King s College on January 3 rd, 1828 who, in 1837, sold all 190 acres to James Brown. James Brown sold 60 and 130 acres to Richard Brown in 1848 and 1849, respectively. While this 190 acres in the east half (E ½), changes hands over the years with individuals within and outside the Brown family, the E ½ of Lot 2 stays predominately within the Brown family until As Site H2 ranges in date from the 1850s to the 1880s, and is entirely located within the E ½ of Lot 2, it can be assumed that the encountered artifacts belonged to the Brown family. Furthermore, the 1878 Historical Atlas of York County confirms that the Brown family owns the property associated with the study area. Consultation of the Assessment Rolls for indicate that Richard Brown and his relatives lived and farmed on the land, with the 1878 Atlas map indicating two structures in the eastern portion of the study area (see Figure 3), one of them corresponding to historic H2 Site. Due to the historical significance of the Richard Brown site, and given that the option of protecting the site was not available to AECOM, the site was subjected to a Stage 3 archaeological assessment conducted by During the Stage 3 assessment, 24 one by one metre units were excavated in high artifactdensity locations across an area measuring approximately 35 x 30 metres (see Figure 5). A total of 604 artifacts, 600 Euro-Canadian artifacts, and four Native lithic artifacts, were recovered during both the Stage 2 and Stage 3 assessments. Due to the absences of additional Aboriginal artifacts on the surface of the ploughed agricultural field, as well as, its scarcity Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 2

81 within the excavated test units, no further archaeological concerns were recommended for the Native material recovered. Historic artifact frequencies ranged from zero to 96, with most units yielding an assemblage of artifacts dating from the 1860s to 1880s. Based on the data obtained through the excavation of 24 one-metre units, the dispersion of surface artifacts, and the physiography and disturbance evident at the site, the limits of the site area are defined as follows: to the north, south and west by low artifact counts, and to the east by the gravel fill disturbance associated with a gas line and storm water management pond. Due to the presence of intact subsurface features encountered during the Stage 3 assessment, the historical significance the Richard Brown site represents owing to its timeframe, and given that the option of avoidance and protection was not applicable, it was recommended that the entire site area immediately proceed to Stage 4 mitigations, prior to the commencement of construction activities. Figure 2: 1860 Historic Map of Study Area Figure 3: 1878 Historic Atlas of Study Area Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 3

82 Figure 4: Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 4

83 Figure 5: Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 5

84 2) Stage 4 Mitigation The Stage 4 mitigations of the Richard Brown site were undertaken on September 14 th and 16 th, and October 28 th and 29 th, 2009, and involved the block excavation of an historic midden and prehistoric lithic scatter area, as well as, feature excavation. Mechanical removal of 525 square metres of topsoil, to facilitate feature excavation, was undertaken using a Gradall machine employing a smooth bucket, operated by Petrie & Sons, under the supervision of Ms. Kim Slocki (see Plates 1-2). The topsoil stripping resulted in the full exposure of two dark stains that were determined to be cultural. Stripping extended a minimum 10 metres beyond each exposed cultural feature, with the exception of the eastern boundary which was bounded by a fence and it was determined during Stage 3 investigation that the lands east of the fence line were disturbed from previous gas line and storm water management pond development. During the hand excavation of the midden area, both aforementioned features were encountered, and were identified as Features 1 and 2. All cultural features were defined more precisely with shovel and trowel and were recorded within a five metre square grid, tied to an arbitrary datum designated (Figure 6). The features were cross-sectioned to examine soil profiles and contents (see Plate 5). In addition, feature plans and profiles were mapped at an appropriate scale and, in all cases, photographed. Detailed plan and profile figures are provided in Appendix B. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the artifacts recovered and the specific artifact counts and types encountered during both block excavation and feature excavation are provided in Section 3 and Appendix C, respectively. A description of the block excavation and each feature is briefly discussed below. 2.1 Block Excavation of Midden The Stage 4 mitigations began with the hand excavation of one metre square units within the established historic midden and prehistoric lithic scatter area, complying with the Draft: Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists (2009), published by the Ministry of Culture, to determine their outer extent and gain further knowledge for the interpretation of site use patterns. No additional prehistoric remains were encountered during the block excavation of the prehistoric lithic scatter area around unit Block excavation of the historic midden area commenced around the high-yielding Stage 3 test-units. A total of 60, one metre units were hand excavated to sterile subsoil depths of between centimetres and the topsoil was screened through six-millimetre mesh in order to facilitate the recovery of artifacts (see Plates 3-4, Figure 6). During the hand excavation of the midden area, two culturally significant features, identified as Features 1 and 2 were encountered. Both features were initially partially exposed by hand excavation and later completely exposed via mechanical stripping. The limits of the midden were established based on artifact yield, the professional judgement of the archaeologist, and disturbances encountered during the Stage 3 investigations. As such, the northern and southern limits of the midden ran east-west along the 504N and 494N line, respectively. The eastern and western limit was established running north-south along the 314E and 313E line, respectively. A variety of artifacts were recovered from the midden including ceramics, faunal, nails, glass, personal items, and Native lithic debitage. The Native collection consists of ten flakes and two pieces of miscellaneous debitage. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 6

85 2.2 Excavated Features Feature 1: Privy Feature 1 is located in grid square , and is 258cm in length, a188cm in width, and an excavated depth of 72cm. The feature was composed of three layers of soil. The first layer of soil covered most of the northeast end of the feature, measured 52cm in depth at its deepest point, and had a Munsell value of 7.5YR 3/2 Dark brown. Directly below and south of Layer 1, Layer 2 measured 52cm in depth, and had a Munsell value of 7.5YR 4/3 Brown. Below Layers 1 and 2, Layer 3 measured 72cm in depth and had a Munsell value of 7.5YR 3/3 Dark brown. Layer 4, located southwest and bounded to Layer 1, measured 39cm in depth, and had a Munsell value of 7.5YR 3/2. Artifactual materials were found in Layers 1, 2 and 3, which mostly consisted of large, intact pieces of ceramic tableware and glass bottles. The feature, having been sectioned into two halves, was fully excavated and its fill entirely screened, with profiles drawn and photographed. Based on the shallowness of the feature, coupled with the large size and intact nature of the recovered materials, it is likely this feature was utilized as a privy. Feature 2: Possible Sheet Midden Feature 2 located predominately in grid square , measured 284cm in length, 35cm in width, and had an excavated depth of only 12cm. At surface, Feature 2 consisted of two varying soil matrixes, the outer, labelled 1, had a Munsell value of 10YR 6/2 Very dark grayish brown, and the inner matrix, labelled 2, had a Munsell value of 10YR 6/2 Light grayish brown. For diagnostic purposes the feature was sectioned four times along its length. Profiles 1 and 4, consisted of one layer, which had a Munsell value of 10YR 6/2 Light grayish brown. Profiles 2 and 3, consisted two layers, which were consistent with that encountered at surface. Layer 1, had a Munsell of 10YR 6/2 Very dark grayish brown, and was an extremely thin layer of ash; and Layer 2, had a Munsell value of 10YR 6/2 Light grayish brown. Artifactual materials consisted mainly of ceramics and were recovered throughout both layers. The feature, having been sectioned into two halves, was fully excavated and its fill entirely screened, with profiles drawn and photographed. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 7

86 Figure 6: Stage 4 Excavations of the Richard Brown Site Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 8

87 Figure 7: Stage 4 Mitigation limits overlying the Draft Plan Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 9

88 3) Material Cultural Analysis A total material culture assemblage of 3746 artifacts was recovered from the Richard Brown site. Sixty 1m by 1m excavation units were opened during the block excavation of an area with a high artifact concentration, and 58 of them contained artifacts. Two sub-surface stains /features were encountered during the block excavations, and subsequent mechanical stripping of the site helped further delineate them. Both of these features, Features #1 and 2, were found to be cultural features directly related to the domestic occupation of the site (see Table 1). Feature #1 was the most significant feature found on the Richard Brown site, and the size and variety of artifacts recovered from it are suggestive of its use as a privy. It was, in all likelihood, a wooden frame one, though no structural elements remain. Feature #2 may be the remains of a sheet midden, with the artifacts accumulating in a shallow depression in the landscape. There may have been a burn episode in the midden at some point as well, indicated by the good quantity of burnt material found within it. A 1860s to early 1890s date may be assigned to the site as a whole, with the bulk of the assemblage falling into the 1860s and 1880s. Despite the amount of modern construction disturbance this site has witnessed, very little later 20 th century material was found at all. Archival research indicates that the original Crown Land Patent of 200 acres was issued to King s College in January of 1828, and 190 of these acres were sold to James Brown in In 1848 and 1849, James Brown sold 60 and 130 acres, respectively, to Richard Brown. The eastern half of Lot 2 stayed with the Brown family until The Assessment Rolls from 1850 to 1863 indicate that Richard and his family/relatives lived on and farmed the land. A historic map from 1860 and the 1878 Historical Atlas of York County continues to list the Browns as owners of the property. There is one structured depicted on the west side of the creek running through the study area in the 1860 map, and then a second one, on the east side of the creek, in shown in the 1878 Atlas. The latter appears to correspond with the site under study. Despite the fact that no actual domestic structure was encountered within the study area, the artifacts are undeniably domestic in nature and can be quite confidently attributed to Richard Brown s use of the site. There is a definite 1850s component to assemblage, and a very small, 20 th century component as well, but the majority of the cultural material can be readily dated to the 1860s and 1880s. The artifact assemblage suggests that the Brown family may have moved from their original (?) homestead on the west side of Black Creek to a new one on the east bank sometime in the 1860s. They presumably would have brought with them their still perfectly functional furnishings, etc., and added newer items over time. There is little to no evidence to indicate that the site was occupied domestically beyond the last decade of the 19 th century. The land appears to have been turned over to agricultural endeavours after that point. The highly fragmented state of the artifacts recovered from the block excavation units attest to this. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 10

89 Table 1: Artifact Frequency by Provenience Feature # Feature Type FQ 60 1mx1m units Block Excavations 2712 (ranging from per unit) 1 Probably Privy Pit Probably Sheet Midden with a Possible Timber/Plank Burn Episode 236 Total: 3746 There were some obvious differences in the horizontal distribution of artifacts across the site, as can be seen in Table 1. Some temporal differences were also observed between the artifacts recovered from block excavation units as a whole and the artifacts found in the two features. Although all of the assemblages contained artifacts spanning the entire second half of the 19 th century, the block excavation assemblage not only displayed a much wider variety of artifacts and of ceramics in particular, but also contained the bulk of the mid.19th century material and all of the later 20 th century intrusions. The feature assemblages, and Feature #1 in particular, appear to have been the primary repository for much of the later 19 th century material, and this may be, in part, a reflection of house-cleaning activities by the Browns at the end of the site s domestic occupation. The same fragmented diagnostics were found throughout the block excavation units, and numerous cross-mends were possible between the units. Although some of the artifacts recovered in the units were undeniably skimmed off the surface of the features and incorporated into the topsoil during the decades of farming, few cross-mends were observed between the units and the actual features. The Parks Canada Database Artifact Inventory Guide was used during the cataloguing phase of the analysis. All artifacts were classified according to specific functional classes. These classes are intended to reflect related behaviour and general functionally-related activities. The Foodways class, for example, includes all aspects of food preparation, storage and consumption. Likewise, the Architectural class is a catch-all category for items such as brick, nails, window pane glass, etc. These Classes were further subdivided into Groups reflecting more specialized activities. The Architectural class, for example, includes groups such as construction materials, nails and window pane glass. The Groups are then further refined into Types defined by attributes that are either functionally or temporally diagnostic, and so on. By classifying archaeological material in this manner, general trends on how an area was used may be discernible. Table 2 provides a general overview of the 13 functional categories, or classes, identified during the cataloguing phase of the analysis. Each artifact class will be discussed in turn. Excluded from the table total, and in the tables from here on in, are five coarse red Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 11

90 earthenware brick from the Construction Materials Group of the Architectural Class. These items were collected as site samples only and mention will be made of them where applicable. Eighty-three artifacts, or 5.21% (195/3746), including bone (27), ceramic (64), glass (59) and metal (45) items showed evidence of fire exposure. The majority of these, 112, were encountered in the midden and 65 of them came from Feature #2. Table 2: Site Artifact Assemblage by Class Class FQ % Activities Architectural Arms/Military Clothing Floral/Faunal Foodways Furnishings Medical/Hygiene Native Personal Smoking Unassigned Unidentified Total: The artifact analysis will look at the site as a whole, with references to individual features and/or units added in where deemed relevant for site interpretation. ACTIVITIES CLASS Eighteen of the artifacts found could be assigned to the Activities Class, and they represent four different groups: Agriculture/Garden (4); Hand Tools (1); Stable/Barn (9); and Writing (4). The first group is comprised of coarse red (3) and buff (1) earthenware flower pot fragments from a minimum of four individual vessels (see Plate 13). One of the red ones has an exterior glaze but an unglazed interior, and may have served as an indoor plant pot. The other three are unglazed and were likely for outdoor use. One has a short rounded collar and measures approximately 5" in diameter. Three of the pots are hand-thrown, including the buff one, and the fourth is mechanically thrown. A jigger, introduced in 1844 for the making of Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 12

91 uniform flatware vessels, was used in conjunction with a jolley, introduced in 1860, for the making of uniform hollowware vessels. They were used to make flower pots up until WWI. Although throwing was generally replaced in factory potteries by the jigger and jolly shortly after the latter s introduction, many smaller workshops likely continued hand-forming their wares on a wheel for decades afterwards. An indeterminate 5" long ferrous item resembling a spring divider in shape was placed in the Hand Tools Group. It is, however, made of a solid piece of metal, and its exact purpose is unknown. Seven incomplete machine cut, countersunk horseshoe nails, an iron buckle and a brass sleigh bell comprise the Stable/Barn Group. The buckle is a double bar halter buckle, and measures 2 1/2" in length and 1 ½" in width. The sleigh bell is a small one, at 1" diameter, and is decorated with stamped scallops. Common loose sleigh bells such as these were sold individually for the convenience of those who wished to make their own strap of bells. These items attest to the presence of at least one horse and/or other beast of burden on site for transportation and/or field labour. The last group, the Writing Group, is made up of four broken slate pencil fragments, and all were found during the block excavations. Writing implements such as these are generally indicative of children on site, with the schooling of young ones in the skills of reading and writing being undertaken either at home or at a community schoolhouse. School materials were often scarce and books expensive, particularly in rural areas. The slate pencil and board were the norm throughout 19 th century and into the early 20 th century, while paper and textbooks were rare. Schoolchildren used pencils cut from solid pieces of softer grades of slate to write on tablets cut from harder grades of slate. Slate pencils were usually 5" to 8" in length, and available with the slate core unwrapped, wrapped in paper, and encased in wood like a lead pencil. All but one of the cores found here are round in cross-section, and the exception is squared. Slate pencils were still made square by tradition as late as 1860, and wood-cased slate pencils were still sold into the early 1930s. Pen knives would have been used to sharpen slate pencils, and three of the pieces display a blunt, whittled end. The broken fragments found here measured up to 4cm in length, and were either lost and/or discarded. ARCHITECTURAL CLASS The Architectural Class is usually one of the dominant artifact classes on Euro-Canadian domestic sites, and it is the second largest assemblage found here. It comprises over one quarter, or 26.89% (1006/3741), of the total site collection. Four groups into which the artifacts in this class could be placed are: Construction Materials (sample); Door/Window Hardware (1); Nails (847); and Window Glass (158) (see Plate 14). Construction Materials Group: This group is a very small one, consisting of a coarse red earthenware brick sample of five exfoliated fragments, one of which may be hand-made. It wasn t until the end of the 19 th century that the brick industry became highly mechanized and bricks were uniform in size, shape and colour with sharply-formed edges. Given the c.1860, and possibly slightly earlier, Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 13

92 date for the initial occupation of the site, the other fragments found here are presumably handmade. The bricks pieces were likely part of a fireplace pad and/or chimney for a house structure located somewhere just outside of the study area. Given that Feature #1 represents the only possible structure on site, likely a wooden framed privy, the general absence of other construction materials such as mortar and plaster is not surprising. Door/Window Hardware Group: A highly corroded barrel key with an indeterminate number of bits was found in Feature #1 Lot 3. It measures roughly 2 1/4" in length. Nails Group: With the exception of one unidentifiable nail and two wire ones (1850+), the nail assemblage is made up entirely of machine cut (1790s-1890s) ones, numbering 844. Due in large part to a change in technology which allowed for nails to be mass produced, machine cut nails began to replace hand-wrought (c.17th century to early 19 th century) iron nails during the period Twenty-four of the machine cut nails display hand-made heads, an early cut variety seen in use into the 1820s, and roseheads predominate. Another 517 nails were noted as being modern machine-headed nails (c ), a cut nail type distinguishable by its regularly-shaped head, uniformly convex sides, concentric head/shank alignment, and a general uniformity in size and shape. They would have been the primary nail type used in the initial construction of Feature #1 sometime around 1860, and on any other structure that may once have been part of this homestead. The remaining 303 nails in this collection were either incomplete and/or too corroded to identify beyond the machine cut designation. Only two wire nails, including a roofing nail, were found. Although the earliest wire nails appeared in the 1850s, they were only available in very small sizes, for picture frames, etc. Larger sizes were not widely available or used in building construction until the last third of the 19 th century, and did not supplant machine cut nails with the same rapidity that wrought nails were replaced. Their presence generally indicates late 19 th century repairs, alterations and/or maintenance to an existing, earlier structure. It does not appear that any extensive work was done on Feature #1, or on any other structure elsewhere in the immediate vicinity, but outside of, the present study area. Their virtual absence helps support the early 1890s date proposed for the end of domestic occupation on this site. The nails assemblage was a fairly fragmented one, with only 107 complete nails found. They measured between 7/8" and 5 1/8" in length, with 24 of them at 2" or under. Four cut finishing nails and a wire roofing nail are the only specialty nails recovered, and the rest appear to be common nails used in general construction. Twenty-one of the nails, all from Feature #2, are burnt and ultimately in a good state of preservation. Two of them are burnt only on the upper 1" of their shank, suggesting that whatever fire consumed the planking did not penetrate the infrastructure to which it was nailed. Ten other nails, also from Feature #2, still have wood attached to their shanks. Two of them, at 2 3/8" and 2 5/8", have wood on the upper 1" of their shank and were likely used to secure planking. The planking appears to have been pulled off and rotted with the nails in-situ. Another two, at 3 1/8" and 3 1/4", have wood covering their entire length. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 14

93 Window Glass Group: Window pane glass imported into Canada throughout the 19 th century was produced mainly in England, and due to heavy taxation on both the domestic and exported product, was an expensive commodity prior to the abolition of the window tax in A few small windows were the norm for most early settlers homes and the homes of the working class. By the time Catherine Parr-Traill wrote her Canadian Settler s Guide in 1855, she noted that glass...costs very little in Canada. Although a small number of window glass factories, never very successful, were in operation in Canada as early as 1845, English glass dominated the Canadian market. The window glass assemblage from the Richard Brown site is a fairly small one, consisting of 158 sherds. Thirty good-sized pieces came directly out of Feature #1, which likely represents a privy. Little glass, if any, would be expected on such a small, utilitarian outbuilding. The glass varied in colour from clear to a medium green and the window glass thickness ranged from 0.9mm to 2.5mm, measured with vernier calipers to the nearest 0.05mm. Three melted pieces could not be measured accurately. As sheet technology improved throughout the 19 th century, there was a trend towards thicker, and ultimately stronger, and larger windows. Prior to the 1850s, average glass thickness was generally approximately 1.55mm and under, and 66 pieces, or 42.58% (66/155) fall into this category. Uniformity in glass thickness was difficult to attain even with the most skillful manipulation, and a proportion of both the thinner and thicker fragments are likely a reflection of this common irregularity. The fact that almost 60% of the window pane assemblage is thick helps support the post 1850s date of initial occupation for this site. The thinner glass present may have come from window panes salvaged from an earlier household and re-used on an outbuilding. Salvaging re-usable items such as the bricks, window glass, wood, and nails was a common practice for settlers during the 19 th century. ARMS/MILITARY CLASS A spent, brass, center fire 12 gauge shotgun cartridge base is the only object classed here, and it is part of the Ammunition Group. It is burnt and misshapen, but the No.12" head stamp is still legible (see Plate 14). The first widely used center fire cartridge case was patented in 1861 by F. E. Shneider of Paris, France. By c.1870 this type of cartridge was in common use, and by the 1880s, they were almost universal. It came out of unit # CLOTHING CLASS This class is represented in the site assemblage with 87 items that could be placed into three groups: Apparel (46); Fasteners (42); and Ornamentation (1). Apparel Group: All of the objects in the first group are from leather footwear, most of which came out of Feature #1 (44). Thirty-one of the fragments come from the heel, outsole, insole, or the leather uppers of at least two to three individual adult shoes (see Plate 15). The heels and outsoles consist of layered leather nailed (post-1829) together with square wire. The insoles appear to have been sown to the outsoles, and stitching includes the toe and heel (post-1862). One of the heel insoles has 11" stamped into the leather. Intact toe pieces are all squared. This is typical of Brogan -style boots and shoes which were the common type of sturdy Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 15

94 footwear for both men and women of the working class and for soldiers during the middle of the 19 th century. They were usually either brown or black and reached the ankles. It was possible to distinguish between right and left-footed leather fragments. It wasn t until the early 1860s that lasts were developed to distinguish between right and left shoes. Two of the upper shoe leather fragments found appears to have simple punched holes through which it would have been laced. The remaining items in this group are presumably derived from the leather shoes discussed above and are made of brass. These include two sizes of shoe grommets/lace eyelets (12), most of which still have leather sandwiched between the metal components, and a lace hook/holder. The shoestring was first invented in England in 1790, and, before laces, shoes were commonly fastened with buckles. The last two items are square toe plates. Toe, and heel plates were often nailed in place to help reduce wear and tear on foot ware and prolong the life of the shoe or boot. Fasteners Group: Two incomplete two-pronged ferrous swivel narrow belt buckles, three ferrous and copperalloy corset stay fragment, and 38 buttons make up this group (see Plates 15-16). Corsetry fragments are an unusual find in an archaeological collection, and the pieces recovered here came out of excavation unit # (1) and (2). A corset is a tightfitting woman s undergarment that girds the torso to and shapes it according to the fashionable silhouette of the day. Although working class women did not go through the discomfort of wearing a tightly laced corset, they likely still wore one when dressed for a special occasion. Day-to-day working corsets were looser with less weight, but they would still commonly had some boning. The pieces found here include a 5/8" wide ferrous stay fragment with a small, slightly round-headed brass stud riveted to it, and two 3/4" long key hole-like clasps that were also once attached to a steel stay. The clasps have a scalloped, or three-lobed top, and all three pieces likely came from the same garment. A stay with a long row of clasps would have hooked onto a long row of studs on a parallel stay, allowing the corset to be easily opened and closed in the front. Although a variety of materials were used for boning during the 19 th century, the steel stay was the dominant material used from the middle of the 19 th century into the first quarter of the 20 th century. A number of materials are represented in the button collection including bone (4), ceramic (29), and metal (5). The bone buttons are all plain ones with four sew-through holes, and they ranged in diameter from 1.23cm to 1.77cm. The smallest buttons may be shirt or dress buttons and are of a size commonly used for undergarments and suspenders. Bone buttons were largely replaced by the last quarter of the 19 th century by those made of vegetable ivory, a material obtained from a tropical nut. Bone buttons are most common pre. c The ceramic buttons are made of a type of pressed ceramic powder using the so-called Prosser Method a process patented in Buttons of this type dominate the button assemblage at 29. Most of them are white in colour with four sew-through holes and button diameter ranged from 1.03cm to 1.55cm. The exceptions are two buttons with a light gray/tan Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 16

95 marbled body and two sew-through holes measuring 1.52cm in diameter. They were found in unit # and Feature #2 Quad. C and presumably came from the same garment. Nineteen of the white-bodied ceramic buttons are plain, and the others display a variety of decorations. Five of them have white bodies with worn, hand-painted perimeter bands in blue (2) and blue/green (3), and another has a dark brown face. One of the blue-rimmed ones is moulded, displaying a pie crust pattern, as do three of the other ceramic buttons. The last decorated button is a blue/green calico button with a tiny floral motif consisting of dots and dashes. Many buttons were made to complement women s dresses, and button makers took their designs from the popular cotton fabrics of the day. These ceramic buttons, also known as agate buttons, were widely distributed in Canada by the late 1840s, and largely replaced the shell buttons commonly used on shirts and dresses. They could be produced quickly and much less expensively than other button types. One ferrous and four brass buttons make up the rest of the Fasteners Group. The former item is a highly corroded button measuring approximately 1.88cm in diameter. It has two sewthrough holes but the number of pieces used in its construction is indeterminate. As for the brass buttons, two are one-piece buttons with four recessed sew-through holes, and they are 1.64cm to 1.8cm in diameter. The smaller of the two has Best Ring Edge stamped on its face and bears the remnants of black paint. Professions of quality, or quality marks, such as the one found here appeared predominantly between c.1800 and Buttons of this type were usually used for suspenders and undergarments similar to the bone buttons discussed above. One-piece brass buttons such as the ones found here were being manufactured in the United States from about 1800 to 1860, and after c.1860, two-piece buttons were made. The remaining two buttons are of two-piece construction. They both have brass faces and corroded ferrous backings. One is plain with two integral sew-through holes and the other is stamped with floral/leaf motif at its centre and a finely ridged band around its perimeter. They measure 1.66cm and 1.6cm in diameter respectively. The floral button is likely from a woman s garment. Only seven of the buttons in this group, including the latter item, were found in Features #1 (4) and 2 (3). When studying buttons, it is important to remember that buttons may always be replacements, either later or earlier in date than the garment from which they came. In days when undergarments, for example, were inherited from earlier generations, a later pattern of fastening may have been introduced. Ornamentation Group: A round, wire-wound glass bead makes up this group. It is an opaque medium turquoise blue in colour and has a diameter of 1.57cm. Beads of this type and size were popular necklace beads in the 19 th century. It was found in unit # Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 17

96 FLORAL/FAUNAL CLASS The Floral/Faunal Class represents just over 6% (232/3741) of the artifact assemblage (see Plate 17). Two-thirds of the bones, 154, were recovered from the block excavation units and were highly fragmented in nature. Larger fragments found in Feature #1 (45) indicate that they were derived predominantly from middle to large-sized animals. Apart from a bird bone, eight mollusc shell fragments, and two unidentifiable bones, the rest, 221, were identified as mammal. Evidence of fire exposure was noted on 26 of the bones, which were calcined. The presence of burnt bone often suggests that at least some of the kitchen refuse generated was being burnt prior to its disposal. Eighteen the burnt bones were found in Feature #2 Quad. D Lot 1, which may represent a timber/wood burning episode. Evidence of butchering was noted on 30 of the mammal bones. The two primary tools used in the butchering of the animals during the 19 th century were the cleaver and the bone saw, and the telltale marks left on the bone by these instruments were recognizable in the faunal assemblage. The butchering cleaver was a crude way to butcher an animal. The sharp edge was used to chip the bone, leaving semi-circular wedge-shaped notches. A strong sharp blow from the flat back edge of the head, which acted like a hammer, was then required to fully sever the partially cut bones, leaving sharp, fractured edges. It was also used to fracture bone for marrow extraction, and a number of the larger long bone pieces did exhibited spiral fracturing. When the bone saw was introduced in the early part of the 19 th century, the use of the cleaver dropped off since the new tool enabled much more precise butchering and was not as destructive. The bone saw leaves an irregular surface cross-hatched by uneven ridges of bone. Truncating the bone is achieved by either cutting directly through the bone, or making a partial cut that weakens the bone so it may be snapped. Although the cleaver did continue to be used for a long time after the bone hand saw was adopted, the latter was clearly the favoured butchering implement used on this site. None of the observable cuts were inconsistent with standard mid. 19 th to 20 th century butchering patterns, where a large carcass, such as a cow, was initially divided in half lengthwise along the spine. This is not always the case with medium sized animals such as pigs and sheep, which were often butchered into wholesale cuts. Wholesale cuts are coarse anatomical divisions that make a carcass more manageable. Although this type of cut could be done domestically, they were also likely available for purchase at the market or from a local butcher. Once they were brought home, they could then be butchered into smaller cuts, or retail cuts, that were a good size for consumption. A single steak cut, which typically represent a single meal for one individual, was noted. Making a steak cut requires a fair amount of skill with a hand saw, and their presence is generally indicative that at least some meat was being purchased from a professional, commercial butcher. Foot bones, teeth, jaw, and cranial remains, usually part of the butchering waste, were noted in the assemblage, suggesting that at least some of the primary butchering of domestic livestock and/or game was being done on the site. FOODWAYS CLASS The Foodways class is, in general, one of the largest, and most temporally diagnostic artifact classes in the material culture assemblage recovered from a domestic site. It certainly is the case on the Richard Brown site, with this class comprising 43.62% (1632/3741) of the Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 18

97 total site collection. This class includes all aspects of food preparation, storage and consumption. It can be divided into a number of groups, and Table 3 shows these divisions. Table 3: Foodways Class by Group Group Ware FQ % Ceramic-Tableware Refined White Earthenware (RWE) Vitrified White Earthenware (VWE) Porcelain (POR) Refined Red Earthenware (RCE) Whiteware, Indeterminate (XWE) Ceramic-Utilitarian Coarse Earthenware (CEW) Coarse Stoneware (CSW) Refined Red Earthenware (RCE) Yellowware (YEW) Ceramic Total: Glass Beverage Containers Glass Storage Containers Glass Containers-Unidentified Glass Tableware Glass Total: Metal Containers Utensils Metal Total: Total: The Ceramic Assemblage The ceramic assemblage accounts for the majority of the artifacts in the Foodways class, making up 80.70% (1317/1632), with both utilitarian kitchen wares (446) and finer wares (871) for use at the table recovered. The variety of tableware types listed in Table 3 and the ratio with which they appear relative to other ware types in the assemblage is in keeping with what one would expect from a domestic habitation dating predominantly from the 1860s into the early 1890s. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 19

98 Though each artifact contributes to the dating of a site s occupation, the ceramic assemblage is generally the most significant temporal indicator on domestic sites. What counts is not so much when the ceramic was made, but when it was made available. In North America, this means it was shipped across the Atlantic from England. If new ceramic styles were very popular, they might be sold out in England for several years after their initial appearance. Only as their popularity waned at home did they begin to be exported to the colonies. They were likely to be sent first to wealthy colonies such as Virginia or Georgia where demand was high. Relatively poor colonies, like Canada, received most ceramics later still. Ceramic Tableware Group: Tablewares are the cream or white bodied wares intended primarily for use at the table, be it for the kitchen table or for a more formal dining room setting (see Plates 18-19i). A good number of different ware types, a technological classification that is loosely tied to function, were found, including refined white earthenware, vitrified white earthenware, or ironstone, porcelain, and refined red earthenware. The two fragments of refined red earthenware were assigned to this group based on their luster decoration, which is generally considered more ornamental than useful. The 28 indeterminate whiteware (XWE) fragments have not been included in the following counts as the specific ware type was not identifiable. These sherds were either too burnt and/or completely exfoliated, making ware type, and/or decorative type impossible to identify with any degree of accuracy. The earliest 19 th century white ware types, creamware ( ) and pearlware ( ), are not present at all in this assemblage. By the 1830s, these early whitewares, especially creamware, were rapidly falling out of fashion and being replaced by the more popular refined white earthenware (RWE) which comprises just over one-third, or 35.59% (300/843), of the identifiable ware types in the tableware assemblage. The general production of pearlware ended in the 1830s, at around which time a transitional type of pearlware/refined white earthenware occurred which was not as blue/green as the earlier pearlware yet not quite as white as the later refined white earthenware. When perfected, the new white glaze of the later type was seen as an aesthetic improvement over the blue-tinged pearlware. Of the refined white earthenware sherds, 14 display a slightly blue-tinted glaze ( ), and the rest of the sherds (286) are all untinted (1840s+). Vitrified white earthenware, or ironstone (VWE), an 1847 introduction, is the dominant ware type present on the Richard Brown site, with 536 sherds. This more durable ware began to supplanted refined white earthenware in terms of popularity during the 1860s, and, by the 1870s, it was often the dominant tableware in many Ontario households. Paste colour and porosity varies, from the more vitrified bluish-white wares typical from 1847 to the 1880s, and the lighter, more porous, creamier-coloured ironstone wares that began to appear in the 1880s and continued into the 20 th century. All but seven of the ironstone fragments from this site are of the former type. The last tableware type, porcelain (POR) (c.1790+), is present in small quantity, with 15 sherds. Due to its high cost and fragility, porcelain and china were never as important in the Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 20

99 Canadian market as the earthenwares, though there was still a decided demand for it by the upper class. After mid-century cheap porcelain from the potteries of both Great Britain and the Continent came to Canada in increasing quantities, and, though old distinctions relaxed, earthenware still dominated the Canadian market. The three principal ceramic bodies used at the turn of the century, from c.1890 to 1910 in the manufacture of ceramic tablewares were, ironstone, porcelain and semi-porcelain. The latter, introduced c.1890, is, not surprisingly, completely absent here given that the end of occupation of the site by the Brown is Decorative types must also be considered as they too are temporally sensitive and help to tighten the occupation time frame for the site s occupation. Most general stores stocked a variety of tablewares and a customer s choice depended not only on their personal taste but also on their pocketbook. Different decorative types were differentially priced. Since ceramics are consumer items, the relative value of various types can provide some insight into the socio-economic status for the household. This is particularly true for the first half of the 19 th century, after which point the relationship between a vessel s cost and the way in which it was decorated began to weaken. Although the percentage of ironstone, plain and moulded, relative to the other ware and decorative types in this group is fairly high, at 63.58%, one would expect it, and the amount of porcelain, to be higher given that the occupation of this site extended into the early part of the 1890s. Although personal taste should not be discounted, the fact that the Brown family hung onto many of their serviceable, albeit less fashionable wares, for a long period of time may suggest that they were either conservative in their taste, of limited financial resources, or possibly both. Only a few ceramics seem to have been added to the Brown family s tableware collection during the last decade of the site s occupation. Most of the undecorated sherds have been omitted from the following counts as the majority of them are likely from the undecorated portion of decorated vessels. Twenty-nine plain white ironstone sherds have, however, been included since Plain vessels of this ware types were available during the site s period of occupation. Only those that could definitively be identified as being plain, based on the presence of a good- sized rim portion, were counted. Twelve additional sherds, 11 on refined white earthenware and one on ironstone, have also been omitted due to the exfoliated nature of their decorated surfaces which made decorative type impossible to determine. Of the original 871 tableware ceramics in this collection, only 288 sherds, or 33.97%, were identifiable in terms of decorative type. Table 4: Ceramic Tableware by Decorative Type Decorative Type FQ % Plain VWE (29) Plain Total: Painted RWE (30), POR (3) Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 21

100 Decorative Type FQ % Painted Total: Edged RWE (23) Edged Total: Sponged RWE (48) Sponged Total: Stamped RWE (19) Stamped Total: Slipware RWE (7) Slipware Total: Transfer Printed (common) -blue RWE (16), VWE (1) brown RWE (3) green VWE (1) (flown) -blue RWE (11) mulberry RWE (3) Transfer Printed Total: Moulded VWE (91), POR (1) Moulded Total: Luster RCE (2) Lustre Total: Total Decorative Types: The hand-painted, edged, sponged, stamped and slip wares recovered on the Richard Brown site were some of the cheapest types of decorated ceramics available throughout the 19 th century, and were stocked by most local stores even in the most rural of areas. These inexpensive types make up 45.14% (130/288) of the decorated ceramic assemblage, and the more costly ironstone, transfer printed, luster and porcelain wares comprise the rest. This ratio of inexpensive to more costly wares is common for domestic sites in Ontario dating predominantly to the third quarter of the 19 th century, particularly in rural areas. The ratio with which the decorative types appear relative to other decorative types in the assemblage is in keeping with what one would expect from a domestic habitation dating predominantly from the 1860s into the early 1890s. Most of the ceramics on site appear to Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 22

101 have been accumulated during the 1860s and 1870s. The older, less expensive tablewares present on site likely come with the Browns when they moved house sometime in the 1860s. As these outdated items broke, they were not replaced with like kinds but with the newer, more popular ironstones. Only a few additions were made to the tableware assemblage in the later part of the 19 th century. Many of the wealthier members of a community could likely afford to buy the latest thing in ceramic tableware, and may have replaced their entire dinner or tea services at frequent intervals. The average settler s income would not have permitted the extravagance of buying a complete set in a single purchase, and would likely have been considered frivolous if little to no formal entertaining was done. Apart from a number of matching teacup/saucer sets, and the odd moulded pattern noted on one other vessel form outside of the ironstone teacup/saucer matches, no true set was found. The Browns appear to have bought their everyday vessels by the piece, mixing and matching decorative types at the table with their purchases geared to replacement after breakage. That all the dishes matched do not seem to have been a concern. The suggested minimum number of individual (MNI) vessels forwarded in the following discussion is meant to represent absolute minimums for the different decorative type on each of the various wares identified in Table 4. Ware type, size, shape, pattern and/or motif colouration, the presence/absence of rim lines or bands, glaze colour, etc. are a few of the attributes taken into account when identifying individual vessels. The estimate is a fairly rough one, given the fragmented nature of the block-excavated material. Many of the smaller sherds, such as the ones catalogued simply as tablewares, were disregarded in most cases. Mention will only be made of vessel forms identifiable beyond the generic flatware and hollowware designations, unless the generic designations represent the only such item of that particular decorative/ware type found. Any item of particular interest, temporal significance and/or of importance to the interpretation of a feature or of the site in general will also be discussed in further detail in each section. Fragments from many individual vessels were found scattered across two, and often more, of the block excavation units, and between the two features and the stratigraphic layers found within individual features. They are far too numerous to mention here, though some examples will be provided. What this does attest to is the amount of surface disturbance the site has experienced over the years due largely to agricultural activities. Plain Wares (MNI=4): The 29 plain tableware sherds represent a minimum of four individual white ironstone vessels, namely two dinner-sized plates (23) and two cups (6). Ironstone vessels with graceful, plain lines were one of the new shapes to emerge during the 1870s and 1880s. One of the plates is badly crazed, and has a partial printed maker s mark, Ironstone China /...& G. Meakin / Hanley / England. Although the country of origin had to be affixed to imported goods after 1891 in order to comply with the American McKinley Tariff Act, this designation can occur earlier. Some potters, such as J. & G. Meakin (1851+) began proudly marking their wares with England as early as Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 23

102 Painted Wares (MNI=10): This decorative category is generally used to describe the under-glaze, monochrome and polychrome hand-painted earthenwares, almost always floral, popular from c.1810 to c It was found mostly on teawares and bowls and was one of the most inexpensive tableware varieties available in the 19 th century. Thirty of the 33 sherds are on refined white earthenware and are of this decorative type. The other three are porcelain pieces from a hollowware (2) and flatware form, likely a teacup and saucer. The former has a worn, overglaze floral motif in red and black, and the latter still displays the faint etched paint lines but is missing its paint. The hand-painted earthenware sherds present include both monochrome (10) and polychrome (20) ones. Identifiable decorations are all floral done in the peasant-style of floral execution, and some are combined with interior and/or exterior rim lines or bands. These bold motifs became popular in the 1830s and again after mid-century, after which point painted ceramics tend to rather sloppily executed. All of the monochrome sherds are painted in a cobalt blue, and they are derived from at least one saucer and hollowware form, likely a teacup. The polychrome painted sherds display the bright colours typical of the late palette (c.1830 to1872), which includes red and black. At least three teacups and two, likely three, saucers are represented by the 20 pieces found here. Two of the teacups are in an indeterminate bell shape in form, which dates it to the 1840s or1850s. With the exception of one (1) of the bellshaped teacups from Feature #1, all of the other hand-painted ceramic fragments in this decorative category came out of the block excavation units. The use of painted earthenware teas, especially monochrome painted vessels, dwindled rapidly from the 1850s onward. Although it is known that such painted wares continued to be made in the late 19 th century, few were reaching Ontario by the 1880s. Edged Wares (MNI=11): This decorative type is found predominantly on plates and platters between 1795 and Like the painted wares, edged ceramics were one of the cheapest types of tablewares around during the 19 th century. Shell edged wares continued to be marketed and readily available into the 1860s but, after this date, they are not commonly found in archaeological assemblages despite the fact that production continued into the 1890s and possibly later. The 23 refined white earthenware edgeware sherds from the site represent a minimum of 11 plate forms, four of which are dinner-sized plates. All of the plates have unscalloped edges done in blue, the most popular colour for edgeware. Although flatware forms with unscalloped edges were made as early as 1825, they were most common through the 1840s and 1860s. Vessels with impressed curved and straight lines ( ) predominate, and one (3) with a chicken claw motif ( ) was also noted. One (2) of the plates displays a blue band and very irregular slightly curved incising in a one-long then four to fiveshort repetition. It is poorly fired and may have been sold as a second. Pieces of this vessel were retrieved from both Feature #1 Lot 1 and unit # Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 24

103 Sponged Wares (MNI=10): Earthenwares with sponged (c ) decorations first came on the Canadian market around the middle of the 19 th century. These wares were widely advertised by crockery merchants throughout Victorian Canada as crockery excellent for the country trade since they were so cheap. Though flatware forms such as plates do occur, most of the specimens found in Ontario are from bowls and tea wares. By the mid 1840s, sponged teawares were commonplace on tables in Canada West, yet by the mid 1870s, they had virtually disappeared. However, sponged bowls last out the century. All 48 sponged sherds are on refined white earthenware, and the bulk of them, 38, are densely sponged, or speckled. The other ten sherds exhibit coarse, more open sponging that is generally not seen prior to c Monochrome blue, in varying shades, is the predominant colour noted on a conservative estimate of nine vessels, including a possible matching teacup (1) and saucer (2), and three other indeterminate flatware and three hollowware items. One (4) of the teacups is done in the London shape (c s), and two (11) of the hollowware vessels are unusual in their form. One (3) may be a bowl. It is coarsely sponged with a deeply scalloped rim. The other (8) is densely sponged and has a curvy body and foot rim with scroll-like mouldings. Pieces of these two vessels were found spread across two and four excavation units respectively. There are also two polychrome ( ) vessels, a red and blue bell-type shaped teacup (1840s-1850s) (2) and an indeterminate tableware item (1) in red and brown, in the sponged collection. The only sponged items to come out of the feature excavations were the blue teacup and saucer set, with the latter from Feature #2 and the former from Feature #1. The rest were found during the block excavations. Stamped Wares (MNI=10): Like the sponged wares, stamp-decorated (c ) earthenware vessels first came on the Canadian market around the middle of the 19 th century. They were, however, not as popular as the sponged wares, or any of the other inexpensively decorated varieties available for that matter, and are not generally very common on Ontario sites. Stamped ceramics are decorated with simple motifs cut from a sponge or similar material. They often have a crude, childish appearance, and were not likely used by most Victorians with middle class pretensions. Stamped wares peaked in popularity during the 1860s-1880s. At least two teacups, four saucers and and two additional hollowware and flatware refined white earthenware forms make up the stamped collection. At least two matching teacup/saucer sets were noted. The stamped motifs, which include loops and lines, flowers, circles with dots, diamonds with dots, and a Celtic cross-like pattern, appear to be monochrome in colour, either, red, green or blue, though two of the vessels also have a handpainted red rim line or band. Several cross-mends were noted between two to three different excavation units. All of the stamped sherds came out of the block excavation units. Slip/Banded Wares (MNI=2): Slip, or banded, wares ( ) covers various types of decoration that were produced by the application of coloured clay slips. First made in the late 18 th century, slipwares were in Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 25

104 particular demand from the 1840s through the 1860s. It was the cheapest hollowware available with decoration and is found mostly on bowls, pitchers and mugs. Like the stamped wares, and, all of the slipwares were retrieved from the unit excavations. By the last quarter of the 19 th century, slip-decorated vessels tended to be banished to the kitchen for utilitarian use rather than being used at the table. Since the site was occupied during both the third and last quarter of the 1800s, slipware on whitewares have been grouped here with the tablewares, and yellowware slipwares in the utilitarian ceramic section. None of the seven sherds were identifiable beyond the generic hollowware designation due to their highly fragmented nature, and with the exception of one with a brown line, all displayed lines and/or bands in blue and white. After the middle of the 19 th century, slipwares were in general quite simply decorated as were the ones found here. Transfer Printed Wares (MNI=15): The transfer printed assemblage comprises only 12.15% (35/288) of this site s tableware assemblage, with both common (21) and flown (14) prints noted. Common printed (1783- present) tablewares reached their peak during the 1830s and 1840s, and enjoyed a revival again in the 1880s, and flown prints ( s), most popular in the late 1840s and 1850s, also enjoyed a revival in the 1890s and early 1900s. With the exception of one of the blue and the single green printed sherd, the transfer prints found here are all from the introductory or early period of each colour s popularity. Transfer printed tablewares, in general, began to decline in popularity during the 1850s in face of the increase in use of white ironstone. The low percentage of printed sherds relative to the moulded ironstone ones in the assemblage, at 12.15% and 41.67% respectively, on the Richard Brown site helps support the predominantly 1860s to1880s date assigned to the bulk of the assemblage. Despite the fact that printed wares were generally more costly than the other decorative wares discussed above, domestic sites dating from the mid-1830s into the last third of the 19 th century are often conspicuous by the diversity of transfer printed colours. The later 19 th century date is, again, supported by the small number of colours, only four, noted in the printed assemblage found here. With the exception of two ironstone fragments, refined white earthenware sherds dominate the printed assemblage. Blue Printed Wares (MNI=11): Blue (1810-present) transfer printing was, and continues to be, by far the most popular printed colour, and it certainly is the most represented colour in this collection, with 28 sherds. Despite the fact that blue printed tablewares hit something of a low point in the last quarter of the 19 th century, 80% of the printed assemblage from the Richard Brown site is blue. Again, personal taste should not be discounted here. Both common (1783+) (17) and flown ( s) (11) blue prints were noted. The highly fragmented nature of most of the ceramic assemblage made pattern identification impossible for the bulk of the printed collection in general. The only readily discernible pattern in the common printed assemblage, and in the printed assemblage as a whole, is the infamous and ubiquitous Willow pattern. A minimum of two refined white earthenware plate and/or flatware forms are derived from the six sherds found with this pattern. Willow had Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 26

105 been developed by English potters in the 18 th century but it was not commonly exported to the Canadas until the early 1830s. It continues to be made today. An absolute minimum of five other blue transfer printed plate and/or flatware forms could be identified, four on refined white earthenware and one on white ironstone. The ironstone vessel is printed in a bright blue and has a moulded rim. The vibrant colour and the presence of mouldings suggest it likely dates to the end of the site s occupation. The flow blue transfer printed collection is comprised of 11 rather exfoliated refined white earthenware sherds from at least one hollowware and three flatware forms. The only vessel identifiable beyond a generic form designation is a thick-bodied plate in a geometric shape (1840s-1850s). Although still available in the 1860s, smaller quantities of flown ceramics were being stocked than in their heyday during the late 1840s and 1850s. By 1860, they tended to be sold as complete tea sets rather than individual units. Brown Printed Wares (MNI=2): The three brown printed ( , revives 1880s) refined white earthenware sherds derived from a plate (2) in the Willow pattern and another flatware form (1). Green Printed Wares (MNI=1) Only one green (1832+) transfer printed vessel, an ironstone flatware form, was found. It has two green lines and may be a piece of hotelware, which dates it to the very end of the site s domestic use. Flow Mulberry Wares (MNI=1): The three flow mulberry ( ) printed sherds appear to be from a single refined white earthenware, French-fluted teacup. This cup shape was introduced in the mid. 1840s and was popular for printed wares and white ironstone. Fragments of this vessel were retrieved from two excavation units, # and # , and from Feature #1 Lot 3. It is one of the few unit/feature cross-mends observed in the collection. Moulded Wares (MNI=34): Apart from a fluted porcelain teacup (1) fragment with a scalloped rim, the other 91 moulded sherds are ironstone ones. Moulded relief patterns were by far the most popular way of decorating ironstone. Six of the sherds, from a ribbed cup, are made of the lighter weight, creamier-coloured ironstone that started to appear in the 1880s. By1891, most Staffordshire potters had stopped producing cheap white ironstone, except for hotel wares and toilet set, and concentrated on the finer porcelains and semi-porcelains (1890+). Very few of the latter, and none of the former, were found on the Richard Brown site. When moulded white ironstone came on the market in the late 1840s, it involved not just the introduction of a new method of decoration, but also of a new ware type. Despite being more durable, it was rather plain looking beside the more colourful wares of the mid-19th century and expensive too, costing about the same as printed. It became an increasingly popular commodity during the 1860s, but it still took several decades to capture a significant place in the Ontario market. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 27

106 Identifiable vessel forms include a minimum of: nine cups; nine plates, with four dinnersized and two small ones; six saucers; one probable pitcher handle; and an additional six other hollowware and one flatware form. A number of the different patterns and/or diagnostic moulded attributes were identified during the cataloguing phase of analysis. The Gothic family shapes, with the hexagonal and octagonal lines so popular during the 1840s and 1850s, were some of the earliest moulded ironstone shapes produced. Although the precise pattern was not identifiable, one (1) of the hollowware vessels has a geometric body and likely dates to this early period. Similar in many ways to the Gothic shapes are the Sydenham-type patterns that also emerged in the 1850s. Although many echoed the geometric forms of their predecessors, round shapes were also being made and the vessels themselves were heavier. Although the exact pattern was not distinguishable, a saucer (2) with a paneled brim, typical of many of the Sydenhamtype patterns, was found. The majority of the Sydenham-type patterns were registered during the first half of the 1850s. The best known, and most popular, ironstone pattern through the years is the wheat design. It has been continuously reproduced since 1859, and there are still several British and American companies making it today. There are at least two versions of this motif in this collection, including a minimum of one cup (1) in the Prairie (registered 1862) shape, and two dinner plates (5), two cups (4) and two saucers (4) in the Ceres pattern (registered 1859). One (3) of the Ceres saucers is marked Ironstone Ch.../ W. & E. Corn / Burslem ( ), and one (3) of the dinner plates has a partial mark attributing it to an indeterminate Glasgow pottery. Another 15 moulded sherds from a variety of vessel forms display the melon-type ribbing common to the Ceres and Wheat patterns. The first mention of a wheat pattern in Ontario is During the 1860s, designers of white ironstone drew heavily from the garden, field and woods for their designs. Vessels with patterns of this type are a Hyacinth plate (2), a 10" diameter Lily-of-the-Valley dinner plate (3), two Loop and Line patterned cups (4), and a plate (1) with an indeterminate oak leaf motif. The impressed mark on the Lily-of-the-Valley plate indicates it was made by Wedgwood & Co. (1860+) of Tunstall. Some Staffordshire potters also covered the borders of plates and bodies of serving vessels with narrow ribbing in the 1860s, and this type of ribbing was noted on one of the hollowware vessel. A widely-ribbed cup (2), small 7 3/4" diameter plate (4) and dinner-sized plate (1) were found with an indeterminate grape vine and leaf motif. A number of different grape designs were made between the 1850s and 1880s, but no match for the one from this site was found here. The small plate bears the mark W. & E. Corn Burslem Staffordshire England / Impe..., which dates it between 1864 and The use of England in the mark generally denotes a post 1891 date, and suggests it may have been made in the last year of the company s Burslem factory. Two other unidentifiable patterns appear to be rather late ones as well. One is on a plate is decorated with two three-lobed leaves with a tassel-like flower suspended between them. The Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 28

107 other pattern, with open ovals alternating with two sets of sprigs coming out of a diamond, was observed on a small plate, a dinner plate, and an indeterminate hollowware item. The small plate has a partial printed black mark on its back, Powell & Bis.../ England. The use of England in the mark suggests it is likely attributable to Powell, Bishop & Stonier of Hanley ( ). The pottery was known as Powell & Bishop between 1876 and As the 19 th century progressed, the moulded relief patterns on ironstone tended to become increasingly less crisp and/or clear. The two Loop and Line cups (4), the paneled saucer (1), and a Ceres cup (3) and saucer (3), and the small plate (4), cup (2) and saucer (1) with the indeterminate grape pattern all have faint motifs. Luster Wares (MNI=2): This shiny metallic decoration which sought to imitate silver or copper was not attempted in England until the early 19 th century. Copper luster was generally applied on a dark body, but when the same solution was used on a whiteware, a pink/purple luster resulted. Prior to the development of a permanent under-glaze luster in c.1870, luster ware ( , revives 1900) was generally considered more ornamental than useful, since the decoration could wear off easily, and was certainly not likely for day to day use. Luster ware saw its peak in the 1850s, then little was made until the last quarter of the 19 th century. The two luster decorated sherds in the assemblage are derived from two refined red earthenware hollowware vessels. One has a moulded body with an overglaze copper (1805+) luster and a white interior glaze. The other vessel, likely a small pitcher or creamer, has been burnt and lost its luster. Its bulbous body has a textured, granular finish and likely would have once had a band of luster below the rim. Additional Comments on the Tableware Assemblage A number of the undecorated white ironstone sherds in the collection are worth mentioning since their backs bear black transfer printed maker s marks which contribute to the dating of the site. One plate (4) and two flatware vessels (3) have England incorporated into their mark, which generally indicates a post-1891 date for the piece. One of these, with the partial mark...al & Sons /...e Mark/...and, was likely made by Thomas Furnival & Sons of Codridge ( ). Since the company itself closed before the implementation of the McKinley Tariff Act in 1891, it appears that the company was marking their wares with the country of origin prior to this date. The mark also includes the words Trade Mark which signifies a date subsequent to the Trade-Mark Act of 1862, and normally denotes a date after There is a plate (1) with J. Broadhurst. Manufa.../ Fenton. Stok.../ Stafforsh... on its underside, The only reference of a J. Broadhurst was J. Broadhurst & Sons (c.1862-c.1922), but none for this particular mark. The last item to be mentioned here is a hollowware form (1) marked E. Corn.... It was likely made by Edward Corn, but no date was available. It likely predates W. & E. Corn ( ). Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 29

108 Utilitarian Wares Group: Utilitarian wares were generally made of clays that fired red, grey, buff or tan, and glazed with lead or salt glazes. These vessels were meant for the kitchen, cellar, laundry, pantry and milk house. They comprise 33.86% (446/1317) or the total ceramic assemblage, and 28.86% (458/1644) of the total Foodways Class. Coarse earthenwares ( , Ontario-made) (350), coarse stonewares ( s, Ontario-made) (53), refined red (9) and buff (20) earthenwares (29), and yellowwares (1830+) (14) are all present (see Plate 20). An absolute minimum of 28 utilitarian wares are represented by the 458 sherds recovered from the Richard Brown site. Both coarse red (348) and coarse buff (2) earthenware vessel sherds were noted in this collection. Interior and exterior glazing combinations, size, body curvature and thickness, as well as rim shape are a few of the criteria used to identify individual vessels. Two buff and an estimated 12 red earthenware hollowware vessels were distinguishable. Only three vessels identifiable beyond the generic hollowware designation are bowls. Two are fairly parallelsided bowls, or general utility crocks, with a clear speckled glaze on both sides. They measure 8 ½" and 10 ½' in diameter. Roughly 131 fragmented sherds with this glaze combination were found scattered across the excavation units (104) and in Features #1 (26) and 2 (1). The last bowl is glazed on both sides in a yellowish-brown colour and it measures 10 ½" in diameter. Approximately 42 sherds may belong to this vessel, and they were excavated from a number of block units as well as Features #1 (7) and 2 (1). The coarse stoneware fragments recovered from the site numbered 53, and are derived from a minimum of seven individual hollowware vessels. In Ontario, stoneware was first produced in1849 in Brantford and Picton. Prior to this, it would have had to have been imported, making this durable but heavy ceramic a notably more expensive ware than the inexpensive, common earthenwares produced in Ontario throughout the 19 th century. Five of the vessels have salt glazes, and two exhibit a Bristol-type glaze (1835+). Three (6) of the former vessels in this collection have a thick, dark brown slip known as Albany slip. This rich brown glaze was applied to some utilitarian wares of North American manufacture and post-dates One of these items has an unusual, slightly ovoid shape. Another one of the salt glazed wares is a small 8 1/4" diameter crock (18). As for the two Bristol vessels, one is a bottle (1) and the other a 6 ½" diameter, narrow-mouthed crock (24). The crock has had its shoulders and mouth dipped in a light brown glaze. Most of the sherds, 19, came out of Feature #1. It is only by the last quarter of the 19 th century that stoneware and glass containers became common items on domestic sites. It is a bit surprising that so few stoneware items were found here since the site s occupation extended right into the end of the 19 th century. The 29 refined earthenware utilitarian sherds represent at least two red (9) and one buff (20) vessels. The red vessels include a probable tea/coffee pot (8), glazed in dark brown, and an indeterminate thick hollowware form with a moulded leaf motif. It may be a jug. The buffcoloured sherds all come from at least one vitrified, ovoid Rockingham (1780s-1930s) baking dish. Pieces of this vessel were found spread across in 13 different excavation units. The last utilitarian ware type found on this site yellowware (1830+). The 14 sherds are derived from a minimum of three hollowware vessels, including one with slipware (1790- Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 30

109 1920) decorations. The slipware vessel (2) is an indeterminate holloware form (2) with a blue and white band and line motif. Slipwares from the first half of the 19 th century tend to be more elaborately decorated than those from the second half. The simple pattern on the one found here suggests it dates to the later half of the century. One of the other vessels in the yellowware collection is a Rockingham (1780s-1930s) jug (3). By the late 1880s, the Ontario pottery industry began its irreversible decline. The most direct cause of the decline was the development of alternative methods of storing and processing farm and household foods. The traditional products of the pottery were replaced one by one. Ice boxes replaced pickling crocks, mechanical cream separators replaced milk pans, glass jars replaced the ceramic fruit and preserve jars. One can see the changeover in this collection. The Glass Assemblage There is a revolution in the glass industry, in general, that starts in the1880s and continued on into the 1920s, with a move towards mechanization, whereby an entire vessel, including the finish, was made by machine. Workable, semi-automatic glass blowing machines were first developed in the early 1880s, and the first fully automatic machine in 1903, by Michael Owens. Owen s new technology did not begin to cut down on the number of had glass blowers until after 1905, since expanding demands for glass containers accommodated both the new technology and the old. In general, commercial production for narrow-mouthed and wide-mouthed containers using semi-automatic machines began in 1889 and 1893 respectively. Both peaked c.1917, and ended. In 1904, fully automatic commercial production on the Owen s machine for both container types commenced. They began to be replaced by feeders in the 1920s and production ended as late as Containers produced by either method are virtually indistinguishable. Prior to the introduction of mechanization in the glass industry, glass vessels were quite expensive. Most bottles were ultimately saved and re-used many times for years before they were discarded, either whole or broken. The glass assemblage makes up 19.04% (313/1644) of the Foodways Class assemblage. Only eight glass sherds could not be identified as to the method used in their manufacture, three being melted, and the rest are either mould-blown (pre. 1920s) (274), pressed (1850+) (22), or machine-made (late 1880s+) (9). Given the pre.1860s to 1891 date for the occupation of the site, the predominance of mould-blown glass would be expected. Some of the machine-made bottles may have been made in a semiautomatic machine. Four groups are represented by these sherds: Glass Beverage Containers (133); Glass Storage Containers (129); Glass Tablewares (40); and Unidentified Glass Containers (11). Glass Beverage Containers Group: The Glass Beverage Containers group makes up 42.49% (133/313) of the total glass assemblage (see Plate 21). Recycling practices were almost universal with beverage bottles such as wine, beer, soda and milk. Of the 133 beverage bottle sherds found here, one is melted and five are modern intrusions made by fully automated machines (1904+), and they Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 31

110 likely represent a pop (2) and beer (3) bottle. The rest of the glass beverage container fragments are mould blown ones appropriate to the site s time period. An absolute minimum of 21 individual glass beverage bottles may be suggested for this collection, including the two modern ones mentioned above. Although colour, vessel diameter, size, shape, texture, embossed information, etc. were all taken into account when determining the number of minimum vessels present for any one particular group of bottles, the following estimates are based largely on the number of complete or near complete bases or finishes, whichever the greater. The vast majority of these were recovered from Feature #1. This holds true not only for this group, but for Glass Storage Containers and Glass Tablewares Groups as well. Vessels identifiable beyond the generic beverage bottle designation include wine bottles (8), case bottles (3) and possible flask (1) for liquor, and soda/mineral water bottles (2). With the exception of the squared case bottles and ovoid flask, the rest of the bottles appear to be cylindrical ones. Most of them range in diameter from 2 1/4" to 3 ½", but one bottle (13) is huge, measuring at least 7". Over 90.98% (121/133) of the mould blown assemblage is comprised of light to dark olive green glass. This glass colour is most commonly associated with the liquor industry, and most of the bottles would have contained wine, beer or spirits, something which the occupants of this site obviously enjoyed. Although mould type was not discernible for more than two-thirds, or 67.71% (86/127), of them due to fragmented nature of the assemblage, a good number of the bottles did display datable attributes. Identifiable mould types include vessel made in: Rickett s and/or Rickett s type moulds (1820s-1920s) (2); cup bottom (1) or post bottom (1) moulds (c.1850+); and dip moulds (c.1730s into second half of the 19 th century) (2). Pontil marks (end date c.1870) were observed on five basal fragments with bell-shaped push-ups. The pontil is a long iron rod attached to the base of an object that is still hot and used to hold the object while the upper portion is being formed. A rough scar is left when the pontil is detached. A general end date for the use of the pontil is c Any intact lip/finish observed was made using a standard lipping tool (c ). Hand-held and bench mounted clamp tools specifically designed for finishing bottle lips was developed in England c.1830 and in America in c.1850, and a general end date for these tools is c One (2) of the Rickett s bottles has a very textured or whittled surface. Whittle marks are caused by the reaction of hot glass hitting the surface of a colder mould. With glassblowers being paid by the number of intact bottles blown, not by the surface quality of the items, there was little incentive to pay much attention to non-impairing flaws such as this. The other bottle (5) has the letter K embossed to one side of the push-up. It may have been manufactured by either Kearns & Company ( ) or Kearns, Herdman & Gorsuch ( ) of Zanesville, Ohio. Glass Storage Containers Group: All 129 glass fragments catalogued into this group are mould blown (pre. 1920s), and most (125) are likely derived from Mason-type jars (1858+). The exception is a probable condiment or sauce bottle (4). It has a long neck with a flat-sided finish made with a Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 32

111 standard lipping tool (c ) and a narrow, 2" diameter cylindrical body. As for the jars, an absolute minimum of ten cylindrical vessels with tapered shoulders and one glass liner are present. The four measurable diameters ranged from 3 3/4" to 4 ½", and every finish fragment recovered was threaded and displayed a hand-ground top (pre.1900). The ground lip resulted when the glass maker ground the top in order to eliminate the blow over, a gob of glass at the top of the jar that was used to attach a blowpipe when the jar was hand-blown into a mould. Three bases indicate that some of the jars were made in a post bottom mould (1850+). Eleven of the jars (114) are aqua in colour, one (1) is light green (1) and the last one (2) has a pale pink/purple tint known as manganese. By the 1880s, public concern with the purity of preserved foodstuffs, and with pharmaceuticals to a lesser degree, brought about a great demand for clarified glass. This forced food manufacturers to clarify the normally light green to aqua blue glass used in containers, and the most prominent method used added manganese dioxide to the glass mixture. The manganese glass turns a pale pink/purple when exposed to sunlight. When the First World War broke out, the primary source of manganese, Russia, was cut off by German blockades so manufacturers began using another chemical, selemium, to clarify glass. After the close of the war, they did not return to manganese dioxide as selemium does not cause glass to react to sunlight as manganese dioxide did. A number of sherds (21) were found embossed with the words THE GEM, either partial or complete, in one line on one side of the upper body, and represent a minimum of six of the jars (see Plate 22). These jars were made by the Hero Glass Works of Philadelphia ( ) who began manufacturing the screw top version of the Gem jar in Six other sherds from at least three vessels bear the embossed monogram HGW, a monogram signifying the Hero Glass Works. This monogram appears on fruit jars with the Mason s Patent / Nov " embossing, but no fragment with this wording was found. This company became the Hero Fruit Jar Company in Two (3) of the bases are also embossed with a number of different patent dates. One (1) jar is labeled pat...nov.../ Pat Fee A and the other (2) Pat Dec Reis Sep.1.68 / Pat Nov /232". Identifiable patent dates range from The last item of interest in this group is a 3" diameter aqua glass liner. A liner is part of a more complex closure, being sandwiched between a metal screw cap and a rubber ring. This type of liner was developed in the United States before sometime before The top of the one found here is embossed with Excelsior Glass Co. / Register d April 1879". The Excelsior Glass Company was a Canadian glass manufacturer operating out of Montreal, Quebec, between 1878 and Glass Tableware Group: Of the 40 glass tableware sherds recovered, six were unidentifiable as to method of manufacture largely due to their small size. One (1) is a clear, squat tumbler 2 ½" in diameter and 2 ½" tall. The remaining could be catalogued as machine-made (3) pressed (1850s+) (22), empontilled (7) or simply mould-blown (pre. 1920s) (2). Most of the sherds, 27, are clear, but other colours, such as cobalt blue (2), opaque white (2) and pink/purple, or manganese (9), were also noted. An absolute minimum of X individual vessels are present. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 33

112 The machine-made (late 1880s+) item is a colourless, cylindrical vessel measuring 2" in diameter. The upper part of its lip is angled inward, or beveled. It was likely originally been a commercial container used for the conveyance or packing of goods, such as jam or jelly, that was reused as a drinking glass or tumbler. It was found in Feature #1. It was probably made in a semi-automatic machine sometime at the end of the 19 th century. The bulk of the tableware vessels, 22, are made of pressed glass. Pressed glass is glassware formed by pressure between a mechanically-moved plunger and a mould. First introduced in the 1830s, it became available to the British buying public by the late 1830s to early 1840s, and, by the 1850s, pressed glass is seen in Canada. It could be cheaply produced and was intended for everyday use, being both durable and attractive. It was very popular from the 1850s until 1910, with the majority of it made during the 1880s. American pressed glass was less expensive than the British-made product, and there was some Canadian production of pressed glass, and one of the early factories was the Burlington Glass Works in Hamilton ( ). It was particularly popular in Canada from the 1870s onward. Most of the wares produced in the early period are colourless, and nine (13) were found here. The other seven (9) vessels in this group are coloured glass tablewares and definitely date to the tail end of this site s use. The colourless assemblage is made up of nine vessels, including a small dish (3), a tumbler (1), three stemware items (5), and four other indeterminate hollowware forms (4). The first item is almost complete, and measures 3 ½" diameter and 1" in depth. It has a double scalloped motif with dots and an alternating leaf and fleur-de-lis-like flower hanging from the inverted scalloping. It was found in Feature #2 Lot 1. A light pink/purple dish of the same size and pattern was found in block excavation unit # One of the stemware items may be derived from a pedestaled bowl (2). It has a 4 ½" octagonal base with recessed ovals on each side and a 2 ½" long octagonal stem, and another a foot fragment from a drinking vessel. Pressed motifs on the other hollowware tableware items include fine ridges, ribbing and an angular pattern. The coloured vessels include a small shallow dish (1), two cups (4), a possible tumbler (1), a large stemware item (1) and two (2) indeterminate hollowware forms. The first is a light pink/purple in colour. Although the pale amethyst colour may be intentional, the fact that manganese may have been used as a decolourizing agent in its manufacture (c.1875-wwi) should be considered as well. It was found in unit # Its decoration and curvature matches the colourless small dish found in Feature #2, but does not mend with it. As for the cups, one (2) is made of an opaque white glass, or milk glass, with basal and rim diameters of 2 1/4" and 4" respectively. Its body is moulded with a band of dots and a leaf/flower pod motif. Although milk glass has been around since the 16 th century, it came into vogue in the mid. 19 th century. Milk glass dinnerware, kitchenware and decorative objects saw their heyday in production at the turn of the last century. The pieces from the Richard Brown site were retrieved from both Features #1 and 2. The other cup (2) is cobalt blue in colour. It is 3" in diameter and stands approximately 2 3/4" tall and has an angular handle. Its decoration consists of nine elongated hexagonal panels with dotted border. It came out of Feature #1 Lot 3. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 34

113 The tumbler, with a starburst motif on its base, the indeterminate stemware and other holloware items are all also light pink/purple in colour. The stemware object consists only of a 3 3/8" diameter base with a textured base and blank, or open dotted ovals. One of the two hollowware forms has a diamond-in-diamond motif, and the other, and the other displays a fine toothed pattern. This rounds out the pressed glass assemblage from the Richard Brown site. The empontilled tableware vessel is a 2" diameter, clear cylindrical tumbler (7) with a ground and polished, or finished, pontil mark on its base. Although there were tools similar to the snap case used for bottles for holding stemware and presumably tumblers as well, which eliminated the use of the pontil, the 1850 to 1870 changeover period is not applicable on tableware. The time frame for the change in table glass manufacture is much broader and largely undocumented. Despite the fact that tumblers are the most frequently-occurring table glass item found on archaeological sites in Canada, very few (4) were found. Many of the ceramic teacups and cups likely served as drinking tumblers as well. The last two mould blown items in the Glass Tableware Group include a light pink/purple hollowware vessel with a deeply scalloped rim. The rim appears to have been moulded in a template. Unidentified Glass Containers Group: There were 11 glass container sherds that could not be assigned to any of the other Foodways Class groups with a degree of certainty and were ultimately placed here. They do, however, represent vessels that are, in all likelihood, food-related. Only one sherds, a melted blob, could not be identified as to method of manufacture, and the rest of the fragments were predominantly mould blown (pre. 1920s) (9). The exception is a single machine-made (late 1880s+) (1) bottle sherd from a cylindrical vessel with an orange peel-like texture on its surface. It may be from a pop bottle, and it came out of unit # A minimum of four mould blown vessels are represented in this group. Shy of the generic mould-blown designation, no other datable attributes were observed on these items. The Metal Assemblage The two incomplete, corroded ferrous metal items belonging to the Foodways Class are a tin can key wind and a fork from the Metal Containers and Utensils Groups respectively. The key-wind was a closure mechanism invented in It consisted of a scored band on the side or end of the metal can which required a key to wind open the can to access its contents. The use of the key wind declined drastically by c.1900, though sardine and meat cans still use this mechanism today. It was found in unit # The fork, from unit # , consists only of its top, and was either two or three pronged. Both types were in common use during the 19 th century. FURNISHINGS CLASS The 155 items classed here could be divided into two groups, Decorative Furnishings (1) and Lighting Devices (154) (see Plate 17). Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 35

114 Decorative Furnishings Group: The single item in this group is what appears to be the base of a small, moulded white porcelain figurine. The base is round, at approximately 1 3/4" in diameter, and is encircled with a double rope-like motif. The upper section of the item is missing. It came out of unit # Lighting Devices Group: Oil lamps and candles were the primary sources of light for most farms or small towns far away from major cities until well into the first half of the 20 th century. The 154 glass sherds in this group are derived from at least three probable glass oil lamp globes and/or shades (30) and an absolute minimum of six oil lamp chimneys (124). This estimate is based on a combination of glass colour and the number of individual rims and bases present, whichever the greater. All identifiable rim sherds are scalloped, and all identifiable bases are either ground or fire-polished. Two of the globes/shades are a light pink/purple to dark amethyst in colour. In the 19 th century, glass makers used manganese to either remove colour from glass (c.1875-wwi) or, as is likely in this case, to add colour to it as a decorative element, something which has been done since ancient times. The third globe/shade is colourless, as is all the lamp chimney glass. The two coloured globes/shades both have scalloped rims. One is slightly irregular, having been hand-tooled and fire-polished, and the other is templatemoulded. Six of the lamp chimneys also have template-moulded rims. Measurable bases (4) were 3" in diameter, and measurable rims (6) ranged in diameter from 2 1/4" to 2 5/8". Of the 154 glass sherds in this group, 109 came out of Feature #1. MEDICAL/HYGIENE CLASS There are 271 artifacts classed into the Medical/Hygiene Class comprising 7.24% (271/3741) of the total site collection. The two groups into which these items were divided are the Grooming/ Hygiene (66) and the Pharmaceutical Containers (205) Groups. Just over half of the artifacts, 138, were retrieved from Feature #1, not surprising given its probable function as a privy. Grooming/Hygiene Group: The 78 ceramic sherds that make up this group are derived from a minimum of one undecorated refined white earthenware chamber pot (10), two white ironstone (45) chamber pots, one (12) 9" diameter mocha ( ) chamber pot with a blue dendritic motif on a white background, and one 14" diameter, white ironstone wash basin (11) (see Plate 23-24). One (40) of the ironstone pots is in the Ceres pattern (registered 1859) and came out of Feature #1. It bears a black transfer printed maker s mark on its back attributing it to Robert Cochrane & Co. /Glasgow/ Imperial Stone China, a Scottish potter operating from to The other chamber pot (5) is a Plain (1870s-1880s) one from Feature #2 with a wide, flat brim measuring approximately 8 ½" in diameter. The more elaborately decorated mocha chamber pot (12) is typical of slipware items produced prior to the middle of the 19 th century. Fragments of this vessel came out of Feature #1 Lot 3 and unit # The wash basin is also in the Ceres pattern and, like the Ceres chamber pot, was made by Robert Cochrane & Company according to its partial mark. These two pieces may be part of a chamber set. Fragments of the wash basin were found in Feature #2 (3) and units # () and # (7). Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 36

115 Pharmaceutical Containers Group: The 205 glass sherds in this group are derived from an absolute minimum of 36 mould blown (pre. 1920s) pharmaceutical bottles (see Plate 25-26). This number is a conservative estimate based on a combination of attributes including size, shape, colour, finishes, bases, mould type, embossed lettering, etc. Since the sherds recovered from the block excavations (105) were so highly fragmented, the count is founded largely on the collections recovered from the features. The bottles are predominantly rectangular in shape, but cylindrical ones and at least two ovoid ones, as well as a 5/8" diameter vial, were also observed. Identifiable mould types include: one bottle with a glass-tipped pontil mark (end date c. 1870) on its base; 24 bottles made in either a cup-bottom (12) or post-bottom (12) mould (1850+); and three Rickett s or Rickett s-type (1820s-1920s) moulded bottles. Another temporally diagnostic attribute noted in the collection is that all intact bottle finishes are made using a standard lipping tool (c s). There are also at least five bottles that have had the decolorizing agent manganese (c.1875-wwi) added during their manufacture, and display the classic pink/purple tint that comes with exposure. It is interesting to note that all of the manganese sherds were found during the block excavations as opposed to having been retrieved from the depths of Feature #1.. At least six of the vessels appear to be patent medicine bottles as suggested by the partial embossed lettering visible on the front, back and/or sides. There was nothing to stop patent medicine makers from claiming anything and putting anything in their products. The biomedical sciences were still in their infancy and medicine was ill-equipped to deal with most diseases. Entrepreneurial individuals were prepared to step in and alleviate the suffering, and they did, with a wide variety of products whose primary ingredients were often liquor and opium derivatives. During the last two decades of the 19 th century, serious inquiry about the makeup of these types of medicines began to reach state and federal law makers in the United States. One of the goals of the American Medical Association (AMA) was not only to educate doctors but also the public and the state legislatures in order to rid the market of the innumerable fraudulent medicinal preparations. The Journal of American Medical Association printed a list of Habit Forming Nostrums in May of 1909, classifying them into various drug groups including alcohol, cocaine, chloral, cannabis indica (marijuana), and opium and its derivatives (notably morphine and codeine). Two of the patent bottles, both large, rectangular ones, had enough lettering to permit additional research on their original contents. One (11) of the bottles is embossed Dr. Pierce s / Favorite / Prescription / Buffalo... / R.V.... It was made by Dr. Ray Vaughn of Buffalo, New York, proprietor of a line of medicines that were distributed world-wide, including Extract of Smart Weed and his above mentioned Favorite Prescription. The latter was advertised in the 1870s and 1880s as the only guaranteed cure of those chronic weaknesses and complaints of females. Both of Pierce s concoctions were found by the AMA to contain copious amounts of opium. Pierce appears to have stopped using opium in his products during the last decade of the 19 th century. The other bottle (23) is embossed The Great / Shoshonees / Remedy of / Dr. Josephus. Canadians Daniel and Robert P. Young had been involved in the patent medicine business for Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 37

116 years when they came to Syracuse, New York (from Canada?), in c Directories list Young and Brother as manufacturers of the Remedy from 1869 to William Kidder & Company of New York purchased the brand in 1872, and it was still being sold in Canada in Testimonials for this medicine were found dating to the 1860s, and an 1868 newspaper advertisement was also located that read: Look, read and learn, that the Great Shoshones Remedy of the celebrated Indian Dr. Lewis Josephus of the distinguished Tribe of Shoshonees, Columbia Territory, is now for sale in the Union. This all possessing Indian Remedy is warranted, and in broad and emphatic language we can safely say, may be relied upon to make a permanent cure of all diseases of the Throat, Lungs, Kidneys, Digestive Organs & etc., as well as Scrofula, the various skin diseases, Humors, and all diseases arising from Impurity of the blood, excepting the third stage of Consumption. Another 1871 ad in a British Columbia newspaper, the Victoria Ward, announced that this remedy gives unexpected results for its users, and never, they say, in the history of Canadian medicine, has a medicine been so successful. The secret to its success are a few key ingredients including wild cherry bark, Juniper, dandelion [sp], Podohyllum, Jalapa, Socotrine, Hyoscanus, Capsicum, smartweed, etc. What is not quantified, however, is the opium and alcohol content in this famous tonic. Similar preparations put the latter at 80%. Another large rectangular embossed bottle (1) of interest has a post-bottom base embossed A. & D. H. C. This bottle was made by Alexander & David Chambers of Pittsburgh, Penssylvania (1843-c.1889), one of the most prolific glass companies in Pittsburgh during the second half of the 19 th century. Huge quantities of bottles, flasks and fruit jars were made, as well as window pane glass. Many locally, regionally and nationally-distributed sodas, mineral waters, beers, bitters, tonics and other types of products were packaged in bottles made by this company. Although bottles bearing this mark generally date to the 1870s and 1880s, the mark was likely in used from at least around the beginning of the Civil War, and possibly an even a bit earlier. NATIVE CLASS Twelve chert fragments, including ten flakes and two pieces of miscellaneous debitage, were recovered (see Plate 27). One of the pieces of detritus came out of Feature #1 Lot 3 and the rest were found in the block excavation units. One of the flakes is a medium grayish-brown in colour with lighter mottling, and the other 11 pieces are a dark gray chert with light gray mottling. PERSONAL CLASS The two items in this class are porcelain doll limbs belonging to the Toys and Leisure, and include a bisque leg and an arm fragment (see Plate 27). The former, from is complete, measuring 2 1/4" in length. It has a hand-painted black boot and the number VII embossed on its side. The arm fragment consists only of part of the forearm and hand. Both pieces are coarsely moulded and their proportions suggest they may have come from the same clothbodied doll. It is a good indication that there was at least one female child on site. The leg was found in unit # and the hand in unit # SMOKING CLASS Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 38

117 The most common smoking item found on 19 th century sites is the tobacco pipe (see Plate 28). By the 19 th century, such pipes were being mass produced in England, Scotland, France and Germany, and, by the second half of the century, in Canada as well. Thirty-five white ball clay smoking pipes fragments were found on site. Not a single piece was found in either feature, with all of them being retrieved from the block excavation units. A good proportion of the pipe assemblage, 27, was undecorated and/or plain, including both bowl (10) and stem (17) fragments. Two of the latter items have a yellowish-brown glazed mouthpiece which would have prevented the smoker s lips from sticking to the porous clay. Pipe stems bearing an impressed maker s name with the city of its manufacture on the opposite side is a practice which became common in the 1840s, and three were found here. One is marked Murray/Glasgow ( ), a Scottish pipe maker. The other two only have partial marks, and both were made by Canadian pipe manufacturers in Montreal. The one marked...n s/... was likely made by W. H. Dixon ( ), and the other only bears the word Montreal. The rest of its stem is exfoliated. The remaining pipe fragments (5) are decorated bowl pieces derived from at least three different pipes. Two are ribbed, and the other has a small branch/vine and leaf/bud motif. Fragments of this pipe were found in unit # and # Although the designs are decorative and were meant to appeal to individual user s tastes, the possibility that there was a practical side to the embossing should also be considered. Compared to a plain bowl, the user would have had a better grip on the pipe and the larger surface area may have offered a cooler smoke. UNASSIGNED CLASS Of the 122 metal artifacts in this class, 17 belong to the Miscellaneous Hardware Group and the rest, 105, to the Miscellaneous Material Group. The ferrous hardware items include 11 flat-topped, slot-headed wood screws (1840+), five cut tacks and a 2" long, unthreaded bolt-like item with a round domed head and a washer stuck onto the other end. The complete screws (10) range in length from 5/8" to 2", and the tacks (3) from 5/8" to 1". Four of the tacks have round, flat heads and the last one is box-headed. The Miscellaneous Materials Group consists of a wide variety of items, most of which (103) are made of a ferrous metal. The exceptions, a sheet metal and strapping piece, are copperalloy. The artifacts in this group include fragments of flat, curved, cut, perforated and/or riveted sheet metal (56) and strapping (15). The strapping ranges in width from 3/8" to 1 3/8". One of the sheet metal pieces may be part of a bucket rim, and another a handle part. There is a 3/16" diameter piece of tubing, and 30 wire fragments as well. Three of the wire pieces have a split and toggled end, and may be derived from an umbrella, while two other pieces have hooked ends similar to what would be found at the end of a wire handle for a bucket. This is, in general, not a particularly diagnostic class. UNIDENTIFIED CLASS Items that could not definitively be assigned to any particular class, or were unidentifiable in general as to form or function, were lumped into the Unidentified Class. There are 154 such Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 39

118 items in this collection, including indeterminate artifacts made of ceramic (2), glass (137), metal (14) and plastic (1). Artifacts with temporally diagnostic attributes and/or ones of interest deserve mention here. Most of the glass sherds in this class, 101, were identifiable as being from mould blown (pre. 1920s) vessels, though nine fully-automatic, machine-made (post. 1904) ones were also noted. The rest were either too fragmented and/or melted to identify their method of manufacture. Twenty-four sherds were pale pink/purple, or manganese (c.1875-wwi) in colour, and three other bottle sherds displayed finishes made with a standard lipping tool (c.1830-c.1890s). There is an interesting light green, flat disc, measuring 3.2cm in diameter and 2.25mm in thickness. It has a chipped and/ coarsely ground edge. It does not seem to possess any magnifying qualities so was not likely derived from a pair of eyeglasses. The metal objects in this class are predominantly ferrous ones (10), seven of which are cast, and the other four are made of a copper-alloy. One of the copper-alloy items may be a piece of jewellery or from a watch fob. It is oval in shape, 1 3/4" long and 1 ½" wide, with a charm-like item attached to one end and a small knob on top. The oval hoop is stamped with ridges. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 40

119 4) Conclusions and Recommendations During the months of September and October 2009, undertook the Stage 4 Mitigations of the Richard Brown site (AkGv-303), in the City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. The overall site assemblage, and the ceramic assemblage in particular, recovered during the Stage 4 archaeological investigations on the Richard Brown Site exhibits trends that are in keeping with the documented dates of popularity and production for the various artifacts discussed above, and support the c.1860 to 1891 date for the domestic occupation of site. The archaeological findings suggest that Richard Brown and his family likely moved from an earlier home on the west side of Black Creek to a new home just to the south-east on the east bank of the creek closer to the road sometime in the 1860s. They presumably left the first, and later their second, homestead for a larger, more formal frame or brick home elsewhere. There is little doubt that most settlers and their families expected to improve their homesteads over time once help, materials, and, of course, money, became available. The house structure itself as seen in the 1878 Atlas on the very south-western edge of the study area was unfortunately not found, having in all probability been completely destroyed by later 20 th century road and road-related construction activities. Two features, Feature #1, a probable privy, and unidentified pit/refuse pit Feature #2, directly related to the site s occupation, however, were located under an area with a very high artifact concentration that was block excavated as a midden. The Brown s household refuse was found spread across the site, and the material suggests that the family was one of fairly modest economic means and living very much the life of the average settler in Canada during the second half of the 19 th century. In regards to the debitage assemblage, given no diagnostic tools were recovered, and the assemblage is so paltry, nothing can be stated beyond the generalization that Aboriginal knappers once were present on the site. No affinity and no time frame can be identified. On the basis of the results of the complete Stage 4 mitigations, extensive artifactual analysis outlined in this report, the following recommendations are submitted to the Ministry of Tourism & Culture (MTCL): 1. Due to the extensive archival research and field investigations the Richard Brown site has been subjected to, it is now recommended that the investigated area be considered fully free from archaeological concern. However, should any area outside the excavated region be considered for manipulation or disturbance by construction activities, they will require further investigation prior to any development activities. 2. This report is filed with the Ministry of Culture in compliance with Section 65 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The ministry reviews reports to ensure that the licensee has met the terms and conditions of the licence and archaeological resources have been identified and documented according to the standards and guidelines set by the ministry, ensuring the conservation, protection and preservation of the heritage of Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 41

120 Ontario. It is recommended that development not proceed before receiving confirmation that the Ministry of Culture has entered the report into the provincial register of reports. 3. Should previously unknown or unassessed deeply buried archaeological resources be uncovered during development, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The office of the Heritage Operations Unit, Ministry of Culture ( ) should be contacted immediately. 4. Any person discovering human remains must immediately notify the office of the Heritage Operations Unit, Ministry of Culture ( ), the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries, Ministry of Government Services ( ). Under Section 6 of Regulation 881 of the Ontario Heritage Act, will, keep in safekeeping all objects of archaeological significance that are found and all field records that are made. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 42

121 5) Bibliography Adams, Nick 1995 Field Manual for Avocational Archaeologists in Ontario. The Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., North York, Ontario Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Highway 407 Subway Station, Within Part of Lots 2 and 3, Concession 5, City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. Newmarket Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment Report: Richard Brown Site (AkGv-303), Within Part of Lot 2, Concession 5, City of Vaughan, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. Newmarket. Atterbury, Paul (ed.) n.d. English Pottery and Porcelain: A Historical Survey. Universe Books, New York. Burke, Charles 1982 From Potter to Spoilheap: Temporal Ranges and Popularity of Nineteeth- Century Ceramics. MS on file, Canadian Parks Service, Ontario Regional Office, Cornwall. Busch, Jane 1991 An introduction to the Tin Can. In Approaches to Material Culture Research for Historical Archaeologists. Ronald L. Michael, ed. The Society for Historical Archaeology. Pennsylvania. Collard, Elizabeth 1967 Nineteenth-Century Pottery and Porcelain in Canada. McGill University Press, Montreal. Ferris, Neal 1986 Buttons I Have Known. In Studies in Southwestern Ontario Archaeology. Occasional Publication No. 1, pp , London Chapter, OAS, London, Ontario. Fike, Richard E The Bottle Book: A Comprehensive Guide to Historic, Embossed Medicine Bottles. The Blackburn Press, Caldwell, New Jersey. Gallo, John 1985 Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Yellow Ware. Heritage Press, New York. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 43

122 Godden, Geoffey A Encyclopaedia of British Pottery and Porcelain Works. Crown Publishing, New York English China. Barrie & Jenkins, London. Gurcke, Karl 1987 Brick and Brickmaking: A Handbook for Historical Archaeology. The University of Idaho Press, Moscow, Idaho. Hunter, Robert R. and George Miller 1994 Shell-Edge Earthenware. In Antiques, Vol. 145 (3): Isreal, Fred L., general editor 1968 A reproduction of the 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catalogue, Chelsea House Publishers, New York. Jones, Olive 1991 Glass Bottle Push-ups and Pontil Marks In Approaches to Material Culture Research for Historical Archaeologists. Ronald L. Michael, ed. The Society for Historical Archaeology. Pennsylvania. Jones, Olive and Catherine Sullivan 1985 The Parks Canada Glass Glossary. Parks Canada, Ottawa. Kenyon, Ian 1995 A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario, In, KEWA, Newsletter of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society. King, Thomas B Glass in Canada. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario Miller, George 1980 Classification and Economic Scaling of 19 th Century Ceramics. Historical Archaeology 14; Miller, George and Catherine Sullivan 1980 Machine-Made Glass Containers and the End of Production for Mouth-Blown Bottles. In Approaches to Material Culture Research for Historical Archaeologists. Ronald L. Michael, ed. The Society for Historical Archaeology. Pennsylvania. Nelson, Lee H Nail Chronology as an Aid to Dating Old Buildings. History News, Volume 24: 11. National Park Service, Technical Leaflet 48. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 44

123 Newland, David L Early Ontario Potters: Their Craft and Trade. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limiter, Toronto. Pacey, Antony 1981 A History of Window Glass Manufacture in Canada. Association for the Preservation of Technology, Vol. XIII, No. 3. Association for Preservation Technology International. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Parr-Traill, Catherine 1855 The Canadian Settler s Guide, Toronto, Canada West. Phillips, Maureen K Mechanic Geniuses and Duckies,, A Revision of New England s Cut-Nail Chronology. Association for the Preservation of Technology, Vol. XXV, No Association for Preservation Technology International. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Picken, Mary Brooks 1985 A Dictionary of Costume and Fashion: Historic and Modern. Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, New York. Rempel, John 1980 Building with Wood and Other Aspects of Nineteenth-Century Building in Central Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. Sprague, Roderick 2002 China or Prosser Button Identification and Dating. In Historical Archaeology, Vol. 36 (2): Stevens, Gerald 1967 Early Canadian Glass. The Ryerson Press, Toronto. Sussman, Lynne The Wheat Pattern: An Illustrated Survey. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada Mocha, Banded, Cat s Eye, and Other Factory-Made Slipware. Studies in Northeast Historical Archaeology. Number 1. Boston University, Boston. Toronto Transit Commission et al 2008 Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension: Downsview Station to Highway 7, CEAA Screening Report. Toronto. Unitt, Doris and Peter American and Canadian Goblets. Clock House, Peterborough, Ontario. Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 45

124 Vincent, Elizabeth? Substance and Practice: Building Technology and the Royal Engineers in Canada. Pamphlet. Environment Canada Parks Service. Walker, Ian Nineteenth-Century Clay Tobacco-Pipes in Canada. In The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe VIII. America. Peter Davey, general editor. BAR International Series 175. Wetherbee, Jean 1981 A Look at White Ironstone. Wallace-Homestead Book Company, Des Moines. Williams, Petra 1993 Flow Blue China and Mulberry Ware. Fountain House East, Jeffersontown. Internet Sites Consulted: A Menagerie in Milk Glass Dangerous Drug Bottles Histoire d une Bouteille by Jacques Boisvert How to Date Historical Cans by John Peterson The Medicine Chest by Dr. Richard Cannon A Short History of the Corset Milk Glass Glass Factory Marks on Bottles A Treatise on the Shoshonees medical system as practised by the eminent Indian Dr. Lewis Josephus, of the great tribe of Shoshonees, in the vicinity of Mangcosee, British Columbia Historic Glass Bottle Identification & Information Website Lake Country Archeology Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 46

125 APPENDIX A: PLATES Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 47

126 Plate 1: View of the Stage 4 striping of topsoil at the Richard Brown Site Plate 2: View of the Stage 4 striping of topsoil at the Richard Brown Site. Plate 3: Block excavation within the midden area at the Richard Brown Site Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 48

127 Plate 4: Block excavation within the midden area at the Richard Brown Site Plate 5: Stage 4 feature excavation at the Richard Brown Site Plate 6: Plan view of Feature 1 Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 49

128 Plate 7: Profile view of Feature 1 (east facing) Plate 8: Plan view of Feature 2 Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 50

129 Plate 9: Profile 1 of Feature 2 (west facing) Plate 10: Profile 2 of Feature 2 (east facing) Plate 11: Profile 3 of Feature 2 (west facing) Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 51

130 Plate 12: Profile 3 of Feature 2 (east facing) Plate 13: Sample of artifacts from the activity class Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 52

131 Plate 14: Sample of artifacts from the architectural, and arm and military class Plate 15: Sample of artifacts from the clothing class Plate 16: Sample of fasteners from the clothing class Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 53

132 Plate 17: Sample of artifacts from the faunal and furnishing class Plate 18: Sample of artifacts from the tablewares class Plate 19: Sample of artifacts from the tablewares class Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 54

133 Plate 20: Sample of artifacts from the utilitarian ware class Plate 21: Sample of artifacts from the architectural, and arm and military class Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 55

134 Plate 22: Detailed view of glass container fragments embossed with the words THE GEM Plate 23: Chamber pot samples from the hygiene class Plate 24: 9" diameter mocha ( ) chamber pot with a blue dendritic motif on a white background Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 56

135 Plate 25: Sample of pharmaceutical containers from the medical class Plate 26: Detailed view of a sample of pharmaceutical containers Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 57

136 Plate 27: Sample of artifacts from the native, personal and smoking and unidentified classes Plate 28: Sample of pipe stems from the smoking class Stage 4 Mitigation Preliminary Report of the Richard Brown Site: AkGv-303, RM of York 58