getting the water out of liquid hand soap Observations How much water is in liquid soap? Brainstorm: how do we get the water out?

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1 How much water is in liquid soap? getting the water out of liquid hand soap Water is #1 ingredient in all liquid soaps ~50% of liquid soap by volume is H2O* Each 7.5 fl.oz. bottle contains 112 g H2O** Brian Van Osdol Dan Malik * snowdriftfarm.com/form_liquidsoap.htm instructions for making soapl **density of water = 30g/oz Observations People overwhelmingly prefer liquid soap no dirty, slimy bar or messy powder Liquid soap user-experience generally good People do not thoroughly wash hands There is a stigma about touching things that appear dirty near the sink Brainstorm: how do we get the water out?

2 Brainstorming contd. Prototypes Jamming microwaved soap into a liquid soap pump Initial Ideas Evaluating solubility of bar soap, rough prototype of under-faucet soap rack Solid soap on a swivel faucet rack Soap bottle tube filled with solid soap Dispenser of pill-sized solid soap Motion sensing powdered soap snow machine Nozzle filled with solid soap infuser How does foaming nozzle work? Prototypes contd. Version 1.0 : dissolved solid soap with foaming pump Solid soap slicing dispenser? Yum Testing/Iteration Under-faucet swivel not popular among testers Slicer makes a tremendous mess People clean hands more thoroughly with soapy water (compared to liquid soap) Solid soap dissolves nicely in bottle of water, creating a light & foamy soap solution

3 User Story User has just cooked some fried wontons (greasy) Fill At Home Foaming Liquid Soap Three-use bottle Saves transportation of 112g x 3 = 336g H20 per bottle* Translates to 45g CO2 saved per bottle* Adds up to 1800 lbs CO2 saved per truck load * Compared to three 7.5 oz bottles of liquid hand soap Goes to apply soap to hands, but dispenser has run dry

4 User Story contd. Refills the bottle in a snap with the quick-fill opening (no unscrewing required) Shakes until next soap level is dissolved Applies soap and rinses Nice and clean. Unintended/Additional Benefits Significantly reduced packaging 3 bottles in one, i.e. 67% less PET Takes Refilling mainstream water instead of soap: less mess promotes culture of re-use Better coverage of hand with soap -> more thorough cleaning with less viscous product Questions

5 CO2 Calculation 53 foot trailer capacity: 4,005 ft^3 or 14,200 lbs assuming a 7.5 fl oz bottle takes up 8fl oz ( ft^3) of volume in the truck that is 479,350 soap bottles per truck *112 grams = 53,687 Kg = 118,360 lbs of water This is above full shipping capacity of a truck. So the shipping volume of the truck is not optimized. We must go back and use weight restrictions as our metric instead of volume For the CO2 calculation we'll assume that at least a third of the weight comes from water (50% of the volume is volume so this is a generous assumption) contd. Other features Quick fill opening (no unscrewing or removing of a soapy pump required) 30% of the max shipping weight of 14,200 is 4260 lbs. This is the assumed weight of water shipped for a full load of soap. This comes out to: 4260lbs /112 grams = 17,000 bottles The trip for Dial soap from their manufacturing headquarters in Scottsdale, AZ to Palo Alto, CA is 744 miles. using feuleconomy.gov/feg/co2.shtml value of one gallon of gasoline produces 20 pounds of CO2 The fuel efficiency will vary by 8mpg for full capacity to 14mpg for shipping the same number with no water (extrapolated from plot for shipping weight to automobile fuel efficiency) 744miles/8mpg = 93 gallons vs. 744miles/14mpg = 53 gallons Difference in gallons is 40 gallons. This is equivalent to 600 lbs of CO2 per truck of soap With our three uses per bottle we can multiply this by 3 to get a savings of 1800 lbs of CO2 per truck. 1800lbs/17,000 = 0.1 lbs of CO2 per bottle saved for just shipping Printed lines on bottle indicate proper quantity of soap has been dissolved