Innogy Renewables UK Ltd i Harryburn Wind Farm: ES Technical Appendix 8.6: Bird Collision Modelling April 2017

Transcription

1 Harryburn Wind Farm Technical Appendix 8.6 Bird Collision Modelling Ref: April 2017 Ref: Version No: Final April 2017

2 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd i CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY The Prediction of Rotor Transits from Vantage Point Survey Data Undertaking CRM RESULTS Flightline data Species input data CRM Results REFERENCES CLOSURE Annex A ANNEXES Collision Mortality Calculations

3 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd INTRODUCTION This report presents the results of Collision Risk Modelling (CRM) undertaken for 14 bird species to inform the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed Harryburn Wind Farm. The exact make, type and model of turbine to be used as part of the proposed development will be the result of a future tendering process and therefore an indicative candidate turbine model has been assumed for this assessment. Modelling was therefore based on the use of 17 Vestas V MW turbines, each with a rotor diameter of 117m and hub height of 91.5m, which is consistent with the information outlined in Chapter 3: Description of the Development. Where there was sufficient bird flight activity within the Collision Risk Zone (CRZ) (i.e. within the Wind Farm Polygon (WP 1 )) at Potential Collision Height (PCH), collision risk modelling (CRM) was used to predict the number of individuals per target species that might collide with the wind turbine rotors. Sufficient flight activity was defined as a total of three flights or ten individuals at PCH in the CRZ. Target species were agreed during the EIA scoping process and included: All wild goose, swan and duck species, with the exception of Canada goose Branta canadensis; Black grouse Tetrao tetrix; All raptors and owls listed on Annex I of the Birds Directive or Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended); Kestrel Falco tinnunculus; and All wader species. Further details regarding the methodology used, including details of assumptions used and any corrections applied, are provided in Section 2. The monitoring results are presented in Section 3 and copies of the modelling calculations for each species modelled are included in Annex A. 1 The Wind Farm Polygon includes the area within 200m of the outermost turbine blades.

4 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd METHODOLOGY The standard Band CRM (Band et. al. 2007) was used to estimate collision risk based on recorded target species activity levels and flight behaviour, proposed turbine numbers and specifications, and the relevant species biometrics and flight characteristics. Modelling collision risk under the Band CRM is a two-stage process. Stage 1 estimates the number of birds that fly through the rotor swept disc. Stage 2 predicts the proportion of these birds that would be hit by a rotor blade. Combining both stages produces an estimate of collision mortality in the absence of any avoiding action by birds. Avoidance rates are then applied to generate predicted rates of collision mortality. 2.1 Prediction of Rotor Transits from Vantage Point Survey Data Bird Flight Data The number of birds that fly through the rotor swept disc was estimated using flight data gathered during baseline studies carried out between April 2014 and May 2016 (see ES Technical Appendices 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 & 8.5). These surveys gathered data from ten vantage points (VP), six of which cover the proposed turbine layout (the proposed layout was decided following a number of design iterations, in response to environmental and technical constraints identified during the EIA process and as such some of the VPs used effectively became redundant). In order to select flights liable to incur a potential risk of collision; i.e. within the areas occupied by proposed turbines, the CRM used only observations collected within the WP defined by a 256m buffer (centred on the turbine tower) around the proposed outermost turbine locations. The size of buffer follows Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) guidance in order to take into account rotor blade length and potential spatial errors in flight recording accuracy. It is known that bird detection rates vary between species. To ensure the CRM used robust measures of flight activity, a 2km distance truncation was used in the viewshed (i.e. the area visible) from each VP (as per SNH guidance). Analysis in GIS identified those flights that were at PCH and over the WP. Flight times that were used in the CRM were derived from field data for each flight. Where only part of the relevant flight line occurred within the WP the flight time was calculated based on the proportion of the flight recorded within the WP, assuming a constant speed for each flight. Time spent at different flight heights was estimated in a database from interval data for flights that entered the WP. Flying time estimated to occur within the m survey recording bands (see Section 2.1.2) was used to determine the period that target species were at risk of collision with the rotors Correcting Survey PCH to Actual PCH Turbine parameters for the proposed development were changed both during and after baseline VP surveys were completed. The baseline surveys utilised the following height bands: 2014 Breeding Season; Non-breeding Season Height Band A: 0-25m Height Band B: 25-45m Height Band C: m Height Band D: >125m

5 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Breeding Season; Non-breeding Season Height Band A: 0-25m Height Band B: 25-45m Height Band C: m Height Band D: m Height Band E: >145m As such, the height bands used to record flight activity do not correspond precisely to PCH for the proposed development (38-150m). In particular, height band B (25-45m) overlaps with the lower limit of the current PCH. In 2014, the upper survey height band D (>125 m) was below the top of the actual PCH, as was height band D ( m) and the lowest 5m of height band E (>145m) in 2015/16. It was therefore necessary to make assumptions about the distribution of some of the flight heights recorded. With regard to height band E in 2015/16, all these data were excluded from the CRM as it is highly likely that the majority of these flights would be above 150m and it is not possible to apportion flights within the lowest 5m part of this height band. With regard to height band D in (>125m), rather than include or exclude all of this dataset from the CRM, it is probable that a proportion of the flights recorded in height band D was in the range m. To estimate this, it is assumed that the percentage of flights in the m portion in 2014/15 was similar to the survey data in height band D obtained during the surveys in 2015/16. This proportion was calculated for each species and correction factors applied to the 2014/15 height band D dataset. With regard to height band B, the number of birds at PCH was assumed to be the same as the proportion of the height band that is within PCH (i.e. (45-38)/(45-25) = 35%) Seasonal Definitions For each species modelled, CRMs were constructed using data from the relevant breeding and non-breeding season periods 2 (Table 2-1). To estimate breeding season mortality, the relevant data from both years were combined into one model and likewise for non-breeding season data. To estimate annual mortality, this was done separately by combining all the data into a separate model rather than simply adding the breeding season and non-breeding season results together (so that the result could be weighted by observation effort across all seasons). 2 Breeding season dates sourced from SNH (

6 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Species name Whooper Swan* Table 2-1: Modelled Species Breeding and Non-breeding Season Periods Pink-footed Goose* Scientific name Cygnus cygnus Anser brachyrhynchu s Breeding season start Breeding season end Non-breeding season start Non-breeding season end 01-Apr 31-Aug 01-Sep 31-Mar 01-Apr 31-Aug 01-Sep 31-Mar Red Kite Milvus milvus 01-Mar 31-Jul 01-Aug 28-Feb Hen Harrier Goshawk Osprey Kestrel Merlin Peregrine Golden Plover Lapwing Snipe Curlew Short-eared Owl Circus cyaneus Accipiter gentilis Pandion haliaetus Falco tinnunculus Falco columbarius Falco peregrinus Pluvialis apricaria Vanellus vanellus Gallinago gallinago Numenius arquata 15-Mar 15-Aug 16-Aug 14-Mar 15-Mar 15-Aug 16-Aug 14-Mar 01-Apr 31-Aug 01-Sep 31-Mar 01-Mar 15-Aug 16-Aug 28-Feb 01-Apr 15-Aug 16-Aug 31-Mar 01-Mar 15-Aug 16-Aug 28-Feb 01-Apr 31-Jul 01-Aug 31-Mar 01-Mar 31-Jul 01-Aug 28-Feb 01-Apr 15-Aug 16-Aug 31-Mar 01-Apr 31-Jul 01-Aug 31-Mar Asio flammeus 01-Mar 15-Aug 16-Aug 28-Feb * For simplicity, whooper swan and pink-footed goose flights from April & May were excluded rather than extending the non-breeding period. The number of flights recorded during April and May was relatively small and therefore, if anything, the CRM is likely to have overestimated the number of collisions for these species. The theoretical time that birds could be active with potential for turbine collisions was assumed to be the period between dawn and dusk within each survey period (determined from civil twilight data for the Site 3 ). 2.2 Undertaking CRM The following parameters were entered into the modelling spreadsheet, which was downloaded from the SNH website ( Natural Research): 3

7 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd The total observation effort within the risk volume (V w ) visible from each VP; The occupancy total: the total time spent by a particular species flying within the risk volume (V w ) visible from each VP; The volume of Vw (m 3 ) visible from each VP (this is area covered by the outermost turbines without the 200m buffer); An estimation of average daylight hours within the season of analysis; Species-specific bird parameters (Section 2.2.2); and Wind farm parameters (Section 2.2.3). The SNH CRM spreadsheet 4 calculates the probability of collision for each particular species. The model then combines this probability of collision with the observed flight activity per unit area (hours per hectare) weighted for observation effort from each VP to produce an estimate of the number of transits through the rotor blades. Mortality estimates are then derived by applying species-specific avoidance rates (Section 2.2.2) Simultaneous VP Surveys within Overlapping Viewsheds Viewshed analysis was undertaken by Jacobs (see ES Technical Appendix 8.2). Using this information the amount of overlapping between the viewsheds (at 25m above ground level, which coincides with the lowest height band used to select flights for CRM) of VPs 1-6 (i.e. those used to cover the WP) was calculated. This is summarised in Table 2-2. In situations where there is no simultaneous coverage of the overlapping viewsheds, the Band model takes this into account through a weighting process which factors in the observation effort from each VP. Viewshed A Area (in ha) Table 2-2: Areas of Overlap between VPs Overlapped by Viewshed B Viewshed total area (in ha) Overlap (in ha) % of area of visibility from Viewshed A VP VP % 1.7% VP VP % 47.1% VP VP % 20.2% VP VP % 8.8% VP VP % 0.1% VP VP % 9.7% VP VP % 27.6% VP VP % 5.5% % of area of visibility from Viewshed B However, as described in ES Technical Appendices , some simultaneous survey of overlapping viewsheds was unavoidable, primarily for access-related reasons (in that the survey area was only able to be accessed for a limited number of days each month). There were also health and safety issues at the Site such as needing to maintain radio contact with other surveyors, which was only possible from within a certain distance). The numbers of simultaneous VP surveys affected by overlapping viewsheds are shown in Table

8 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Table 2-3: Numbers of Simultaneous VP Surveys affected by Overlapping Viewsheds Viewshed A Viewshed B Numbers of surveys affected/ total number of surveys Breeding season 2014 Non-breeding season 2014/15 Breeding season 2015 VP 1 VP 4 12/20 2/36 4/42 2/60 VP 1 VP 5 0/20 4/36 6/42 2/61 VP 1 VP 6 0/20 4/37 0/42 0/60 VP 2 VP 3 0/20 4/36 6/42 2/61 VP 2 VP 5 0/20 0/36 4/42 2/61 VP 3 VP 4 4/20 0/36 0/42 0/61 VP 4 VP 5 2/20 0/36 0/42 0/61 VP 5 VP 6 0/20 0/37 2/42 4/61 Nonbreeding season 2015/16 Several issues might arise as a consequence of simultaneous surveys of overlapping VPs. These include: Double counting of target species flights - to address this any flights of the same target species that were simultaneously observed during surveys from overlapping VPs were excluded from further analysis. Disturbance of birds within adjacent viewsheds, particularly where VP locations are within the Site this could bias survey data through causing unnatural flight behaviour or result in birds leaving the survey area. During surveys within the Site, the potential for disturbance was significantly reduced by conducting surveys from within or adjacent to a vehicle along estate tracks, as described in ES Technical Appendices Miscalculation of mortality estimates may occur in instances where the same area is observed simultaneously from different VPs resulting in a doubling of the observation effort for the overlapping portion. The extent of this is described below. Using the areas of overlap presented in Table 2-2 an estimation of the observation effort (expressed as Hectare Hours, HaHr) in overlapping viewsheds affected by simultaneous surveys has been derived (Table 2-4). This has been estimated by multiplying the area of overlap in each case by the number of simultaneous surveys (Table 2-3) converted to hours. A worst case scenario was adopted whereby it was assumed that each overlapping survey was 3 hours in duration (in reality this was often not the case with the period of overlap being less than 3 hours). Therefore, for example, for VP1 and VP4 the total number of surveys affected across all four survey seasons was 20 (10 from VP1 and 10 from VP4) which resulted in an affected survey time of 60 hours.

9 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Table 2-4: Estimation of Observation Effort (HaHr) Affected by Simultaneous VP Surveys Viewshed A Viewshed B Overlap (ha) No. of overlapping surveys (hrs) HaHr Total 9186 When taken as a proportion of the overall observation effort for all seasons (e.g. 173, annual HaHr for red kite, see Annex A) this equates to 5.29% of observation effort being affected by simultaneous surveys within overlapping viewsheds. Even in this worst case scenario, this level of error is unlikely to produce any significant changes to the magnitude of the resulting collision risk predictions Bird Biometrics and Avoidance Rates Measurements and flight speeds of the species for which CRM was undertaken were derived from Provan & Whitfield (2006) and Bruderer & Boldt (2001). These are detailed in Table 2-5 below, along with the avoidance rate used (SNH 2016).

10 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Table 2-5: Bird Biometrics and Avoidance Rates used in CRM Species name Bird length (m) Wingspan (m) Flight speed (m/s) Avoidance rate (%) Whooper Swan Pink-footed goose Red Kite Hen Harrier Goshawk Osprey Kestrel Merlin Peregrine Golden Plover Lapwing Snipe Curlew Short-eared Owl

11 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Wind Farm and Turbine Parameters Wind farm and turbine parameters are detailed in Table 2-6 below. Data were provided by innogy following consultation with Vestas. Parameter Size of wind farm polygon (WP) Table 2-6: Wind Farm & Turbine Parameters Number of turbines 17 Rotor diameter Value 637ha 117m Hub height 91.5m Max. rotor depth Max. chord 1m 4m Pitch 0.0 Rotation period 4.29s Turbine operation time 85%

12 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd RESULTS 3.1 Flightline data Table 3-1 and Table 3-2 summarise the flightline data from all VPs presented for the breeding and non-breeding periods respectively. See ES Technical Appendices for further details. Table 3-1: Number of flights and individuals observed passing through the CRZ during breeding season VP surveys (2014 & 2015) Species name Total number of birds recorded in flight Flights through CRZ Flights Individuals Mallard No Goosander No Red Kite Yes Hen Harrier Yes Goshawk Yes Osprey Yes Kestrel Yes Merlin Yes Peregrine Yes Oystercatc her Ringed Plover Golden Plover No No Yes Lapwing Yes Snipe Yes Curlew Yes Redshank No Short-eared Owl Yes Collision modelling carried out?

13 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Table 3-2: Number of flights and individuals observed passing through the CRZ during non-breeding season VP surveys (2014/15 &2015/16) Species name Whooper Swan Pinkfooted Goose Greylag Goose Barnacle Goose Total number of birds recorded in flight Flights through collision risk zone at PCH Flights Individuals Yes 4, ,053 Yes No No Goosander No Red Kite Yes Hen Harrier Yes Goshawk Yes Osprey Yes Kestrel Yes Merlin Yes Peregrine Yes Golden Plover Yes Lapwing No Snipe Yes Curlew Yes Shorteared Owl Yes 3.2 Species Input Data Species input data are detailed in Tables 3.3 to Collision modelling carried out?

14 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd VP/ Viewshed VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Table 3.3: Whooper Swan Input Data Non-breeding season (including autumn & spring migratory surveys) Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total VP/ Viewshed VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Risk height Non-breeding season = 1 September 31 March (212 or 213 days) Daylight average = hrs Table 3.4: Pink-footed Goose Input Data Non-breeding season (including autumn & spring migratory surveys) Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Non-breeding season = 1 September 31 March (212 or 213 days) Daylight average = hrs

15 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Table 3.5: Red Kite Input Data VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 1 March 31 July (153 days) Daylight average = hrs Non-breeding season = 1 August 28/29 February (212 or 213 days) Daylight average = 11.5 hrs Table 3.6: Hen Harrier Input Data Daylight average = hrs Risk height VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 15 March 15 August (153 days) Daylight average = hrs Non-breeding season = 16 August 14 March (212 or 213 days) Daylight average = hrs Daylight average = hrs Risk height

16 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Table 3.7: Goshawk Input Data VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 15 March 15 August (153 days) Daylight average = hrs Non-breeding season = 16 August 14 March (212 or 213 days) Daylight average = hrs Table 3.8: Osprey Input Data Daylight average = hrs Risk height VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 1 April 31 August (153 days) Daylight average = hrs Non-breeding season = 16 August 14 March (212 or 213 days) Daylight average = hrs Daylight average = hrs Risk height

17 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Table 3.9: Kestrel Input Data VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 1 March 15 August (168 days) Daylight average = 16.9 hrs Non-breeding season = 16 August 28/29 February (197 or 198 days) Daylight average = hrs Table 3.10: Merlin Input Data Daylight average = hrs Risk height VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 1 April 15 August (137 days) Daylight average = hrs Non-breeding season = 16 August 31 March (228 or 229 days) Daylight average = hrs Daylight average = hrs Risk height

18 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Table 3.11: Peregrine Input Data VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 1 March 15 August (168 days) Daylight average = 16.9 hrs Non-breeding season = 16 August 28/29 February (197 or 198 days) Daylight average = hrs Table 3.12: Golden Plover Input Data Daylight average = hrs Risk height VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Breeding season = 1 April 31 July (122 days) Daylight average = hrs Non-breeding season = 1 August 31 March (243 or 244 days) Daylight average = 11.7 hrs Daylight average = hrs

19 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd VP/ Viewshed VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Table 3.13: Lapwing Input Data Breeding season Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 1 March 31 July (153 days) Daylight average = hrs Table 3.14: Snipe Input Data Risk height VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 1 April 15 August (137 days) Daylight average = hrs Non-breeding season = 16 August 31 March (228 or 229 days) Daylight average = hrs Daylight average = hrs Risk height

20 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Table 3.15: Curlew Input Data VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Breeding season = 1 April 31 July (122 days) Daylight average = hrs Non-breeding season = 1 August 31 March (243 or 244 days) Daylight average = 11.7 hrs Table 3.16: Short-eared Owl Input Data Daylight average = hrs Risk height VP/ Viewshed Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual VP ID Area of viewshed within WP Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total Risk height Survey effort (hrs) Bird flight data Total CRM Results Breeding season = 1 March 15 August (168 days) Daylight average = 16.9 hrs Non-breeding season = 16 August 28/29 February (197 or 198 days) Daylight average = hrs Daylight average = hrs Risk height The results of modelling are summarised in Table Copies of the modelling spreadsheets are provided in Annex 1.

21 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Species name Whooper swan Pink-footed goose Table 3-17: Summary of CRM Output Breeding season Non-breeding season Annual* Collisions per year Years per collision Collisions per year Years per collision Collisions per year Red Kite Hen Harrier Goshawk Osprey Kestrel Years per collision Merlin Peregrine Golden Plover Lapwing Snipe Curlew Short-eared Owl * (only for species present in both breeding and non-breeding seasons)

22 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd REFERENCES Band, W., Madders, M. & Whitfield, D.P. (2007). Developing field and analytical methods to assess avian collision risk at wind farms. In de Lucas, M, Janss, G. and Ferrer, M. (eds) "Birds and Wind Power". Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Bruderer, B & Boldt, A. (2001). Flight characteristics of birds: I. radar measurements of speeds. Ibis 143, pp Provan, S. & Whitfield, D. P. (2006). Avian flight speeds and biometrics for use in collision risk modelling. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage from Natural Research (Projects) Ltd. SNH (2000). Windfarms and birds: calculating a theoretical collision risk assuming no avoidance action. SNH (2016). Avoidance Rates for the onshore SNH Wind Farm Collision Risk Model.

23 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd CLOSURE This report has been prepared by Consulting Limited with all reasonable skill, care and diligence, and taking account of the manpower and resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. Information reported herein is based on the interpretation of data collected and has been accepted in good faith as being accurate and valid. This report is for the exclusive use of Innogy Renewables UK Ltd; no warranties or guarantees are expressed or should be inferred by any third parties. This report may not be relied upon by other parties without written consent from. disclaims any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the agreed scope of the work.

24 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Annex A Collision Mortality Calculations

25 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Whooper Swan K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 1.53 m Wingspan 2.31 m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 17 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 10.7% Downwind 10.7% Average 10.7%

26 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Whooper Swan Non-breeding Season FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 5.54 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.15 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 7.70 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 6.5 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

27 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Pink-footed Goose K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.68 m Wingspan m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 15 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 7.7% Downwind 7.7% Average 7.7%

28 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Pink-footed Goose Non-breeding Season FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.11 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 1.3 years Totals WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E E-05 Totals Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

29 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Red Kite K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.63 m Wingspan 1.85 m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 11 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 8.7% Downwind 8.7% Average 8.7%

30 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Red Kite Breeding Season FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 4.71 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 6.77 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.16 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 3.24 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 15.4 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

31 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Red Kite Non-breeding Season FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 1.48 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 2.14 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.16 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 1.02 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 49.0 years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

32 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Red Kite Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 5.32 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 7.66 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.16 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 3.66 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 13.6 years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

33 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Hen Harrier K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.48 m Wingspan 1.1 m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 12 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect ratioo: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 7.2% Downwind 7.2% Average 7.2%

34 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Hen Harrier Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.13 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 9.8 years Totals E-05 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

35 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Hen Harrier Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 1.54 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 2.01 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.13 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.97 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

36 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Hen Harrier Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.13 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 9.52 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 10.5 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

37 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Goshawk K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.55 m Wingspan 1.5 m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 10 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 8.3% Downwind 8.3% Average 8.3%

38 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Goshawk Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 4.48 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 6.13 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.16 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 2.78 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 18.0 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

39 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Goshawk Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 3.87 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 5.30 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.16 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 2.40 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 20.8 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

40 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Goshawk Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 8.12 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.16 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 5.04 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 9.9 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

41 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Osprey K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.57 m Wingspan m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 12 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 7.8% Downwind 7.8% Average 7.8%

42 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Osprey Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 2.11 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 2.92 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.13 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 1.49 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 33.6 years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

43 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Osprey Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 0.42 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 0.57 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.13 secs No. of transits through rotors 4.41 per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.29 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

44 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Osprey Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 2.08 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 2.87 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.13 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 1.46 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 34.2 years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

45 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Kestrel K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.34 m Wingspan m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 13 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 6.2% Downwind 6.2% Average 6.2%

46 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Kestrel Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E E-06 MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 8.68 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 10.27bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.11 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 5.04 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 4.0 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E-07 Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

47 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Kestrel Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) E Flying time at 'risk E E E E-06 MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 8.64 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.11 secs No. of transits through rotors 95.37per year Estimated no. of collisions 5.02 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 4.0 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E-08 Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

48 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Kestrel Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E E-06 MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 8.64 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.11 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 2.0 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E-07 Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

49 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Merlin K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.28 m Wingspan 0.56 m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 13 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 5.8% Downwind 5.8% Average 5.8%

50 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Merlin Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 0.10 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 0.11 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.10 secs No. of transits through rotors 1.08per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.05 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every years Totals E-08 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-08 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

51 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Merlin Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 0.12 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 0.14 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.10 secs No. of transits through rotors 1.37per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.07 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every years Totals E-08 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-08 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

52 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Merlin Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 0.22 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 0.25 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.10 secs No. of transits through rotors 2.44per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.12 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every years Totals E-08 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-08 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

53 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Peregrine K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.45 m Wingspan 1.1 m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 14 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 6.7% Downwind 6.7% Average 6.7%

54 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Peregrine Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 2.56 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 3.27 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.10 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 1.79 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 27.9 years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

55 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Peregrine Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 3.79 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 4.85 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.10 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 2.65 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 18.9 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

56 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Peregrine Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 6.68 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 8.55 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.10 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 4.68 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 10.7 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

57 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Golden plover K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.28 m Wingspan m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 18 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 5.5% Downwind 5.5% Average 5.5%

58 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Golden plover Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) E Flying time at 'risk E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.07 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 34.75per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 1.4 years Totals E-05 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E Totals E-05 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

59 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Golden plover Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 94.34hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.07 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 68.09per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 0.7 years Totals WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E-05 Totals E-05 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

60 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Golden plover Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.07 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 90.24per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 0.6 years Totals WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E-05 Totals E-05 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

61 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Lapwing K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.30 m Wingspan m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 12 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 6.1% Downwind 6.1% Average 6.1%

62 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Lapwing Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 1.02 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 1.18 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.11 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.56 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 88.9 years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

63 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Snipe K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.26 m Wingspan m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 16 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 5.4% Downwind 5.4% Average 5.4%

64 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Snipe Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 0.26 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 0.29 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.08 secs No. of transits through rotors 3.66 per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.17 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every years Totals E-08 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

65 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Snipe Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 0.36 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 0.40 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.08 secs No. of transits through rotors 5.10 per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.23 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

66 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Snipe Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 0.62 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 0.69 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.08secs No. of transits through rotors 8.77 per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.40 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every years Totals E-08 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

67 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Curlew K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.55 m Wingspan 0.9 m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 13 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 7.2% Downwind 7.2% Average 7.2%

68 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Curlew Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E E E-06 MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 7.19 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 9.84 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.12 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 5.06 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 9.9 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E E-07 Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

69 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Curlew Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) E-06 Flying time at 'risk E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 0.72 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 0.98 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.12 secs No. of transits through rotors 8.21 per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.50 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 99.3 years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

70 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Curlew Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E E E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 6.05 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 8.27 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.12 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 4.26 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 11.7 years Totals E-06 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

71 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Short-eared owl K: [1D or [3D] (0 or 1) 1 Calculation of alpha and p(collision) as a function of radius NoBlades 3 Upwind: Downwind: MaxChord 4.00 m r/r c/c α collide contribution collide contribution Pitch (degrees) 0.0 radius chord alpha length p(collision) from radius r length p(collision) from radius r BirdLength 0.38 m Wingspan 1.02 m F: Flapping (0) or gliding (+1) Bird speed 9 m/sec RotorDiam 117 m RotationPeriod 4.29 sec Bird aspect Ratio: Overall p(collision) = Upwind 7.4% Downwind 7.4% Average 7.4%

72 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Short-eared owl Breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 3.65 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 4.45 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.16 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 1.73 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 28.9 years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E Totals E-06 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

73 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Short-eared owl Non-breeding FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME VP Observation effort (HaHr) Flying time at 'risk E Totals E-09 MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) Rotor radius m^ m^2 Combined rotor swept volume(vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 0.01 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 0.01 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.16 secs No. of transits through rotors 0.06 per year Estimated no. of collisions 0.00 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every years WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E Totals E-09 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

74 Innogy Renewables UK Ltd Short-eared owl Annual FLIGHT ACTIVITY PER UNIT TIME & AREA VP Observation effort (HaHr) E E-07 Flying time at 'risk E MORTALITY ESTIMATE Flight risk volume (Vw) m^3 Rotor radius m^2 Combined rotor swept volume (Vr) m^3 Vr * (d + l) m^3 Bird occupancy (n) 2.82 hrs / yr Bird occupancy of rotor swept vol (b) 3.43 bird-secs Bird transit time (t) 0.16 secs No. of transits through rotors per year Estimated no. of collisions 1.33 per year After allowing for avoidance per year i.e. equivalent to one bird every 37.5 years Totals E-07 WEIGHTED BY OBSERVATION EFFORT VP Weighting Adjusted time at 'risk E E E Totals E-07 Mean activity hr^-1 in wind farm Risk height % Rotor height %

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