Caitlyn Gillespie and Joseph J. Fontaine
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1 Caitlyn Gillespie and Joseph J. Fontaine Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit University of Nebraska-Lincoln Rainwater Basin Joint Venture Informational Seminar February 10, 2015
2 Migration: a common life history strategy Photo: J.J. Fontaine
3 Stopover habitat is essential Migrants must frequently make habitat decisions in unfamiliar environments
4 # Migratory birds Tree phenology Migratory species have evolved strategies to cope with environmental uncertainty For example, birds time arrival to coincide with regional and seasonal peaks in food abundance McGrath et al 2009
5 Proportional use by migrants Migratory species have evolved strategies to cope with environmental uncertainty Migrants are known to make habitat decisions based local food resources, which are often annually and regionally predictable Tree species McGrath et al 2009
6 Shorebird stopover habitat is unpredictable Ephemeral wetland habitat is annually and regionally variable Skagen and Knopf 1994 Map: University of Delaware, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Photos: C. Gillespie, J.J. Fontaine
7 Not all wetlands are created equal Photos: J.J. Fontaine, C. Gillespie
8 Shorebird stopover is highly correlated with local resource phenology Stutzman and Fontaine In Press-- Studies in Avian Biology Photo: J.J. Fontaine
9 Landscapes are changing Land-use change alters wetland availability, distribution, and function Photos: K. Hayes, C. Gillespie
10 Climate change also disrupts wetland availability and phenology Art: R. Rohde Photos: K. Hayes, J. Dupuie, C. Gillespie
11 What are the consequences? Shorebirds can adjust their stopover decisions in response to natural variation in wetland conditions and abundance Does behavioral plasticity allow individuals to cope effectively with anthropogenic disturbance across the landscape? Photos: C. Gillespie
12 How does anthropogenic change influence stopover decisions of migratory shorebirds? Photo: C. Gillespie
13 Calidris shorebirds Arctic-nesting sandpipers Long-distance migrants Photo: C. Gillespie
14 Rainwater Basin Important stopover site for many migratory species, including Calidris shorebirds Fewer than 10% of historical wetlands remain Cultivated Crops Wetland Basins Nebraska NLCD 2011, RWBJV 2012 Photo: C. Gillespie
15 What are the local wetland attributes predicting Calidris shorebird habitat use in a highly altered landscape? Photos: J.J. Fontaine
16 Shorebird Surveys, Spring 2013 and 2014 Photos: C. Gillespie, J. Dupuie, C. Jordan, E. Rodriguez, N. Staton, R. Stutzman
17 Occupancy Birds respond predictably to local habitat attributes Percent Mud χ2 (1)=9.54, p<0.01 Photo: C. Gillespie Colwell and Oring 1988, Davis and Smith 1998, Skagen and Knopf 1994, Stutzman 2012
18 Probability of Calidris occupancy Birds find wetlands with food Invertebrate Abundance Photo: C. Gillespie, C. Jordan χ2 (1)=5.59, p<0.05
19 Total Abundance Birds time arrival with peak food abundance Total Abundance Total Abundance JulDay vs AllPeeps JulDay vs Invert Migrants Invertebrates Migrants Invertebrates Julian Day Photo: C. Gillespie
20 Flock Size but food abundance does not predict bird abundance at wetlands Invertebrate Abundance χ2 (1)=7.21, p<0.01 Photo: C. Gillespie, R. Stutzman
21 Foraging habitat can disappear quickly Photo: G. Jukkala, C. Gillespie Art: C. Gillespie
22 Occupancy Shorebirds still need shore Percent Mud How does the availability of suitable habitat change over time? Photo: C. Gillespie
23 Percent Mud Habitat changes seasonally April 23 May 2 May 12 Julian Day, 2013 May 21 Mud: χ2 (1)= 30.69, p<0.001; Green: χ2 (1)=382.58, p<0.001; Short: χ2 (1)=22.22, p<0.001 Photos: C. Gillespie, N. Staton, E. Rodriguez
24 Wetland Area Wetland availability often declines seasonally 2013 Julian Day, 2013 χ2 (1)= , p<0.001 Photo: E. Rodriguez
25 Wetland landscapes also respond quickly to weather events May 8 May 18 Photos: K. Hayes, C. Gillespie
26 Wetland Area Late spring thunderstorms can increase wetland availability seasonally 2014 χ2 (1)= , p<0.001 Julian Day, 2014 Photo: K. Hayes
27 Percent Mud Heavy rainfall changes habitat availability both within and among wetlands χ2 (1)= 6.53, p<0.05 Julian Day, 2014 Photo: C. Gillespie
28 What are the consequences of unpredictable habitat for migratory stopover? Photos: C. Hause, G. Jukkala Art: C. Gillespie
29 Nebraska Habitat availability changes annually Even in wet years, habitat within the Rainwater Basin is limited RWBJV 2012 Photo: C. Gillespie
30 Nebraska All Water in the Rainwater Basin, Spring 2013 Photo: C. Gillespie
31 Flooded acres on WMA/WPAs in March What role does landscape-scale habitat availability play in stopover decisions? Distribution of water on landscape has relevance for shorebirds RWBJV 2014 Photo: C. Gillespie Water availability was much higher in 2014 Skagen and Knopf 1994, Farmer and Parent 1997, Albanese and Davis 2013
32 #Birds What are the consequences of limited habitat on migratory stopover? 1400 Calidris shorebirds in the Rainwater Basin Spring Mar 6-Apr 16-Apr 26-Apr 6-May 16-May 26-May 5-Jun Date Spring 2013 Photo: C. Gillespie
33 # Birds per Used Wetland Individual wetlands in dry years have fewer birds, despite habitat scarcity Birds appear to respond to landscape dynamics and alter stopover decisions χ2 (1)= p< Photo: C. Gillespie
34 Prairie Pothole Region How do birds respond to landscape differences within years? Photos: Google Rainwater Basin
35 # Birds per Used Wetland Bird abundance was also higher in the PPR in 2014 Spring 2013 Spring 2014 χ2 (1)= p<0.001 Photo: C. Gillespie
36 #Birds Landscapes have relevance across years Mar 22-Mar 11-Apr 1-May 21-May 10-Jun 30-Jun Date Calidris shorebirds in two landscapes Rainwater Basin Prairie Pothole Region
37 #Birds per Used Wetland Wetlands in landscapes with more habitat support more birds Rainwater Basin Prairie Pothole Region Region: χ2 (1)=9.56, p<0.01; Percent Mud: χ2 (1)= 5.33, p<0.05; Year: χ2 (1)= , p<0.001 Photo: C. Gillespie
38 How do species in dynamic systems cope with anthropogenic change? Shorebirds may respond to increasing change by skipping historically beneficial stopover sites Photo: C. Gillespie
39 How do we manage for migratory species while considering the full scale at which birds make stopover decisions? Photo: J.J. Fontaine
40 Shorebirds respond to landscape habitat availability, not just local wetland conditions Delivering water to isolated wetlands may support a few birds, but may be insufficient to support a population
41 Phenology of late-spring habitat may be highly subject to the structure and function of wetlands in response to local temperature and precipitation Wetlands do not necessarily dry out at the same rate Photo: C. Gillespie
42 Wetlands may support more migrants if management focuses on maintaining habitat at a landscape scale Photo: C. Gillespie
43 Photos: J. Dupuie, C. Gillespie Landscapes are vital for the support of migratory populations in dynamic systems Habitat conservation efforts must consider landscape context to best mitigate the effects of escalating change
44 Acknowledgements Fontaine lab (past and present): TJ Fontaine, Lucia Corral, Kent Fricke, Chris Jorgensen, Jessica Laskowski, Mandy Lipinski, Dustin Martin, Lindsey Messinger, Ryan Stutzman, Lyndsie Wszola Committee members: Gwen Bachman and LaReesa Wolfenbarger Funding sources: USGS Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center, Rainwater Basin Joint Venture, Great Plains LCC, Nebraska Game and Parks Housing: Crane Trust, USFWS UNL and Coop Unit Grad Students and Staff, Technicians, Private Landowners
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