Increase of the California Gull Population in the San Francisco Bay and the Impacts on Western Snowy Plovers

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1 Increase of the California Gull Population in the San Francisco Bay and the Impacts on Western Snowy Plovers Caitlin Robinson-Nilsen, San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory Jill Bluso Demers, San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory Cheryl Strong, US Fish & Wildlife Service Joshua T. Ackerman, USGS Davis Field Station Scott A. Demers, H.T. Harvey & Associates photo: M. Kern

2 Number of Breeding Birds in South San Francisco Bay Breeding California Gulls San Francisco Bay California Gull M. Kern

3 Breeding Gulls San Francisco Bay Why are California Gulls in SF Bay? Salt Ponds Coyote Hills Access to landfills Mowry Tri-Cities Landfill A6 Newby Island Landfill

4 Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) M. Kern B. Griffin

5 Western Snowy Plover Recovery Goals San Francisco Bay goal: 500 birds Support 250 breeding birds within SBSP Restoration Project area Estimate between plovers in Bay M. Kern

6 Observed Plover Nest Success in the South Bay: % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Lost at Hatch Unknown Flooded Abandoned Depredated Hatched 20% 10% 0%

7 South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project: Addressing Key Uncertainties How to increase the number of Snowy Plovers nesting and nest success in project area? What impact are California Gulls having on plovers and other breeding waterbirds? Where will the A6 gulls breed after the levees are breached?

8 Methods: Snowy Plover Habitat Enhancement C. Robinson - Nilsen

9 Methods: Snowy Plover Habitat Enhancement Compared shell plots to control plots Plots randomly placed in ponds Monitored nesting March - August shell and control plots shell and control plots

10 Results: Snowy Plover Habitat Enhancement 2009 Control Plot Shell Plot All other Eden Landing nests Nests monitored Density (nests/ha)* Observed Hatched - 67% 56% Observed depredated - 13% 44% Mayfield Nest Success - 79% 59% 2010 Control Plots Shell Plots All other Eden Landing nests Nests monitored Density (nests/ha)* Observed Hatched 0% 31% 32% Observed depredated 100% 64% 66% Mayfield nest success % 35% *P< 0.015

11 Results: Snowy Plover Habitat Enhancement 2009 Control Plot Shell Plot All other Eden Landing nests Nests monitored Density (nests/ha)* Observed Hatched - 67% 56% Observed depredated - 13% 44% Mayfield Nest Success - 79% 59% 2010 Control Plots Shell Plots All other Eden Landing nests Nests monitored Density (nests/ha)* Observed Hatched 0% 31% 32% Observed depredated 100% 64% 66% Mayfield nest success % 35% *P< 0.015

12 Results: Snowy Plover Habitat Enhancement 2009 Control Plot Shell Plot All other Eden Landing nests Nests monitored Density (nests/ha)* Observed Hatched - 67% 56% Observed depredated - 13% 44% Mayfield Nest Success - 79% 59% 2010 Control Plots Shell Plots All other Eden Landing nests Nests monitored Density (nests/ha)* Observed Hatched 0% 31% 32% Observed depredated 100% 64% 66% Mayfield nest success % 35% *P< 0.015

13 Proportion of Nests Proportion of Nests Results: Snowy Plover Habitat Enhancement 2009: Shell plot nests more likely to hatch than non-shell plot nests (χ 2 = 4.98, df = 1, P = 0.03) Shell Plot No Shells Depredated Hatched 2010: No difference in likelihood of hatching between shell plot nests and non-shell plot nests (χ 2 = , df = 1, P = 0.98) Shell Plot No Shells Depredated Hatched

14 Methods: Nest Camera Studies Demers et al., in prep.

15

16 Results: Nest Camera Studies Nest predators recorded with cameras California Gull 2 2 Northern Harrier 3 0 Red-Tailed Hawk 2 0 Common Raven 1 0 Ruddy Turnstone 0 1 Grey Fox 0 1 Total number of nests monitored 24 21

17 South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project and Gull Colonies

18 Breeding Gulls Where to go? A6 conversion from salt pond to tidal habitats in 2011 M. Kern

19 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June Gulls and Landfills Number of California Gulls observed at Newby Island Landfill

20 Impacts of Expanding Gull Population

21 Tracking A6 Gulls: Color-Banding M. Kern

22 Recommendations How to increase the number of Snowy Plovers nesting in project area? Shell plots may not be the answer to meeting Snowy Plover goals May need more managed ponds than project planned C. Robinson-Nilsen

23 Recommendations What impact are California Gulls having on plovers and other breeding waterbirds? -Depredate plover nests and chicks -Depredate avocet, stilt and Forster s Tern chicks (Ackerman et al., USGS) Where will the A6 gulls breed after the levees are breached? - Continuing research throughout South Bay and surrounding areas M. Kern

24 Recommendations Time for some adaptive management! Project Develop California Gull Management Plan - Monitoring gull movements after A6 breach - Explore options and develop thresholds to implement control measures - If control measures are used, monitor to determine effectiveness M. Kern

25 Questions? Caitlin Robinson-Nilsen San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory Funding: Coastal Conservancy, USFWS Coastal Program, USFWS Endangered Species Recovery Unit, USGS, Republic Services, Bay Fund, SFBBO donors and members C. Robinson-Nilsen

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