Determinants of Innovative Behaviour

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1 Determinants of Innovative Behaviour

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3 Determinants of Innovative Behaviour A Firm s Internal Practices and its External Environment Edited by Cees van Beers, Alfred Kleinknecht, Roland Ortt and Robert Verburg

4 Selection and editorial content Cees van Beers, Alfred Kleinknecht, Roland Ortt and Robert Verburg 2008 Individual chapters contributors 2008 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Determinants of innovative behaviour : a firm s internal practices and its external environment / edited by Cees van Beers...[et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (alk. paper) 1. Technological innovations Management. 2. Diffusion of innovations. I. Beers, Cees van, 1960 HD45.D dc

5 Contents Tables Figures Boxes Notes on the Contributors vii ix x xi 1. Introduction 1 Cees van Beers, Alfred Kleinknecht, Roland Ortt and Robert Verburg Part I Internal Organization 2. Business Strategy, Human Resource Management and Corporate Performance: Evidence from Small Firms in the UK and US 13 Jonathan Michie and Maura Sheehan 3. Where People Provide the Impetus: HRM Practices, Employee Job Satisfaction and Innovation 43 Helen Shipton and Doris Fay 4. Skill Endowment and R&D Investment: Evidence from Micro Data 63 Mariacristina Piva and Marco Vivarelli Part II Linking Internal to External Organization 5. Designing the Organization for Innovation 79 Vittorio Chiesa and Federico Frattini 6. Exploring Knowledge Flows and Losses in the Open Innovation Age 126 Paul Trott 7. The Role of Knowledge Clusters in R&D Acquisition and Innovation Success 151 Torsten Brodt and Sebastian Knoll v

6 vi Contents 8. E-collaboration in the Automotive Supply Chain: Determinants and Impacts on Performance 169 Elisabeth Lefebvre, Louis A. Lefebvre, Amal Amarouch, Luc Cassivi and Gaël le Hen 9. Innovation and Labour Productivity in the Swiss Manufacturing Sector: An Analysis Based on Firm Panel Data 188 Spyros Arvanitis 10. Financial Constraint and R&D Investment: Evidence from CIS 217 Amaresh K. Tiwari, Pierre Mohnen, Franz C. Palm, and Sybrand Schim van der Loeff Part III External Organization 11. Technology Diffusion and Innovation: The Importance of Domestic and Foreign Sources 245 Hans L o.. of Industry Specialization, Diversity and the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems 272 Michael Fritsch and Viktor Slavtchev Authors Cited 294 Index 304

7 Tables 1.1 Overview of contributions to this book HR practices used in the analysis Business strategies: UK and US firms Results for Hypothesis 1: all firms (UK and US) Results for Hypothesis 2: all firms (UK and US) Results for Hypothesis 3: all firms (UK and US) 32 2.A1 Sample details Results of regression analyses showing effects of sophistication of HRM, learning climate and appraisal linked to remuneration on innovation Results of regression analyses showing moderating effects of HR variables on the relationship between exploratory learning and innovation in technical systems Summary of hierarchical regression of innovation in processes/technology on to job satisfaction Descriptive statistics (monetary values at 1995 Italian lire, in millions) Empirical results: dependent variable: log(r&d) Advantages and disadvantages of external exploitation of technology Advantages and disadvantages of the separation between the innovating and operating organizations Advantages and disadvantages of a strong decentralization of R&D activities Main drivers of R&D internationalization Main determinants of R&D centralization Advantages and disadvantages of the models for the internationalization of innovative activities Main differences between research and development organizations Key studies of innovation management Customer roles in NPD Information leakage risks with open and closed systems of innovation Overview of studies of open innovation and information leakage risks A1 Review of knowledge transfer literature Construct reliability Cronbach alpha coefficients Description of e-collaboration tools 178 vii

8 viii Determinants of Innovative Behaviour 8.3 Determinants of the level of use of e-collaboration tools Overall fit statistics for the proposed structural equation model A1 Constructs and their measures Definition and measurement of model variables Innovation equation: determinants of innovation; several dichotomous innovation indicators Innovation equation: determinants of innovation; metric innovation indicators Productivity equation; dependent variable: value added per employee LQL; dichotomous innovation indicators Productivity equation; dependent variable; value added per employee LQL; metric innovation indicators A1 Composition of the dataset A2 Descriptive statistics A3 Correlation between the innovation indicators Mean distribution of R&D intensity along alliance in the introduction of new products and process Descriptive statistics of the variables of interest Determinants of R&D intensity Determinants of financial constraint Variable definition and expected sign of the correlation with innovative product sales Summary statistics: key variables distributed over industry classes Summary statistics Regression results of selection equation, Heckman two-step model Regression results: GMM estimations Regression results: GMM estimations. Collaboration with foreign partners A1 Regression results of explanatory variables A2 Test of appropriate instruments A3 50 different combinations of network collaborations The knowledge-production function Definition of variables and data sources Descriptive statistics Determinants of efficiency of RIS A1 The distribution of technical efficiency in the German planning regions A2 Correlation of variables 290

9 Figures 1.1 Innovation systems and firm performance: a model The conceptual model The chapter s theoretical framework Advantages and disadvantages of alternatives organizational modes for the generation of technological innovation The ambidextrous organization A schematic representation of this chapter s coverage in the innovation model Factors influencing knowledge transfer The general logic of the model The relationship between R&D knowledge clusters and R&D centre structure The relationship between knowledge clusters and successful integration paths The automotive supply chain under investigation Performance improvements derived from the use of e-collaboration tools: results from the LISREL analysis The distribution of efficiency of RIS in German planning regions Industrial variety and technical efficiency of RIS at the level of the German planning regions 286 ix

10 Boxes 5.1 Cisco s spin-in strategy for accessing external sources of technology Procter & Gamble s Connect & Develop innovation model Exploiting technological innovation through multiple channels: the case of Generics Pursuing radical innovation through an ambidextrous organization: the case of Ciba Vision GSK s drug development organization The use of mixed resource allocation systems: the cases of ABB, ERICSSON, HP and XEROX 115 x

11 Notes on the Contributors Amal Amarouch is a PhD candidate at Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada. Spyros Arvanitis is Senior Researcher at the KOF Swiss Economic Institute of the ETH Zurich. He is head of the Research Division Structural Change of this institute and lecturer in economics at the ETH Zurich. He has published extensively on the economics of innovation, technology diffusion, technology transfer and market dynamics. Torsten Brodt holds a business degree from the University of Mannheim, received his PhD in innovation research from the University of St Gallen in Switzerland and is currently employed at Swisscom. His thesis reported on applied research projects with leading mobile operators, media and hightech companies in Europe. His research interest is on experience design and new-product development in digital media industries as well as on global collaborative work environments. Luc Cassivi is an associate professor in the Department of Management and Technology at the Université du Québec à Montréal. He received his PhD from École Polytechnique de Montréal and École Centrale de Paris. His research interests include information systems, innovation management and supplychain management. Vittoria Chiesa is a full professor of R&D strategy and organisation at Politecnico di Milano. He is member of the Management Council of MIP Business School, where he is responsible for the Technology Strategy Area. He is author of several books and more than 50 publications in international refereed journals in the fields of R&D management and technology strategy. Doris Fay is a full professor of work and organisational psychology at University of Potsdam, Germany. She was awarded her PhD in psychology from the University of Amsterdam, after which she lectured at the University of Giessen, Germany and Aston University, UK. Her research interests revolve around questions of individual, team and organisational creativity and innovation, work and health, and HRM. Federico Frattini is PhD candidate in management, economics and industrial engineering at Politecnico di Milano. He was lecturer in business economics and organisation at Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, and previously xi

12 xii Determinants of Innovative Behaviour at Università Carlo Cattaneo LIUC. His research interests concern R&D management and organisation, R&D performance measurement, and the commercialisation of innovation in high-tech markets. Michael Fritsch is Professor of Economics and Chair of Business Dynamics, Innovation, and Economic Change at the Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany. He is also Research Professor at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW-Berlin) and at the Max-Planck Institute for Economics, Jena. His main fields of research are entrepreneurship and new business formation, innovation systems, and economic development strategies. Alfred Kleinknecht is Professor of Innovation Economics at Delft University of Technology. Previously he was Professor of Industrial Economics at Amsterdam University. Since 1978 he has been affiliated to the Berlin Wissenschaftszentrum, the University of Maastricht, the Free University and the University of Amsterdam. Sebastian Knoll holds a degree in industrial management and engineering from the Technical University of Berlin and received his PhD in corporate strategy research from the University of St Gallen in Switzerland. His thesis explored strategies and related organization designs for the realization of cross-business growth synergies in multi-business firms. He worked as an independent corporate strategy consultant and as a project manager at General Electric and is currently employed by Fresenius Medical Care. Elisabeth Lefebvre is a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering at École Polytechnique in Montréal. She received her PhD in business administration from the University of Montréal. Her current research interests are in the area of technology management, supply-chain management and interorganizational collaboration. Louis A. Lefebvre is a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering at École Polytechnique in Montréal and invited professor in the Department of Management Studies at the University of Wageningen. He received his PhD in business administration from the University of Montréal. His current research interests are in the area of technology and innovation management, supply-chain management and RFID technologies. Gaël le Hen is in the Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering at École Polytechnique in Montréal. He is also an engineering practitioner. Hans Lööf is Director of Economic Studies in the Division of Economics, Department of Transport and Economics, Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. His fields of expertise are econometrics, industrial organization, economics of innovation and international trade. He has published various

13 Notes on the Contributors xiii articles in, among others, the Journal of Technology Transfer, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, World Economic Review and Annals of Regional Science. Jonathan Michie is Director of the Department for Continuing Education and President of Kellogg College, University of Oxford. Previously he was Director of Birmingham Business School. Before that Dr Michie was the Sainsbury Professor of Management at Birkbeck College, University of London, and Head of the School of Management and Organizational Psychology there. He was also previously at the Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Pierre Mohnen is Professor of Microeconometrics of Technical Change at Universiteit Maastricht, a professorial Fellow at MERIT, Maastricht, and an associate fellow at CIRANO, Québec. He carries out research on applied econometrics in the areas of R&D, innovation and technological change. Roland Ortt is an associate professor of technology and R&D management at Delft University of Technology. He teaches in both areas. His current research interest includes different paths of technology development and diffusion with a special focus on methods of market and technology analysis in order to assess the potential of new technologies. Previously he worked as an R&D manager for a telecommunications company. He is the author of various articles in many journals, including the Journal of Product Innovation Management, the Market Research Society and the International Journal of Technology Management. Franz Palm has been a professor of econometrics at Universiteit Maastricht since In 2005 he was awarded the Royal Academy Professorship for his contributions to the theory of econometric time series models. He is currently interested in panel data econometrics with applications to finance and innovation. Mariacristina Piva is an associate professor in economic policy at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza and Milan. Her main topics of interest are in the economics of innovation and labour economics, with specific emphasis on the role of human capital and organizational practices in the innovative process. She has published in various refereed journals. Sybrand Schim van der Loeff is an associate professor of econometrics at Universiteit Maastricht. His research interests are in applied (micro)econometrics. Maura Sheehan is a reader in human resource management at the University of Brighton Business School. She was previously an associate professor

14 xiv Determinants of Innovative Behaviour at the Graduate School of Management, University of Dallas and a senior lecturer in economics at Queen s University, Belfast. She has researched and published extensively on management and business issues, including on the link between human resource management practices on the one hand and organizational outcomes and corporate performance on the other. Helen Shipton is a senior lecturer at Aston Business School. Her research is on the contribution of effective people management practice to organizational effectiveness and she has explored the relationship between HRM and organizational innovation within SMEs. More recently, she has been examining organizational learning and change in a qualitatitive, longitudinal study of an electronics company based in the UK. Dr Shipton has published in a variety of journals, including Human Resource Management Journal, the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology and the International Journal of Management Reviews. Viktor Slavtchev is research assistant at the Chair of Business Dynamics, Innovation, and Economic Change at the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena. He studied economics at the Georg August University, Göttingen. His main fields of research are innovation systems and economic development. Particular topics of interests include economic growth, generation and transfer of knowledge, and the role of public research. Amaresh Tiwari is a research assistant and a PhD student at Universiteit Maastricht. His thesis is on the financing of innovation in Dutch firms. Paul Trott is Reader in Innovation Management at the Business School, University of Portsmouth. He holds a PhD from Cranfield University. His research focuses on aspects of how firms manage innovation. His book Innovation Management & New-Product Development (Prentice Hall), is currently in its 4th edition. Recently he was appointed as visiting Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Delft University of Technology. Cees van Beers is currently associate professor of innovation economics at Delft University of Technology. Before this he was at the University of Leiden and the Free University Amsterdam. His published work is on international trade and environment, and more recently technology and firm performance. Robert Verburg is associate professor of organizational behaviour at Delft University of Technology (TUD). Prior to joining TUD, he conducted seniorlevel executive search assignments for advanced technology companies. He has a PhD in organizational psychology from the Free University Amsterdam. His current research addresses HRM, innovation and leadership

15 Notes on the Contributors xv within knowledge-intensive organizations. He is the author of numerous articles in academic journals, chapters and books. Marco Vivarelli has PhDs in economics and science and technology policy, is Full Professor at the Catholic University of Piacenza and senior scientist at the European Commission-JRC-IPTS, Seville. He is Research Fellow at IZA-Bonn; External Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute, Jena, External Associate at the CSGR, Warwick University, and associate editor of Small Business Economics. He has extensively published in the fields of industrial organization, labour economics and economics of innovation.