PERANCANGAN PRODUK. Chapter 7. Genap 2017/2018

Transcription

1 PERANCANGAN PRODUK Chapter 7 Genap 2017/2018

2 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ CONCEPT GENERATION

3 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Concept Development Process Mission Statement Identify Customer Needs Establish Target Specifications Generate Product Concepts Select Product Concept(s) Test Product Concept(s) Set Final Specifications Plan Downstream Development Development Plan Perform Economic Analysis Benchmark Competitive Products Build and Test Models and Prototypes

4 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Concept Generation "Fail Often, Fail Fast, Fail Cheap" Customer Needs Target Specifications Concept Generation Phase SET of Possible Concepts Goal: By the end of this phase, your team should feel confident that the full spectrum of options has been explored. Goal: generate many concepts Numerous techniques use functional decomposition, then generate concepts from function concept combinations analogies related, unrelated stimuli

5 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Product concept A technical description of how the product will satisfy the customer s needs An approximate description of the technology, working principles, and form of the product Often expressed with a sketch or 3D model, accompanied with a brief textual description.

6 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Common dysfunctions during concept generation Consider only one or two alternatives Fail to consider the usefulness of the concepts Involve only one or two people in the process Ineffectively integrate promising partial solutions Fail to consider entire categories of solutions

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8 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Clarify the Problem Understand the problem From the team s (product) mission statement From the customers needs From the product specifications Decompose the problem into simpler sub-problems Divide and conquer Using function diagrams Decompose by sequence of user actions Decompose by key customer s need Focus initial efforts on the critical subproblems Focus on critical sub-problems Defer solutions to other sub-problems

9 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Concept Generation Example: Power Nailer

10 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Understand the Problem From mission statement It will use nails It will be compatible with nail magazines It will nail through roofing singles into wood It will be hand held Based on assumptions It inserts nails in rapid succession It is light weight. It has no nailing delays (from the user s view) From specifications Nail length ranges from mm Nailing rate is 1 nail per second. Tool mass is less than 4 KG.

11 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ A. Functional Decomposition Function: WHAT the product must do Form (Shape, or Structure): HOW the product will do it Form follows function System Flow Diagram Energy, Material, Information (Signal) System Flow Diagram

12 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Functional Decomposition Find the overall function that needs to be accomplished Step 1: Step 2: Order the Create subfunction descriptions subfunctions Step 3: Step 4: Refine subfunctions

13 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Problem Decomposition: Function Diagram Step 1 INPUT Energy (?) Material (nails) Hand-held nailer OUTPUT Energy (?) Material (driven nail) Signal (tool "trip") Signal (?) Energy Store or accept external energy Convert energy to translational energy Step 2 Nails Store nails Isolate nail Apply translational energy to nail Driven nail "Trip" of tool Sense trip Trigger tool

14 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Functional Decomposition Example: Refinement showing subfunctions (Hand-Held Nailer) Energy Nails Store/accept external energy Store nails Convert energy to translational energy Isolate nail Apply translational energy to nail Driven Nail Trip of Tool Sense trip Trigger tool

15 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ B. The FAST Method FAST - Function Analysis System Technique A top-down approach Used to display functions in a logical sequence, prioritize them, and test their dependency First step - brainstorm all functions the product will serve in the eyes of the customer Ask what the product does, not what the product is Use simple noun-verb / verb-noun structure produce torque, generate light, shape material

16 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ The FAST Model Construct two vertical dashed lines - one left (How ), one right ( Why ) define scope of product development objective How Why Goal Basic Function Secondary Function Secondary Function Method Domain of Project Study

17 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ The FAST Model Horizontal direction orientation How Why (left to right on diagram) Start with function - ask How that function is performed; develop subfunctions in moving left to right How Why (right to left on diagram) Moving right to left abstracts the problem to a higher level

18 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ FAST Example Cannister Vacuum Cleaner with Power Head Clean Surface How Provide Power Move Air Remove Dirt Loosen Dirt Entrain Dirt Why Brush Surface Scrape Surface Pwr Head Attachments Store Dirt Convey Dirt

19 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ External search Essential for information gathering Aimed at overall problem as well as sub-problems Continuous throughout development process Conventional solutions for some subfunctions can be combined with novel solutions for others

20 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ External Search: Hints for Finding Related Solutions Lead Users Benchmarking Experts Patents Literature benefit from improvement technical experts technical journals competitive products search related inventions innovation source experienced customers trade literature

21 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Patents/Literature US Patent and Trademark Office Web Site European Patent Office Academic Journals Database tools such as web of science, engineering index, compendex, science citations index, etc. Conference Proceedings Internet Resources Search engines: Google, Metacrawler, Government Web Site (Foreign and Domestic) DO NOT rely exclusively on internet search resources. They are often good, but they are also often WRONG and INCOMPLETE

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23 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Professional Societies Project Management Institute (PMI) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) The technical objectives of the IEEE focus on advancing the theory and practice of electrical, electronics and computer engineering and computer science. Software Engineering Institute The SEI mission is to provide leadership in advancing the state of the practice of software engineering to improve the quality of systems that depend on software. The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) The society's fundamental mission is to provide world-class education and information services that enhance and promote the profession and field of optical engineering and that add quality and value to the careers of the members it serves. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) SAE provides technical information and expertise used in designing, building, maintaining, and operating self-propelled vehicles for use on land or sea, in air or space. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) The society promotes public health and safety, and the overall quality of life; contributes to the reliability of materials, products, systems and services. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) The society is dedicated to serving its members and the manufacturing community through the advancement of professionalism, knowledge, and learning.

24 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Standards Private Companies & Organizations Underwriter s Laboratory International Organization for Standards (ISO) European Environment Agency Government Occupational Safety & Health Administration MIL standards Codes Societies Design standards Accepted practices

25 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Internal search Most open-ended and creative phase Overlapping and Iteration: While the concept development process appears purely sequential, in fact there are usually parts of the concept generation process beginning during customer needs analysis and the process is iterative.

26 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Tips for Idea Generation Focus on generating a large QUANTITY of ideas Do not criticize individuals, ideas, or suggestions Do not pass judgment on the statements made Do not evaluate the merits of an idea welcome ideas that may first appear infeasible Set goals either fixed number of ideas in a session, or maximum ideas in a fixed length of time Analogies What other devices solve related problem? Wish and wonder Consider new possibilities

27 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ More Tips for Idea Generation Balance Individual and Group Search Individuals generate ideas more quickly than groups Analogies What other devices solve related problem? Wish and wonder Consider new possibilities Group interaction is critical for refinement, combination, and critique of the solutions Group sessions build team consensus that solution space has been adequately explored Gallery Method Display many concepts created by various individuals at once (via post-its, etc.) Explain Improve/refine Identify related concepts

28 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Internal Search: Hints for Generating Many Concepts Suspend judgment Generate a lot of ideas Infeasible ideas are welcome Use graphical and physical media Make analogies Wish and wonder Solve the conflict Use related stimuli Use unrelated stimuli Set quantitative goals Use the gallery method Trade ideas in a group

29 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Intuitive Techniques Imagery Analogy Brainstorming Relax Ask your intuition for an image Accept whatever images emerge Make the image vivid Look for qualities in the image Similarity between things that are otherwise dissimilar Makes the familiar strange and the strange familiar Goes hand in hand with imagery Define in neutral terms Record all ideas - even wild ones Suspend judgment Stretch for ideas Encourage embellishments Select at a separate time

30 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ This step is particularly valuable when the problem has been successfully decomposed into sub-problems. Systematic exploration However for some simple or highly integrated products, the team may find it more useful to consider entire concepts from the start, rather than combining solution fragments. Linear Techniques Osborn s Idea Spurring Questions Interrogatory Analysis Matrix/ Morphological Analysis Concept combination tree Concept combination table

31 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ A. Osborn s Idea Spurring Questions Substitute (What other process, material?) Combine (Combine units, purposes,?) Adapt (What else is like this,?) Modify (New twist? Change form, function?) Put to other uses (New/other ways to use?) Magnify, Minify (Add to, subtract from,..?) Reverse (Transpose input, output?)

32 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ B. Interrogatory Analysis Phrase a question about the problem using each of the 5 W s and H Why Who What Where When How

33 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ C1. Function Trees An elementary approach to developing a functional description of a product Decompose prime function hierarchically into subfunctions Iterate down to functions of simple features Fast and simple, but interconnecting links between subfunctions not considered

34 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Kimia Sistem bahan bakar udara Pneumatic Sistem ledakan Menyimpan atau menerima enegri Hidrolik Listrik Nuklir Dari saluran di dinding Batterai Sel bahan bakar Pohon Klasifikasi Konsep untuk Beberapa Konsep Sumber Energi Alat Pemaku

35 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ C2. Concept Combination Table Generating Concepts From Functions Concepts are the means of providing the function Concepts can be represented as sketches, block diagrams, textual descriptions, models, etc. Morphological technique a widely used technique morphology à study of form or structure

36 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Generating Concepts From Functions Step 1: Develop concepts for each function Goal: generate as many concepts as possible First: For each function, develop as many alternative functions as possible Second: For each subfunction, develop as many means of accomplishing the function as possible Step 2: Combine concepts Method: Select one concept for each function and combine those selected into a single design Cautions May generate too many ideas Erroneously assumes that each function is independent and each concept satisfies only one function results may not make sense

37 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Generating Concepts From Functions

38 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Generating Concepts From Functions

39 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Generating Concepts From Functions

40 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Generating Concepts From Functions

41 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Generating Concepts From Functions

42 13/03/18 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2017/ Encourage teams to reflect upon the process used and to improve upon it Reflect on the process Continuous improvement is an essential part of the product development process Questions: The solution space? Alternative function diagrams? Alternative ways to decompose the problem? Additional external resources? All ideas generated and integrated?